ब्रज का शुंग काल

braj vishay soochi

braj    parichay    paribhasha    bhoogol    vistar    namakaran aur abhipray    pauranik itihas    braj ka adim kal    braj ka krishna kal    braj ka maury kal    braj ka shuang kal    braj ka shak kushan kal    braj ka gupt kal    braj ka madhy kal    braj ka uttar madhy kal    braj ka mugal kal    braj ka jat maratha kal    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947    sanskriti    jivan shaili    prachin sangit    moorti kala mathura    pramukh parv evan tyohar    mukhy darshaniy sthal    chaurasi kos yatra    brajabhasha    holi    veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

braj ka shuang kal
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

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pushyamitr

shuang vansh mean sabase adhik vivaran pushyamitr ka milata hai. vah shuang rajavansh ka sansthapak aur ek kushal prashasak tha. usane magadh ki gaddi par baithate hi sabase pahale apani shakti sudridh ki, tatpashchath vah rajy ka vistar karane laga. usane apane adhikar mean pashchim mean yamuna nadi tak aur dakshin mean narmada nadi tak ka rajy kar liya tha. usake samrajy mean tin b de pradesh milate haian-

1. pataliputr (patana)
2. saket (ayodhya)
3. vidisha (malava pradesh ka poorvi bhag)

in tinoan pradeshoan ko apani svatantr satta prapt thi. vidisha ka rajyapal pushyamitr ka putr agnimitr niyukt tha. agnimitr ke prashasan mean hi mathura ka rajy bhi tha. pushyamitr ke poorvavarti maury samrat bauddh dharmavalanbi the, kiantu vah vaidik dharm ka anuyayi tha. usane apane vijay abhiyanoan ki smriti mean vaidik paranpara ke anusar kee ashvamedh yajn kiye the. jain bauddh dharmo ke badhate hue prabhav ke karan ve yajn band ho gaye the. paandav vanshiy janmejay ke pashchath pushyamitr ne hi ashvamedh yajnoan ka ayojan kiya tha. pushyamitr ki mrityu ee. poorv 151mean huee thi. vyaparik marg mathura se hi hokar gujarate the. yahaan se ek s dak shravasti ko jati thi. takshashila se pataliputr ki taraph jane vali tatha dakshin mean vidisha aur ujjayini ki taraph jane vali s dakean bhi mathura se hi gujarati thi. vibhinn dharmoan ka kendr hone ke karan pushyamitr ke shasan kal mean mathura ki prasiddhi bahut badh gee.

pushyamitr ke shasan ke samay mean vyakaranachary patanjali hue,jinhoanne panini ki 'ashtadhyayi' par adharit prasiddh mahabhashy ki rachana ki thi. is granth mean pushyamitr dvara ashvamedh yajn karane ka vivaran milata hai, isaki pushti ayodhya se mile ek lekh se hoti hai. mahabhashy mean patanjali ne mathura ka vivaran dete hue likha hai, yahaan ke log pataliputr ke nagarikoan ki apeksha adhik sapannn the. shuang kal mean uttari bharat ke mukhy nagaroan mean mathura ki bhi ginati hoti thi.

yavan-akraman

shuangoan ke shasan ke samay mean uttar bharat par yavanoan ke akramanoan ka vivaran samakalin sahity mean milata hai.

dimetriyas namak yavan raja pushyamitr ka samakalin tha. dimetriyas ne hi sanbhavat: mathura, madhyamika (nagari, chittau d ke samip) aur saket (ayodhya) par akraman kiya tha. 'gargi sahianta' ke yug puran mean vivaran milata hai ki yavan saket, panchal aur mathura par adhikar karane ke bad pataliputr pahuanch gaye the. yavanoan ka yah akraman bharat mean kafi door tak hua aur nagarikoan mean kuchh samay bhay vyapt ho gaya-

"tat saketamakramy panchalan mathuraanstatha.
savana: dushtavikranta: prapsyanti kusumadhvajamh..
tat: pushpapure prapte kardame prathite hite.
akula vishaya sarve bhavishyanti n sanshay:..
madhyadeshe n sthasyanti yavana yuddhadurmada:.
tesh: anyony sambhava bhavishyanti n sanshay:.
atmachakrotthitan ghoran yuddhan paramadarunamh..

[[chitr:sunga-dynasty-terracottas-2.jpg|left|shuang kalin mrinmoorti, prapti sthan sauankh, mathura,
Shunga Terracottas, Mathura Museum
sangrahalay mathura|thumb|250px]] lekin apasi talamel n hone ke karan yavan adhik samay tak yahaan rah n sake. pushyamitr ke shasan kal mean kaliang ka raja kharavel tha. yah b da lokapriy, vir aur shaktishali raja tha. kaliang ke hathiguanpha sthan par raja kharavel ka ek brahmi lipi lekh prapt hua hai. isase jnat hota hai ki yavan shasak dimit ke akraman ke vishay mean sunakar kharavel samana karane ke lie aur yah khabar sun kar dimit vapas panjab ki or vapis chala gaya.

dimetriyas ke samay shuang-shasan ko jo hani huee, usaki kshati-poorti shighr hi ho gee. pushyamitr ne apani shakti ko sangathit karake apane samrajy ko vistrit kiya. pashchimi sima se yoonaniyoan ke akraman bad mean bhi hue. mahakavi kalidas ke natak 'malavikagnimitr' mean vivaran milata hai ki siandhu nadi ke tat par agnimitr ke l dake vasumitr ka yuddh yavanoan se hua tatha bhishan yuddh ke pashchath yavanoan ki parajay ho gee.

