सिनेमा

sinema, film athava chalachitr mean chitroan ko is tarah ek ke bad ek pradarshit kiya jata hai jisase gati ka abhas hota hai. filmean aksar vidiyo kaimare se rikard karake banaee jati haian, ya enimeshan vidhiyoan ya spaishal iphaikts ka prayog karake banaee jati haian. vartaman yug mean sinema manoranjan ka mahattvapoorn sadhan haian lekin inaka prayog kala-abhivyakti aur shiksha ke lie bhi hota hai.

bharatiy sinema

[[chitr:Raja Harishchandra.jpg|thumb|film raja harishchandr ka ek drishy]] bharat vishv mean sabase adhik filmean banane vala desh hai. film udyog ka mukhy kendr mumbee hai, jise 'b aaulivud' kaha jata hai. bharatiy filmean videshoan mean bhi dekhi jati haian. bharatiy sinema ne 20vian shati ke arambhik kal se hi vishv ke sinema jagat par gahara prabhav chho da hai. bharatiy sinema ke antargat bharat ke vibhinn bhagoan aur vibhinn bhashaoan mean banane vali filmean atian haian. bharatiy filmoan ka anukaran poore dakshin eshiya tatha madhy poorv mean hua. bharat mean sinema ki lokapriyata ka isi se andaja lagaya ja sakata hai ki yahaan sabhi bhashaoan mean milakar prativarsh 1,000 tak filmean bani haian. 20vian shati mean h aaulivud tatha chini film udyog ke sath bharatiy sinema bhi vaishvik udyog ban gaya tha.

bharatiy sinema ka itihas

7 julaee 1896 ko banbee ka vatasan thietar mean 'lumiyar bradars' namak do phraansisi apani filmean lekar bharat aye. primiyar qarib 200 logoan ne dekha. tikat dar thi do rupaye prati vyakti. yah un dinoan ek b di rakam thi. ek saptah bad inaki ye filmean bakayada 'navelti thietar' mean pradarshit ki gayian. banbee ka yah thietar bad mean ekselsiyar sinema ke nam se mashahoor hua. roj in filmoan ke do se tin sho kiye jate the, tikat dar thi do ana se lekar do rupaye tak. inamean 12 laghu filmean dikhayi jati thian. inamean ‘araival aph e tren’, ‘d si bath’ tatha ‘le़dij eand soljars an hvil’ pramukh thian. lumiyar bandhuoan ne jab bharatiyoan ko pahali bar sinema se parichit karaya to log bejan chitroan ko chalata-phirata dekh hairan rah gaye. halaanki un dinoan in filmoan ke lie jo tikat dar rakhi gayi thi, vah kafi thi lekin phir bhi logoan ne is ajoobe ko apar sankhya mean dekha. patr-patrikaoan ne bhi is nayi chij ki tariphoan ke pul baandh diye. ek bar in filmoan ko lokapriyata mili, to bharat mean bahar se filmean ane aur pradarshit hone lagian. [[chitr:Dada-Saheb-Phalke.jpg|thumb|dada sahab phalke]] 1904 mean mani sethana ne bharat ka pahala sinemaghar banaya, jo vishesh roop se filmoan ke pradarshan ke lie hi banaya gaya tha. isamean niyamit filmoan ka pradarshan hone laga. usamean sabase pahale videsh se ayi do bhagoan me bani film ‘d laiph aph kraist’ pradarshit ki gayi. yahi vah film thi jisane bharatiy sinema ke pitamah dada sahab phalke ko bharat mean sinema ki nianv rakhane ko prerit kiya. halaanki svargiy dada sahab phalke ko bharatiy sinema ka janak hone aur poori lanbaee ke kathachitr banane ka gaurav hasil hai lekin unase pahale bhi maharashtr mean film nirman ke kee prayas hue. lumiyar bandhuoan ki filmoan ke pradarshan ke ek varsh ke bhitar sakharam bhatavadekar urph save dada ne film banane ki koshish ki. unhoanne puandalik aur krishna nahavi ke bich kushti filmayi thi. yah kushti isi uddeshy se vishesh roop se banbee ke haiangiang gardan mean ayojit ki gayi thi. shootiang ke bad film ko prosesiang ke lie ianglaiand bheja gaya. vahaan se jab vah film proses hokar ayi to save dada apane kam ka natija dekh kar bahut khush hue. pahali bar yah film rat ke vakt banbee ke khule maidan mean dikhayi gayi. usake bad unhoanne apani yah film peri thietar mean pradarshit ki. tikat ki dar thi ath ana se lekar tin rupaye tak. aksar har sho mean unako 300 rupaye tak mil jate the.

