भारत की आदिम जातियाँ

prachin kal se hi bharat mean akramanakariyoan ke roop mean videshiyoan ka avagaman hota raha hai. isake parinamasvaroop yahaan prajatiy mishran itana adhik hua ki yah kahana bahut kathin hai ki yahaan ke mool nivasi kis prajati ke the. bharat ka prajatiy itihas pramanoan ke abhav mean adhik spasht nahian hai. jo kuchh bhi janakari milati hai, usamean bhi vishvasaniyata aur pramanikata ka abhav paya jata hai.

pragaitihasik jatiyaan

bharat ki pragaitihasik yug ki prajatiyoan ki janakari hamean prachin sindhu aur narmada ghatiyoan ki sabhyataoan se milati hai. majoomadar evan guha namak vidvanoan ka mat hai ki bhoo-madhy sagariy prajati ke logoan ne hi, h dappa v mohanajod doan ki sabhyata ka nirman kiya tha, jo sambhavat: samudri marg se bharat mean aye hoange. dravi doan ko uttar se ane vali ary prajati ne haraya aur unhoanne yahaan apana samrajy sthapit kiya. aryoan ne dravi doan ko dakshin mean khade d diya. yahi karan hai ki uttari bharat mean ary prajati aur dravi d prajati ki pradhanata hai.

vibhajan

prarambhik kal mean bharat mean kitane prakar ki jatiyaan nivas karati thian, unamean apasi sambangh kis star ke the, adi prashn atyant hi vivadit haian. phir bhi navinatam sarvadhik manyataoan mean 'd aau. bi.es. guha' ka mat hai. bharatavarsh ki prarambhik jatiyoan ko chhah bhagoan mean vibhakt kiya ja sakata hai-

1. nigrito
2. proto aaustreliyad
3. mangol aauyad
4. bhoomadhyasagariy dravi d
5. pashchimi breki sephal
6. n aaurdik

bharatiy janasankhya mean un kee manav prajatiyoan ka sammishran paya jata hai, jo pragaitihasik kal ke poorv se aitihasik kal tak yadakada bharat mean pravesh karati rahi haian. eshiya bhookhand ke sudoor dakshin mean hind mahasagar par sthit uttar, uttar poorv aur uttar-pashchim mean parvatamalaoan dvara aveshthit aur dakshin mean samudroan dvara vilag bharat bhaugolik drishti se ek aisa surakshit pradesh hai, jisamean yadi koee pravesh karana chahe to vah keval parvatiy darroan ke dvara athava tatiy bhagoan se hi pravesh kar sakata hai. uparyukt bhoo-avasthaoan ke phalasvaroop bharat mean kafi samay poorv se akar rahane vali prajatiyaan nasht n hokar dakshin aur dakshin-poorv ki or hatati geean aur jangaloan ne b de pariman mean adivasiyoan ko apane aank mean sthan dekar unhean sarvanash se bachae rakha hai. bharat ki janasankhya mean manav ki samast pramukh prajatiyoan ke ve sabhi tattv maujood haian, jo sadharanataya is sima tak any deshoan se nahian milate.

rijale ka vargikaran

tattvashastr ke drishtikon se bharatiy prajatiyoan ka sarvaprartham vargikaran sar harabart rijale ne san 1901 ki bharatiy janaganana mean kiya tha. rijale ke anusar, bharatiy janasankhya mean nimn sat vibhinn manav prajatiyaan sammilit haian-

(1) dravi diyan

aitihasik yug ke poorv bharat mean dravi d namak prajati rahati thi, jinhean bharat ka adivasi kaha ja sakata hai. pichhe se ane vali ary, sithiyan tatha mangol prajatiyoan ke sampark se inaki nasl mean b da antar a gaya hai. ye bharat ke dakshin mean tamilanadu, andhr pradesh, chhota nagapur ka pathar aur madhy pradesh ke dakshini bhagoan mean rahate haian. malabad ke paniyan, u disa ke juaang, poorvi ghat ke koand, chhattisagadh ke goand, nilagiri ke toda, rajasthan aur gujarat ke bhil aur garasiya evan chhota nagapur ke santhal isi prajati ke pratinidh haian. isaka kad chhota aur rang pray: poornat: kala hota hai. inaki aankheanan kali, sir lamba tatha ghane baloan vala (jo kabhi-kabhi ghuangharale bhi hote haian), nak bahut chau di (jo kabhi-kabhi ja doan mean dabi huee hoti hai) aur khop di b di hoti hai. yah prajati bharat ki janasankhya ka keval 20% hai.

