भारतीय थल सेना

thumb|250px|bharatiy thalasena ka dhvaj bharatiy thal sena ke prashasanik evan samarik kary sanchalan ka niyantran thal senadhyaksh karata hai. sena ko adhikatar thal sena hi samajha jata hai, yah thik bhi hai kyoanki raksha-pakti mean thal sena ka hi pratham tatha pradhan sthan hai. is samay lagabhag 13 lakh sainik-asainik thal sena mean bhinn-bhinn padoan par karyarat haian, jabaki 1948 mean sena mean lagabhag 2,00,000 sainik the. thal sena ka mukhyalay nee dilli mean hai.

thal senadhyaksh ki sahayata ke lie thalasena ke vais chiph, tatha chiph staph hote haian. inamean dipti chiph aauf armi staph, edajuteant-janaral, kvartar mastar-janaral, mastar-janaral af ardanens aur sena sachiv tatha ianjiniyar-in-chiph sammilit haian. thal sena 6 kamanoan mean sangathit hai-

1. pashchimi kaman (mukhyalay: shimala)
2. poorvi kaman (kolakata)
3. uttari kaman (oodhamapur)
4. dakshini kaman (pune)
5. madhy kaman (lakhanoo)
6. dakshini-pashchimi kaman (jayapur)

dakshin-pashchim kaman ka gathan 15 aprail, 2005 ko kiya gaya. isaka mukhyalay jayapur mean sthapit kiya gaya hai. yah thal sena ki sabase b di kaman hai.

itihas

bharatiy thal sena ke udbhav ka bharat mean british shasan ki shuruat se qaribi sanbandh hai. pratham vishv yuddh mean bharatiy sainik virata se l de aur is yuddh mean british saphalata mean unhoanne ullekhaniy yogadan diya. isake bavazood aangrezoan ne bharatiy sena ko bharatiy netritv upalabdh karane ka k da pratirodh kiya. lekin 1,10,000 bharatiy javanoan ki sena dvara yuddh mean 12 viktoriya kr aaus jite jane se aangrezoan par is bat ke lie dabav badh raha tha ki bharatiy sena ke adhikari kaidar mean bharatiyoan ko bharti kiya jae. pahala pramukh badalav lagabhag 1919-1920 mean bharatiy rajanitik netritv dvara sena ke bharatiyakaran ki satat maang ki pratikriya ke taur par aya. parinamasvaroop ianglaind ke saiandaharst sthit r aauyal militri ekaidami mean upayukt bharatiyoan ke lie 10 pad arakshit kie ge. lagatar badhate rajanitik dabav ne british satta ko 1 aktoobar 1932 ko bharatiy sena ke bhavi adhikariyoan ke prashikshan ke lie deharadoon mean iandiyan militri ekaidami (aee. em. e) ki sthapana karane par majaboor kiya. dvitiy vishv yuddh ke dauran bahut se bharatiy adhikari aur sipahi mitr rashtroan ki or se l de, isamean bharatiy sena ki tuk diyoan ko behatarin l dakoo kshamata ke pradarshan ke lie pahachan mili. is dauran bharatiy sena ke adhikariyoan aur sipahiyoan ko die ge 31 viktoriya kr aaus mean se 28 bharatiyoan ko mile. [[chitr:Agni-Missile.jpg|thumb|left|agni misail]] dvitiy vishv yuddh ke bad thal sena, nausena aur vayu sena mean bahut se vidroh hue. isase sainy evan arthik roop se thak chuke briten ko vishvas ho gaya ki bharat par apane aupaniveshik shasan ko qayam rakhane ke lie vah bharatiy sena par nirbhar nahian rah sakata. aangrezoan dvara upamahadvip ko chho dane ke nirnay mean yah anubhooti ek mahattvapoorn karak rahi.

svantatr bharat mean thal sena ki bhoomika

15 agast 1947 mean bharat ke azad hone ke bad se thal sena ne desh ke mamaloan mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee hai. shaantikal ke dauran usane nagarik shasan ki sahayata ki hai aur pakistan v chin ke sath char pramukh yuddh bhi l de haian. desh ke bhitar upadravoan se bhi sena ko nipatana p data hai.

bharat ki azadi ke samay hi bharatiy thal sena ko shuruati chunautiyoan ka samana karana p da. 15 agast 1947 ko desh ke bharat aur pakistan mean bant jane ke karan bharatiy thal sena ka bhi vibhajan hua. chal v achal sanpatti aur sath hi janasankhya ka bhi donoan deshoan ke bich bantavara hua. vibhajan abhootapoorv hatyakaandoan aur lakhoan sharanarthiyoan ke avagaman ka pratyakshadarshi raha. isase nagarik prashasan charamara gaya. aise samay mean sena ne sthiti ko niyantrit kiya aur do mahine mean hi dange se kshat-vipaksh hue panjab mean samany sthiti bahal ki.