yavanoan ka neta sambhavat: mineandar hi tha. is raja ka nam bauddh sahity mean 'miliand' ata hai. mineandar ne hi nagasen namak bauddh vidvanh se anek prashn kiye, isaka vivaran 'milid panh' namak pustak mean milata hai. mineandar ke sikkoan par dharmachakr bhi milata hai jo ek bauddh-chihn hai tatha us par 'dhamikas' (dharmik) likha hai. is raja ke sikke qabul se mathura tak b di sankhya mean milate haian. mineandar shaktishali shasak tha aur usane bharat mean yavan samrajy ko badhaya. yoonani lekhak straithoan ne likha hai ki- "mineandar us vyas nadi ko par kar chuka tha, jahaan se age sikandar nahian ja saka tha." isake anusar panjab se lekar saurashtr tak yavan samrajy ka vistar mineandar tatha dimetriyas ne kiya. panjab mean lagabhag 200 varsh tak yoonani adhipaty bana raha.

agnimitr

[[chitr:sunga-dynasty-terracottas.jpg|left|shuang kalin mrinmoorti
Shunga Terracottas
rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|200px]] pushpamitr ki mrityu ee. poorv 151 mean huee. usake pashchath usaka putr agnimitr samrajy ka adhikari hua. mahakavi kalidas ne 'malavikagnimitramh' natak mean agnimitr aur malavika ki prem katha varnan kiya hai. samanyat: kalidas ko gupt kalin mana jata hai, parantu yah natak unhoanne ek pratyakshadarshi ki bhaanti likha hai, jisase kuchh vidvanoan ka mat hai ki yah kavi shuang kal mean the. isase jnat hota hai ki agnimitr kushal shasak tha aur sangit, nrity, natyadi kalaoan ka premi aur jnata bhi tha. agnimitr ke bad puranoan mean kramash: vasujyeshth, vasumitr, ardvak, puliandak, ghoshavasu, vajramitr, bhagavat tatha devabhooti namak rajaoan ka varnan milata hai.

shuangavashiy shasak vaidik dharm ko manate the. phir bhi shuang shasan-kal mean bauddh dharm ki kafi unnati huee. bodhagaya mandir ki vedika ka nirman bhi inake shasan-kal mean hi hua. ahichchhatra ke raja indramitr tatha mathura ke shasak brahmamitr aur usaki rani nagadevi, in sab ke nam bodhagaya ki vedika mean utkirn hai. isase jnat hota hai ki sudoor panchal aur shoorasen janapad mean is kal mean bauddh dharm ke prati bhi astha thi.

agnimitr ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr vasumitr shuang samrajy ka shasak hua. vah bahut hi balashali purush tha. yavanoan ne agnimitr ke shasan kal mean phir akraman kiya aur ve apane pradesh se age badhate hue vidisha tak a gaye the. us samay vasumitr ne unaka pratirodh kiya aur unhean parajit kar bhaga diya tha. [[chitr:sunga-dynasty-terracottas-mathura-museum.jpg|shuang kalin mrinmoorti
Shunga Terracottas
prapti sthan sauankh, mathura, rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|thumb|250px]]kautsi bhagamadr ke shasan kal mean yavanoan ne sandhi kar li thi. us samay yavan neta aitial kids (aantalakit) ka vivaran milata hai, jisane apane doot holiyodoras (holiyodor) ko shuang samrat ke darabar mean bheja tha. takshashila unaki rajadhani thi. shuang vansh ki pradhan shakha ka aantim samrat devahooti tha, jise usake mantri vasudev ne mar diya tha. vasudev ne pataliputr par adhikar kar ek naye rajavansh kanv ki sthapana ki thi. vasudev se pataliputr par kanav vansh ke shasan ka arambh hua. yah vansh bhi shuangoan ki tarah brahman varn ka tha, jisane lagabhag 50 varshoan tak magadh par shasan kiya. is vansh ka rajy-kal ee. poorv 73 se ee poorv 28 tak raha.

magadh mean shuang shasan ki pradhan shakha ki samapt ho gee thi, phir bhi kee rajyoan mean shuang vansh ki kuchh shakhaoan ka shasan raha. aisi hi ek shakha mitr rajaoan ki thi. in shakhaoan ke kendr ahichchhatra, vidisha, mathura, ayodhya tatha kaushaanbi the. inamean se kee shakhaean pushpamitr aur usake uttaradhikariyoan ke samay se hi chali a rahi thian aur pradhan shuang vansh ki adhinata mean pradeshoan ka shasan kar rahi thi. jin 'mitr' nam vale shasakoan ke sikke mathura se prapt hue haian, ve ye hai- gomitr pratham tatha dvitiy, brahmamitr, ddadhamitr, sooryamitr aur vishnumitr. inamean se gomitr pratham ka samay ee. poo. 200 ke lagabhag pratit hota hai. any rajaoan ne ee. poo. 200 se lekar ee. poo. 100 ya usake kuchh bad tak shasan kiya.

gomitr, brahmamitr, vishnumitr adi ke sikke mathura se mile haian. in sikkoan par ek taraph kamal ko dharan kiye lakshmi aur doosari taraph hathiyoan ka chitran hai. brahmamitr bahut pratapi shasak tha. usake sikke bhi prapt hue haian. usaka akarshan bauddh dharm ke prati tha. bodhi gaya ki vedika mean brahmamitr aur usaki rani nagadevi ke nam aankit haian. mitr rajaoan ke pashchath sambhavatah dattavanshiy rajaoan ka bhi kuchh samay tak mathura par shasan raha, jinamean pushpadatt, ramadatt, kamadatt, bhavadatt, adi ke sikke mile hai. un par lakshmi, hathi aur bail ki akritiyaan haian.

left|30px|link=braj ka maury kal|pichhe jaean

braj ka maury kal

braj ka shuang kal

braj ka shak kushan kal

right|30px|link=braj ka shak kushan kal|age jaean

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panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

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