(2) bharatiy ary

aisa anuman kiya jata hai ki eesa se 2000 varsh poorv ary log madhy eshiya se bharat aye aur inhoanne yahaan basane vali dravi d jati ko dakshin ki or khade d diya. is samay sadharanat: yah prajati panjab, rajasthan, uttar pradesh aur kashmir mean paee jati hai. is prajati ke vartaman sadasy rajapoot, khatri aur jat haian. hinduoan ke tin uchch varg (brahman, kshatriy aur vaishy) ary prajati ke hi vanshaj haian. isaka kad lamba, rang gora, sir ooancha, aankheanan ghani aur gahari, bhujaean lambi kandhe chau de, kamar aur taangean patali, nak ooanchi, nukili aur lambi hoti hai. isake chehare par bharapoor bal hote haian.

(3) mangol aauyad

yah prajati himachal pradesh, nepal aur asam mean phaili huee hai. lahul aur kulloo ke kanet, sikkim aur darjiliang ke lepcha, nepal ke limb, marmi aur gurooang, asam ke bodoo log is prajati ke mukhy pratinidhi haian. inaka kad chhota, sir chau da, nak chau di, chehara chapata, bhauanhean te di, rang pila aur sharir par bal kam hote haian.

(4) ary dravi diyan

yah prajati ary aur dravi d logoan ke sammishran se bani hai. yah uttar pradesh, bihar, jharakhand aur rajasthan ke kuchh bhagoan mean phaili huee hai. uchch kuloan mean hindustani brahman aur nimn kuloan mean harijan isaka pratinidhitv karate haian. in logoan ka sir pray: lamba ya madhyam akar ka hota hai. kad vishuddh aryoan se kuchh chhota, nak madhyam se chau di aur rang halka bhoora, gehuana hota hai.

(5) mangol-dravi diyan

yah prajati pashchim bangal aur u disa mean paee jati hai. bangali brahman aur bangali kayasth isake mukhy pratinidhi haian. yah prajati dravi d aur mangol tattvoan se bani hai. uchch vargoan mean bharatiy ary logoan ke rakt ka aansh bhi dekha jata hai. in logoan ka kad madhyam aur kabhi-kabhi chhota hota hai. inaka sir chau da aur gol, rang kala, bal ghane aur nak chau di hoti hai.

(6) sitho-dravi diyan

yah prajati sithiyan aur dravi d logoan ke sammishran se bani hai. ye log keral, saurashtr, gujarat, kachchh aur madhy pradesh ke paha di bhagoan mean phaile hue haian. samaj ke uchch vargoan mean sithiyan tattv aur nimn vargoan mean dravi d tattv pramukh haian. ye log kad mean chhote aur kale rang ke hote haian. inaka sir apekshataya lamba aur nak madhyam hoti hai. inake sir par bal kam hote haian.

(7) turk-eerani

vartaman samay mean yah prajati afaganistan aur baloochistan mean paee jati hai.

rijale ka vargikaran ab anek karanoan se amany ho gaya hai. yah prajatiyoan ke sharirik lakshanoan par adharit n hokar bhashaoan par adharit hai. yah apoorn hai tatha rijale ne bharatiy janasankhya mean nigrito tattv ka koee zikr nahian kiya hai. kintu bharat mean dravi doan se poorv ki prajatiyoan mean nigrito tattv ki upasthiti ko mana nahian kiya ja sakata hai.

gyoophrida ka vargikaran

rijale ke pashchath nritatv vijnan ke kee visheshajnoan ne bharatiy prajatiyoan ka vargikaran karane ki cheshta ki hai, kintu 1931 ki janaganana tak koee bhi uchit aur vaijnanik vargikaran prastut nahian kiya ja saka. gyoophrida ke anusar bharat ki prajatiyoan ka vargikaran nimn prakar se hai-