pahali film 'raja harishchandr'

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dada saheb phalke dvara 1913 mean banaee gee 'raja harishchandr' hindi sinema ki pahali film thi. film kafi jald hi bharat mean lokapriy ho gee aur varsh 1930 tak lagabhag 200 filmean prativarsh ban rahi thian. [[chitr:Alam-Ara-Poster.jpg|thumb|film alam ara ka postar]]

pahali savak film 'alam ara'

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alam ara bharat ki pahali savak (bolati) film thi jo ardeshir eerani ne san 1931 mean banaee. alam ara se pahale sabhi filmean avak (avaz nahian) thian. yah film kafi jyada lokapriy rahi. jald hi sari filmean, bolati filmean thi. ane vale varsho mean bharat mean svatantrata sangram, desh vibhajan jaisi aitihasik ghatana huee. un daraman bani hiandi filmoan mean isaka prabhav chhaya raha. 1950 ke dashak mean hiandi filmean shvet-shyam (blaik & vhait) se rangin ho gee. filmean ke vishay mukhyatah prem hota tha, aur sangit filmoan ka mukhy aang hota tha. 1960-70 ke dashak ki filmoan mean hiansa ka prabhav raha. 1980 aur 1990 ke dashak se prem adharit filmean vapas lokapriy hone lagi. 1990-2000 ke dashak me samay ki bani filmean bharat ke bahar bhi kafi lokapriy rahi. pravasi bharatiyo ki badhati sankhya bhi isaka pramukh karan thi. hiandi filmoan mean pravasi bharatiyo ke vishay lokapriy rahe.

hindi sinema

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hindi sinema, jise b aaulivud ke nam se jana jata hai, hindi bhasha mean film banane ka film udyog hai. b aaulivud nam aangrezi sinema udyog h aaulivud ke tarz par rakha gaya. hindi film udyog mukhyatah mumbee shahar mean basa hai. ye filmean bharat, pakistan, aur duniya ke kee deshoan ke logoan ke diloan ki dh dakan haian. har film mean kee sangitamay gane hote haian. in filmoan mean hindi ki "hindustani" shaili ka chalan hai. hindi, kh diboli aur urdoo ke sath sath avadhi, mumbeeya hindi, bhojapuri, rajasthani jaisi boliyaan bhi sanvad aur ganoan me upayukt hote haian. pyar, deshabhakti, parivar, aparadh, bhay, ityadi mukhy vishay hote haian. zyadatar gane urdoo shayari par adharit hote haian.

prasiddh b aaulivud filmean

x100px|link=raja harishchandr

x100px|link=alam ara

x100px|link=kisan kanya

x100px|link=pyasa (film)

x100px|link=devadas (1936)

x100px|link=do aankhean barah hath

x100px|link=do bigha zamin

x100px|link=naya daur

x100px|link=madar iandiya

x100px|link=mugal-e-azam

x100px|link=shole (film)

x100px|link=divar (film)

x100px|link=hantaravali (film)

x100px|link=garm hava

x100px|link=devadas (1955)

x100px|link=satyakam (film)

x100px|link=aandaz (1949 film)

x100px|link=jagate raho

x100px|link=anand (film)

parasi aur bharatiy sinema

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bharatiy sinema ki pragati mean desh mean base hue parasi samuday ka apratim yogadan hai. hiandi rangamanch jis tarah parasi rangamanch ka hi vistar hai, usi tarah sinema ke kshetr mean bhi parasi rangamanch evan thiyetar ka mahatvapoorn prabhav hai. parasi nirmataoan ne hiandi film nirman mean abhootapoorn yogadan kiya hai. bharat ke vibhinn prantoan mean sinema gharoan ke nirman aur unake sanchalan mean bhi is samuday ke dhani aur samriddh logoan ki bhagidari sarahaniy hai.

