भक्ति
bhakti shabd ki vyutpatti 'bhajh' dhatu se huee hai, jisaka arth 'seva karana' ya 'bhajana' hai, arthath shraddha aur premapoorvak isht devata ke prati asakti. naradabhaktisootr mean bhakti ko param premaroop aur amritasvaroop kaha gaya hai. isako prapt kar manushy kritakrity, santript aur amar ho jata hai. vyas ne pooja mean anurag ko bhakti kaha hai. garg ke anusar katha shravan mean anurakti hi bhakti hai. bharatiy dharmik sahity mean bhakti ka uday vaidik kal se hi dikhaee p data hai. devoan ke roopadarshan, unaki stuti ke gayan, unake sahachary ke lie utsukata, unake prati samarpan adi mean anand ka anubhav-ye sabhi upadan vedoan mean yatr-tatr bikhare p de haian. rrigved ke vishnusookt aur varunasookt mean bhakti ke mool tattv prachur matra mean vidyaman haian.
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bhakti ki vyapakata
vaishnav bhakti ki gangottari vishnusookt hi hai. brahman sahity mean karmakand ke prasar ke karan bhakti ka svar kuchh mand p d jata hai, kintu upanishadoan mean upasana ki pradhanata se nirgun bhakti aur kahian-kahian pratikopasana pun: jagrit ho uthati hai. chhandogy upanishad, shvetashvataropanishad, mundakopanishad adi mean vishnu, shiv, rudr, achyut, narayan, soory adi ki bhakti aur upasana ke paryapt sanket paye jate haian. vaidik bhakti ki payasvini mahabharat kal tak ate-ate vistrit hone lagi. vaishnav bhakti ki bhagavatadhara ka vikas isi kal mean hua. yadavoan ki satvat shakha mean pravrittipradhan bhagavat dharm ka utkarsh hua. satvatoan ne hi mathura-vrindavan se lekar madhy bharat, rajasthan, gujarat, maharashtr, karnatak hote hue tamil pradesh tak pravrittimoolak, ragatmak bhagavat dharm ka prachar kiya. abhi tak vaishnav athava shaiv bhakti ke upasak devagan athava parameshvar hi the. mahabharat kal mean vaishnav bhagavat dharm ko ek aitihasik upasy ka adhar krishna vasudev ke vyaktitv mean mila. krishna vishnu ke avatar mane gaye aur dhire-dhire brahma se unaka tadatmy ho gaya. is prakar nar dehadhari vishnu ki bhakti janasadharan ke lie sulabh ho gee.
prachar-prasar
isase poorv yah dharm aikantik, narayaniy, satvat adi namoan se pukara jata tha. krishna-vasudev bhakti ke uday ke pashchath yah bhagavat dharm kahalane laga. bhagavat dharm ke is roop ke uday ka kal lagabhag 1400 ee. poo. hai. tab se lekar lagabhag chhathi satavian shatabdi tak yah avichchhinn roop se chalata raha. bich mean shaiv shakt sampradayoan tatha shaankar vedant ke prachar se bhagavat dharm ka prachar kuchh mand sa p d gaya. parantu poorv madhy yug mean isaka punarutthan hua. ramanuj, madhvachary adi ne bhagavat dharm ko aur pallavit kiya aur age chalakar ekanath, ramanand, chaitany mahaprabhu, vallabhachary adi ne bhakti andolan ke madhyam se bhaktimarg ka janasamany tak vyapak prasar kiya. madhyayug mean sabhi pradeshoan ke sant aur bhakt kaviyoan ne bhakti ke sarvajanik prachar mean prabhoot yog diya.
char mukhy sampraday
madhyayug mean bhagavat bhakti ke char pramukh sampraday pravartit hue-
- shrisampraday - (ramanujachary ke dvara prachalit)
- brahmasampraday - (madhvachary ke dvara prachalit)
- rudrasampraday - (vishnusvami ke dvara prachalit) aur
- sanakadikasampraday - (nimbarkachary ke dvara sthapit).
in sabhi sampradayoan ne advaitavad, mayavad tatha karmasannyas ka khandan kar bhagavan ki sagun upasana ka prachar kiya. yah bhi dhyan dene ki bat hai ki is ragatmika bhakti ke pravartak sabhi achary sudoor dakshin desh mean hi prakat hue. madhyayugin bhakti ki utpatti aur vikas ka itihas bhagavatapuran ke mahatmy mean is prakar se diya hua hai-
utpanna dravide sahan vriddhi karnatak ke gata.
kvachith kvachinh maharashtre gurjare jirnataan gata..
tatr dhorakaleryogath padhandai: khanditaangaka.
durbalahan chiran jata putrabhyaan sah mandatamh..
vrindavanan pun: prapy navinev suroopini.
jatahan yuvati samyakh preshtharoopa tu sampratamh..