(1) nigrito - nigrito ke aantargat dakshini bharatiy vanoan mean rahane vali kuchh janajatiyaan aur andaman dvipasamooh ki oang janajati.
(2) poorv dravi d ya astrel aauyad -isake mukhy udaharan vedda, santhal, oran, munda aur has janajatiyaan haian. inake sharirik lakshan bhi nigrito ki bhaanti hi hote haian.
(3) dravi d - dravi d prajati dakshini bharat mean paee jati hai. isake aantargat telugu aur tamil bhasha-bhashi log sammilit kiye ge haian.
(4) ooanche kad ki lambe sir vali prajatiyaan - jaise nilagiri ke toda aur keral ke kadar.

haidan ka vargikaran

haidan ke anusar bharat mukhyat: tin bhaugolik pradeshoan mean banta hai-

1. himalay pradesh
2. uttari maidan
3. dakshin ka pathar

in pradeshoan mean nimn prajatiyoan ke tattv pae jate haian-
(a) himalay pradesh

(1) bharatiy ary - jaise kanet jo himachal pradesh ki kulloo ghati mean pae jate haian aur jinamean tibbati rakt ka aansh bhi milata hai.

(2) mangol jaise nepal aur bhootan ke parvatiy bhagoan mean bhootiya, gurang, gurmi, gurakha aur nebar log milate haian.

(3)parvatiy bhagoan mean lahul kshetr ke kanet log.

(b) maidani bhagoan mean do prakar ke log pae jate haian-

(1) kashmir ki ghati, rajasthan aur panjab mean rahane vale jat, goojar, rajapoot, adi, jinaka rang gora, kad lamba, sir lamba, chau da lalat, lamba sankara chehara aur sidhi lambi nak hoti hai.

(2)himalay pradesh mean shivalik pradesh ke paha di log tatha dakshin ki or ke log.

(s) dakshin ke pathar par pae jane vale logoan ke lie haidan ne dravi d shabd ka upayog kiya hai. yahaan inake anusar ye tattv pae jate haian-

(1) poorv dravi d-santhal, paniyan, kadar, kurumba, iroola, kannikar, kauandh, bhil, goand, kolari aur munda log isake udaharan haian. ye nate kale se bhoore rang ke laharadar ghuangharale bal vale aur chau di nak vale hote haian.

(2) dravi d-malabar tat aur keral ke nivasi, jinamean nayyar, b daga, tiyan, kanari hindoo, ijoovan aur tamil brahman sammilit haian. ye log tamil, telugu, malayalam aur kann d bhasha bolate haian.

(3)dakshini chau de sir vale log bellari se lagakar tirunalavaili zile tak phaile haian. paniyan aur paraba machhue inake pratinidhi haian.

(4)pashchimi chau de sir vale log gujarat se lagakar pashchimi tat par keral mean milate haian. nagar brahman, prabhu, maratha, kurg adi inake pratinidhi haian.

eeksataid ka vargikaran

san 1929 mean eeksataid ne bharatiyoan ka bhautik aur saanskritik donoan hi drishtiyoan se vargikaran kiya. inake anusar, bharat mean char mukhy prajatiyaan haian, jinake sat upabhed haian.
(1) vaidid ya prachin bharatiy-van pradeshoan ke ati prachin adivasi, jo in shreniyoan mean bante haian-

(a)goandid log chhote se madhyam kad, gahare bhoore rang aur ghuangharale bal vale hote haian. ye jadoo-tone mean vishvas karate haian. inamean oanran, oraanb aur goand mukhy haian.

(b)malid chhote kad, ghuangharale bal vale aur kale bhoore rang ke hote haian. ye adhik asabhy hote haian. kuroomba, iroola, cheanchoo, kannikar, malevan aur vedda inake mukhy udaharan haian.

(2) mailenid athava kale bharatiy ek mishrit prajati hai, jo do bhagoan mean baanti gee hai-

(a)dakshin mailenid, bharat ke sudoor dakshini maidanoan mean kale bhoore rang ke log haian. yanadi inaka mukhy udaharan hai.