bharat ka misail bhandar

kram	nam	sthiti	reanj (kilomitar)	pailod (kilomitar)	mool	vishesh
1	prithvi 150	sakriy	150	1000	bharat-roos	rashiyan ese-2 se
2	prithvi 250	sakriy	250	500-750	bharat-roos	rashiyan ese-2 se
3	dhanush	vikas/parikshan	250	1000	bharat	prithvi se
4	sagarika	vikas/parikshan	250-350	500	bharat	prithvi se
5	prithvi 350	vikas	600-750	500-1000	bharat-roos	rashiyan ese-2 se
6	agni-1	sakriy	700-800	1000	bharat-phraans-amerika	akhiri parikshan-09.01.2003
7	agni-2	sakriy	1500-2000	1000	bharat-phraans-amerika	akhiri parikshan-29.08.2004
8	agni-3	vikas	3000	1500	bharat	parikshan saphal-12.04.2007
9	shaury	vikas/parikshan	600		bharat	pratham parikshan- 12.11.2008

riyasatoan ka ekikaran

[[chitr:Agni2missile pic3.jpg|thumb|agni-2 misail]] vibhajan ke bad 575 riyasatoan ko bharatiy sangh mean sangathit kiya jana tha. joonagadh, haidarabad aur kashmir ki riyasatoan ke alava baqi sabhi ne bharatiy sangh mean vilay ko svikar kar liya tha. joonagadh aur haidarabad ko bharatiy sangh mean milane ke lie taiyar karane ke lie sena ko tainat kiya gaya. aktoobar 1947 mean aaupareshan gulamarg dvara pakistan ne kashmir ko hathiyane ki koshish ki thi. maharaja hari sianh dvara bharat ke sath vilay ke samajhaute par hastakshar kie jane aur bharatiy thal sena dvara ghusapaithiyoan ke sath sangharsh se yah koshish nakam kar di gee. kee mahinoan tak sangharsh karane ke bad akhirakar 1 janavari 1949 ko yuddhaviram lagoo kiya gaya. sanyukt rashtr sangh ki nigarani mean chhanb se laddakh tak ek yuddh viram rekha (siz fayar lain, si.eph. el.) khianchi gee. ise bad mean niyantran rekha ka nam diya gaya. halaanki tab tak kashmir ka ek hissa pakistan ke qabze mean chala gaya tha.

pramukh karyavahiyaan

yadyapi british v fraansisi apane bharatiy upaniveshoan ko chho dakar ja chuke the, phir bhi bharat ki azadi ke 14 sal bad bhi purtagaliyoan ne gova, daman v div, aanjidiv dvipoan aur dadara evan nagar haveli ke upaniveshoan par apana shasan qayam rakha tha. in upaniveshoan ko bharat ko sthanaantarit kie jane mean sena ke hastakshep ki avashyakata thi. thal sena ko aktoobar-navanbar 1962 mean chini akraman, chin ke sath natoo la mean takarav, 1965 mean pakistan ke sath 22 divasiy takarav aur 1971 mean baangladesh yuddh aur 1999 mean karagil takarav se joojhana p da.

aantarik upadrav

bahari akramanoan se nipatane ke alava thal sena ko desh ke bhitar vyapt ashaanti ko niyantrit karana p da. 14 agast 1947 ko e. zed. fijo ne nagalaiand ko svatantr ghoshit kar diya. 22 march, 1956 ko vidrohiyoan ne naga keandriy sarakar bana li. 1966 ke aranbh mean mizoan logoan ne nagaoan ka anusaran kiya aur apani sarakar bana li. hathiyar jutane ke lie mizoan neshanal armi ne rajy pulis ke bahut se shastragaroan par dhava bola. is vidroh ko dabane ke lie sena ko bheja gaya. usane upadrav virodhi dirgh karravaee shuroo ki, jo ek shaanti samajhaute par hastakshar ke sath 1980 ke dashak mean samapt huee.

panjab ke khalistan aandolan ki parinati aaupareshan bloo star mean huee, jise amritasar ke svarn mandir mean chhupe atankavadiyoan ko bahar nikalane ke lie shuroo kiya gaya.

navanbar 1990 mean yoonaeeted libareshan frant aauf asam (ulpha) dvara paida ki gee samasyaoan se nipatane ke lie sena ko bulaya gaya. abhi bhi sena poorvottar mean upadravakari gatividhiyoan se joojhane mean lagi hai.

sangathan

1947 se ab tak ke varshoan ne bharatiy thal sena ko age badhate hue ek kushal yuddh vyavastha mean vikasit hote dekha hai. sainy karmiyoan ki badhati sankhya ke sath-sath sena ne prakshepastr samet svayan ko adhunik vaijnanik hathiyaroan se susajjit kiya hai. vishv ki chauthi sabase b di bharatiy thal sena mean niyamit sainy karmiyoan ke alava arakshit sena, kshetriy sena aur neshanal kaidet k aaurps hai. thumb|left|dhanush misail bharatiy thal sena chif armi staf (si.o.e.es) ke aantargat kary karati hai, jo isaki kaman, niyantran aur prashasan ke lie uttaradayi hai. svatantr bharat ke pahale thal sena pramukh sar r aaubart l aaukahart the. us samay sena pramukh ko kamaandar-in-chif kaha jata tha. janaral kariappa, 15 janavari, 1949 ko 'kamaandar-in-chif' bane aur is prakar vah is pad par pahuanchane vale pahale bharatiy the. 1 aprॅl 1955 se sena pramukh ko thal sena adhyaksh (chif aauf armi staf, si.o.e.es) nam se jana jane laga. janaral maharaj rajeandr sianh ji pratham thal senadhyaksh the. 1 janavari 1973 ko saim horamusaji framaji jamashedaji manekash aau bharat ke pahale fild marshal bane.