"maian vahi (jo moolat: yadavoan ki ek shakha ke vanshaj satvatoan dvara laee gee thi) dravi d pradesh mean (ragatmak bhakti ke roop mean) utpann huee. karnatak mean b di huee. maharashtr mean kuchh-kuchh (poshan) hua. gujarat mean vriddha ho gee. vahaan ghor kaliyug (mlechchh akraman) ke sampark se pakhandoan dvara khandit aangavali maian durbal hokar bahut dinoan tak putroan (jnan-vairagy) ke sath mandata ko prapt ho gee. phir vrindavan (krishna ki lilabhoomi) pahuanchakar samprati navina, suroopini, yuvati aur samyakh prakar se sundar ho gee."
isamean sandeh nahian ki madhyayugin ragatmika bhakti ka uday tamil pradesh mean hua. parantu usake poorn sanskrit roop ka vikas bhagavat dharm ke mool sthal vrindavan mean hi hua, jisako dakshin ke kee sant acharyoan ne apani upasanabhoomi banaya.
moksh ka sadhan
bhagavat dharm ke mukhy siddhant is prakar haian-srishti ke utpadak ek matr bhagavan haian. inake anek nam haian, jinamean vishnu, narayan, vasudev, janardan adi mukhy haian. ve apani yogamaya prakriti se samast jagath ki utpatti karate haian. unhian se brahma, shiv adi any devata pradurbhoot hote haian. jivatma unhian ka aansh hai, jisako bhagavan ka sayujy athava tadatmy hone par poornata prapt hoti hai. samay-samay par jab sansar par sankat ata hai, tab bhagavan avatar dharan karake use door karate haian. unake das pramukh avatar haian, jinamean ram aur krishna pradhan haian. mahabharat mean bhagavan ke chaturvyooh ki kalpana ka vikas hua. vasudev, sankarshan, pradyumn aur aniruddh char tattv chaturvyooh haian, jinaki upasana bhakt kramash: karata hai. vah aniruddh, pradyumn, sankarshan aur vasudev nahian banata; unhian ka aansh hone ke nate unake sayujy mean sukh manata hai. nishkam karm se chitt ki shuddhi aur usase bhav ki shuddhi hoti hai. bhakti hi ek matr moksh ka sadhan hai. bhagavan ke sammukh poorn prapatti hi moksh hai.
bhakti ke prakar
bhagavat upasanapaddhati ka pratham ullekh brahmasootr ke shaankar bhashy[1] mean paya jata hai. isake anusar abhigaman, upadan, ijya, svadhyay aur yog se upasana karate hue bhakt bhagavan ko prapt karata hai. 'jnanamritasar' mean chh: prakar ki bhakti batalaee gee haian-(1) smaran, (2) kirtan, (3) vandan, (4) padasevan, (5) archan aur (6) atmanivedan. bhagavat puran[2] mean navadha bhakti ka varnan hai. uparyukt chh: mean tin-shravan, dasy aur sakhy aur jo d diye gaye haian. paancharatr sanhitaoan ke anusar sampoorn bhagavat dharm char khandoan mean vibhakt hai: (1) jnanapad (darshan aur dharm vijnan), (2) yogapad (yogasiddhant aur abhyas), (3) kriyapad (mandir nirman aur moortisthapana), (4) charyapad (dharmik kriyaean).
bhakti granth
bhakti ke oopar vishal sahity ka nirman hua hai. is par sabase prasiddh granth haian- bhagavatapuran. isake atirikt mahabharat ka shantiparv, shrimadbhagavadagita, paancharatrasanhita, satvatasanhita, shaandilyasootr, naradiy bhaktisootr, naradapancharatr, harivansh, padmasanhita, vishnutattvasanhita; ramanujachary, madhvachary, nimbarkachary, vallabhachary adi ke granth drashtavy haian.
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