(b)kolid dakshin ke uttari van pradeshoan ke ati prachin nivasi haian. ye kale bhoore rang ke chhote kad ke hote haian. santhal, khariya, bhuiya, bhoomij aur munda inake udaharan haian.

(3) indid ya navin bharatiy-ye log adhik vikasit evan khule maidanoan mean rahane vale haian. ye nimn bhagoan mean vibhajit haian-

(a)gresail indid pit varn, patali nak aur b di aankhoan vale log jo paitrik parivar ko manane vale haian, jaise bangali adi.

(b)uttari indid halke bhoore rang vale, jo prarambh se hi paitrik parivar ke manane vale haian, jaise toda evan rajapoot log.

(4) poorv mangol vayanad zile ke palayan log.

hattan ka vargikaran

hattan ne bharatiy prajatiyoan ke bare mean apana vargikaran prastut kiya hai. inake anusar bharat mean kisi bhi prajati ka mool sthan nahian hai. sabhi prajatiyaan yahaan bahar se ayi haian. apane ane ke kram ke anusar vibhinn prajatiyaan ye haian-

1. nigrito -nigrito prajati bharat ki prachinatam prajati hai jo apane mool sthan maileneshiya se asam, myaanmar, andaman-nikobar aur malabar mean phaili, kintu ab isake avashesh hamean bharat ke mukhy bhag par prapt nahian hote.
   
2. proto-astrel aauyad nigrito logoan ke bad bharat mean ae. inaka mool-sthan philistin tha. yahian se ye pashchim ki or se bharat mean aye. inaki tvacha ka rang ch aaukalet jaisa kala hota hai tatha khop di lambi. inake avashesh anek janajatiyoan mean vidyaman haian.
   
3. poorv-bhoomadhyasagariy prajati poorvi yoorop se bharat ki or ayi hai. inamean kuchh ka sir lamba aur kuchh ka chau da hota hai. madhy bharatiy pradesh mean gujarat, madhy pradesh hote hue pashchimi bangal tak is prajati ka vistar paya jata hai. ise sianchaee aur kheti karane ka jnan tha.
   
4. adhik vikasit bhoomadhyasagariy prajati bharat mean akar dravi d prajati bas gee. ye adhik lambe aur gore rang vale haian. yahi log uttari bharat mean panjab aur ganga ki oopari ghati mean phaile haian. is prajati ko dhatuoan ke prayog tatha nagar basane ki kala ka jnan tha. sambhavat: inhoanne hi sindhu ghati ki sabhyata ka vikas kiya tha.
   
5. alpain ya poorv-vaidik jo gujarat aur pashchim bangal mean milate haian.
   
6. n aaurdik ya vaidik ary jo yooropiy staipi pradesh se lagabhag do hazar varsh poorv bharat mean aye aur panjab, rajasthan evan ganga ki oopari ghati mean bas gaye.
   
7. mangol uttari-poorvi bhagoan se akar bharat ke poorvi bhagoan mean, bangal aur iandoneshiya mean phailakar bas ge.

guha ka vargikaran

sabase mukhy aur sarvamany vargikaran d aauktar guha dvara (1931 ki janaganana riport mean) prastut kiya gaya hai.

d aauktar guha ka vargikaran nimn prakar hai-

1. nigrito
2. proto astrel aauyad ya poorv-dravi d
3. mangol aauyad : poorv-mangol, lambe sir vale, chau de sir vale, tibbati mangol.
4. bhoomadhyasagariy : prachin bhoomadhyasagariy, bhoomadhyasagariy, poorvi log.
5. pashchimi chau de sir vale athava elpo-dinarik : elpin aauyad, dinarik, armin aauyad.
6. n aaurdik