kushal prashasan sunishchit karane ke lie thal sena ko paanch kamanoan mean baanta gaya hai. isake pashchimi kaman, jisaka mukhyalay chandi mandir mean hai, poorvi kaman, jisaka mukhyalay kolakata bhootapoorv (kalakatta) mean hai, lakhanoo mean keandriy kaman, oodhamapur mean uttari kaman aur dakshini kaman, jisaka karyalay pune mean shamil haian. inamean se pratyek ka pramukh ek leftineant janaral hota hai, jo thal sena ke upadhyaksh ke samakaksh hota hai. pratyek kaman ko k aaurps, divizan, briged, bataliyan, kanpani, palatan aur vibhag mean upavibhajit kiya jata hai. shastragar, paidal sena topakhana divizan thal sena ke l dakoo aang haian. signal k aaurps aur ianjiniyars sena ke sahayak aang haian. thal sena prashikshan kaman ka mukhyalay shimala mean hai. k aaumbait k aaulej iandaur ke pas mu (em.ech.o.dablyoo., yani militri hedakvartars aauf, v aaur) mean hai.

shaanti prayas

apani videsh niti ke anuroop bharat ne sanyukt rashtr ke shaanti bahal karane ke vibhinn abhiyanoan mean bhag liya hai. pahali bar navanbar 1950 aur 1953 mean bharat ne koriya mean sanyukt rashtr sangh ke nyootral neshans ripartieshan kamishan (en.en.ar.si.) mean bhag liya. usane koriya mean yuddhabandiyoan ke pratyavartan ke lie apani tuk diyaan koriya bhejian. navanbar 1998 mean bharatiy thal sena ne lebanan mean sanyukt rashtr ki atanrim sena mean apani paidal sena ki ek bataliyan bheji. bharat aj bhi is sena ka hissa bana hua hai. vaishvik samuday ka ek zimmedar sadasy hone ke nate aantarrashtriy shaanti evan suraksha qayam karane ki disha mean yah bharatiy thal sena ka ek prayas hai. thumb|250px|bharatiy thalasena sanyukt rashtr ke shaanti bahal karane ke prayasoan mean bhag lene ke alava bharatiy thal sena ne sahayata maang rahe apane p dosi deshoan ki bhi sahayata ki hai. 1987 ke madhy mean shrilanka ne uttari tamil ugravadiyoan ke khilaf shrilankaee sashastr senaoan dvara ki ja rahi karravaee aur bad mean in ugravadiyoan dvara samarpan ka nirikshan karane ke lie bharatiy thal sena ki sahayata maangi. yah shaanti bahal karane ki sabase b di chunauti thi. pramukh ugravadi gut libareshan taigars aauf tamil eelam (el.ti.ti.ee.) ne jamakar pratirodh kiya aur bharatiy shaanti sena ko use dabane mean samay laga aur usake bahut se sadasyoan ki mrityu bhi huee. lekin bharatiy shaanti sena el.ti.ti.ee. ko us biandu tak le aee, jahaan se rajanitik prakriya shuroo ki ja sake. apana abhiyan poora karane ke bad bharatiy shaanti sena 24 march 1990 ko shrilanka se vapas bula li gee. 3 navanbar 1988 ko bharatiy sashastr sena ne maladiv mean hue ek sainy vidroh ko dabane mean vahaan ki sarakar ki sahayata ke lie ek abhiyan shuroo kiya. bharatiy sashastr sena tin din ke abhiyan ke bad samany sthiti bahal karane mean kamayab rahi.

bharatiy adhikariyoan aur sainikoan ne apane kartavyoan ka nirvah karate samay adbhut shaury ka pradarshan kiya hai aur bahut se virata puraskar jite haian. paramavir chakr bharat sarakar dvara diya jane vala sarvochch virata puraskar hai. mahavir chakr, kirti chakr aur vir chakr any puraskar haian. sena ne hamesha hi prashasan ki sahayata ki hai. usane bhookanp, badh, sookhe aur chakravat jaisi prakritik apadaoan se nipatane mean sarakar ko sahayog diya hai. saanpradayik dangoan aur rajanitik ashaanti ko niyantrit karane mean bhi sena bahut upayogi siddh huee hai. armi vaivz velafeyar esosieshan (e. dablyoo. dablyoo. e.) sainy adhikariyoan ki patniyoan dvara chalaee ja rahi sanstha hai. yah sanstha yuddh evan shaantikal ke dauran prashasan ko sahayata deti hai. pramukh shaharoan mean sena ke apane aspatal bhi hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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