smaraniy tathy

bharatiy sinema jagat se ju di dheroan dilachasp batean rahian. kuchh nimnalikhit haian-

bharatiy sinema jagat se ju di dheroan dilachasp batean

pahala bharatiy siriyal aur seansaraship	shriram patanakar ne pahale bharatiy siriyal ‘ram vanavas’ (ekjail aauph shriram) ka nirman kiya. yah siriyal char alag-alag bhagoan mean banaya gaya tha. 1918 mean bharat mean britani ekt ki tarj par seansaraship lagoo ki gayi. isake dvara filmoan ki seansaraship aur laiseansiang ki vyavastha ki gayi.
samajik hasy film	samaj mean pashchaty rahan-sahan aur pashchaty moolyoan ka poshan karane vale logoan par vyangy karane vali film ‘d ianglaiand ritarn’ ka nirman dhiren gaanguli ne kiya. ise pahali samajik upahas film ka darja diya jata hai. film ki kahani videsh se lanbe samay bad laute bharatiy ki kahani thi, jo apane hi desh mean khud ko ajanabi mahasoos karata hai.
samaj sudhar vali film	marathi filmakar baboorav peantar ki film ‘savakari pash’ mean ek lalachi zamiandar ek kisan ko usaki jamin se bedakhal kar deta hai. garibi se l data yah parivar shahar akar mazadoori karake apana jivan yapan karane ki koshish karata hai. is film mean mashahoor film nirmata nirdeshak vi. shaantaram ne yuva kisan ki bhoomika ki thi.
deshi film kanpaniyoan aur t aauki film ka agaman	vi. shaantaram ne 1929 mean kolhapur mean prabhat kanpani aur chandoolal shah ne bambee mean d ranjit film kanpani ki sthapana ki. prabhat film kanpani ne apane 27 barasoan ke saphar mean 45 filmoan ka nirman kiya. ranjit stoodiyo mean sattar ke dashak tak filmoan ka nirman hota raha. isi sal h aaulivud se ayatit bolati film ‘melodi aauph lav’ ka pradarshan hua.
aangrezi mean bani chuanban drishy vali film	himaanshu ray ki ianglaiand mean pikcharaij ‘karma’ mean himaanshu ray aur devika rani mukhy bhoomika mean the. rajakumar aur rajakumari ki is premagatha mean jabardast chuanban aur aliangan ke drishy the. himaanshu ray aur devika rani ke bich chala char minat lanba chumban aj bhi kirtiman hai. yah chuanban vinod khanna aur madhuri dikshit par film ‘dayavan’ mean pikcharaij chuanban se char guna jyada lanba hai. chooanki, tatkalin british shasan mean chuanban, seks, hiansa adi taiboo nahian the, isalie ise seansar ki rok ka samana to nahian karana p da. isake bavajood ‘karma’ sabase asaphal filmoan mean shumar ki jati hai.
parshv gayan ki shuruat	praranbh mean parade par nayak-nayika apane git khud hi gate the. 1935 mean nitin bos ne apani film ‘dhoop chhaanv’ mean parshv gayan ki takanik se parichay karaya. is takanik ne parade par kabhi najar na ane vale parshv gayakoan-gayikaoan ko bhi star bana diya. dhvani takanik ke vistar ke sath hi indrasabha aur devi devayani jaise git sangit se bharapoor filmoan ka nirman hua.
rangin huee filmean aur mile aantararashtriy puraskar	filmoan ke gooange charitroan ko avaj dilane vale ardeshir eerani ne hi ‘kisan kanya’ ke tamam kiradaroan mean rang bhare. ‘kisan kanya’ bharat mean hi proses ki gayi pahali film thi. ek garib kisan aur zamiandar ki beti ki is rangin prem kahani ko khas saphalata nahian mili. vastavikata to yah thi ki us daur mean rangin chitroan ko darshakoan ne manyata nahian di. soharab modi ki 1953 mean rilij film ‘jhaansi ki rani’ teknikalar mean banayi gayi pahali film thi. vishnu govind damale aur shekh phattelal ki film ‘sant tukaram’ ne venis film mahotsav mean iantaraneshanal egjibishan aauph sinemaitographik art ki shreni mean chuni gayi tin filmoan mean sthan paya.
sabase jyada gitoan vali filmean	madan thiyetar dvara nirmit bharat ki doosari savakh film ‘shiri pharahad’ 30 mee 1931 ko rilij huee thi. is film ka nirdeshan je. je. madan ne kiya tha. is film mean 18 git the. sabase jyada 69 gitoan vali film ‘indrasabha’ thi. is film mean mastar nisar, jahaanara aur kajjan mukhy bhoomika mean the.
pahala svapn drishy aur git	rajakapoor ki 1951 mean pradarshit film ‘avara’ mean nargis aur rajakapoor par svapn drishy aur git ‘ghar aya mera paradesi’ filmaya gaya tha. is git ke bad rajakapoor iandastri ke shomain man lie gaye.
film mean pahala phlaishabaik	1934 mean pradarshit film ‘roopalekha’ mean pahali bar phlaishabaik takanik ka upayog kiya gaya tha. pisi barua aur jamuna mukhy bhoomika mean the. bad mean barua ne jamuna se shadi bhi ki thi. vah barua ki ‘devadas’ mean paro bhi banian.
pahali mahilaean	durga baee aur unaki beti kamalabaee gokhale filmoan mean kadam rakhane vali pahali mahilaean thian. unhoanne dada saheb phalke ki 1913 mean rilij doosari film ‘mohini bhasmasur’ mean ek sath abhinay kiya tha. savakh filmoan ki pahali mahila rani jubaida thian. unhoanne ‘alam ara’ se pahale 36 mook filmoan mean abhinay kiya tha.
pahali seansard film	1920 mean rilij film ‘aaurphans aauph d st aaurm’ bharat mean seansaraship lagoo hone ke bad seansar hone vali pahali film thi. is film mean gish bahanean mukhy bhoomika mean thian.
sattar emem ki film	pachhi ki 1967 mean rilij film ‘erauand d rvald’ ko sattar emem yani 70 milimitar mean bani pahali film kaha jata hai parantu vastav mean is film ko 35 emem mean pikcharaij karane ke bad bloap takanik ke jariye 70 emem mean badala gaya tha. jaisa ki ajakal 2di filmoan ko 3di mean kanvart kiya ja raha hai. bharat ki 70 emem ph aaumret mean bani pahali film ‘shole’ thi, jo 1975 mean rilij huee thi tatha ise phor-traik stiriyophonik sauand takanik mean pradarshit kiya gaya tha.
lagatar tin jubali filmean dene vala abhineta	amol palekar bharat ke pahale aise abhineta the jinaki debyoo film ne silvar jubali to manayi hi, usake bad unaki pradarshit donoan filmoan ne bhi jubaliyaan manayian. amol palekar ne 1974 mean ‘rajanigandha’ film se debyoo kiya tha. isake bad unaki do filmean 1975 mean chhoti si bat aur 1976 mean ‘chitachor’ rilij huee thi. in tinoan filmoan ne muanbee mean silvar jubali manayi.
pramukh stoodiyo	film nirman se lekar ab tak ke kuchh pramukh stoodiyo mean b aaumbe takij, eviem prodakshans, jaimini stoodiyoj, gurudatt moovij pra. li., minarva thiyetar, m aaudarn thiyetars, bien sarakar nyoo thiyetars, prabhat film kanpani, prasad stoodiyoj, madan thiyetar, filmistan, phemas stoodiyoj, ar. ke stoodiyoj tatha vartaman mean chal rahe v aauy films, yootivi moshan pikchars, ramoji film siti, filmasiti muanbee, mahaboob stoodiyo, bi4yoo films, ranjit stoodiyoj adi ullekhaniy haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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bahari k diyaan

• sinema ke sau varsh
• bharatiy sinema ka itihas
• sinema ke sau varsh poore hone par ek vidiyo (yoo-tyoob)

sanbandhit lekh

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