nigrito

bharatiy janasankhya mean nigrito tattv ka samavesh ek sandigdh aur vivadaspad vishay mana jata hai. vastavik nigrito prajati philipin, nyoogini, andaman dvip aur maleshiya pray:dvip ke semaang aur sakaee logoan ke roop mean milati hai. bharat mean in logoan ki upasthiti ke bare mean nishchayatmak roop se nahian kaha ja sakata. laipik ke anusar, bharat mean nigrito jati ka aansh dakshin bharat ke adivasiyoan mean paya jata hai. travanakor-kochin ke kadar aur puliyan aur vayanad ki prachin janajatiyaan aur iroola logoan ke sir par pray: un jaise bal dekhe jate haian to nritattvashastr ke drishtikon se nigro rakt ko iangit karate haian. kintu tharstan mahoday ne uparokt mat ka khandan kiya hai. isake viparit, gyoophrida roojiri ka vichar hai ki dakshin bharat ki janajatiyoan mean paye jane vale nigrito aj bhi vidyaman haian. prajatiy drishti se ye log shrilanka ke vedda, sumatra ke batin aur sulabesi ke tola logoan se sambandhit hai. is mat ko haidan ne bhi svikar kiya hai ki yadyapi dakshin mean nigrito prajati hone ki shanka ki jati hai, kintu isaki vastavik satyata abhi jnat nahian hai.

vidvanh kathan

d aauktar guha ne kadar aur kuchh any paha di jatiyoan mean nigrito tattv ko svikar kiya hai. d aauktar sarakar ke anusar, rajamahal paha diyoan ki adim jatiyoan mean ghuangharale bal pae jate haian. d aauktar hattan ne in sab tathyoan par vichar karane ke uparant likha hai ki bharatiy pray:dvip ke sabase poorv ke nivasi sambhavat: nigro jati ke hi the, kintu bad mean unaka shighrata se hyas hota chala gaya. yadyapi ve andaman dvip mean aj bhi vartaman haian, parantu bharatiy bhoomi par unake bahut kam aansh shesh haian. sudoor dakshin ke vanoan ke kadar aur yoorali logoan mean yadakada chhote kad, ghuangharale bal aur nigro akriti ke log dekhe jate haian, jo vastav mean bharat mean nigrito prajati ke avashesh ko spasht karate haian. gyoophrida bharat aur faras ki kha di ke bich nigrito logoan ki upasthiti aitihasik kal ke poorv manate haian.

bangal ki kha di, maleshiya pray:dvip, phiji dvipasamooh, nyoogini, dakshin bharat aur dakshini arab mean nigrito athava aanshik nigro logoan ki upasthiti yah man lene ko prerit karati hai ki kisi poorv-aitihasik kal mean nigrito log eshiya mahadvip ke bahut b de bhag visheshakar dakshini bhag ko ghere hue the. bad mean poorv-dravi doan aur dravi doan ke ane par (jo unase adhik shaktishali the) in logoan ki samapti ho gee athava ve unamean vilin ho ge. vartaman samay mean ye log kahian-kahian par avashesh roop mean pae jate haian. nigrito tattv mukhyat andaman dvip vasiyoan mean milata hai. yah asam, poorvi bihar ki rajamahal ki paha diyoan mean bhi haian. inake any pratinidhi aangami, naga, baangadi, iroola, kadar, pulayan, muthuvan aur kannikar, adi haian. profesar kin kadar, muthuvan, paniyan, semaang, oraanv aur astreliyaee adivasiyoan ko un logoan ki santan manate haian, jo kisi samay sampoorn bharat mean nivas karate the. ye log hi sabase pahale maleshiya se bharat ki or bangal ki kha di ke dvar se ghuse aur uttar mean himalay parvat ki talahati tatha dakshin mean pray:dvip par phail ge. in logoan ki mukhy visheshata yah hai ki ye kad mean bahut chhote hote haian. inaka sir chhota, kintu lalat ubhara hua hota hai. inake bal sundar aur oon jaise chhalledar hote haian. ye rang mean kale hote haian. sir ki banavat gol se lagakar lambi athava madhyam hoti hai. inake hath-pair komal hote haian. chehara chhota, nak chapati aur chau di, matha age ki or nikala hua, bhauan ki haddiyaan sapat aur da di chhoti aur hoanth mote aur mu de hue hote haian.

sabhyata

nigrito logoan ki sabhyata bahut avikasit dasha mean thi. ye poorv-pashan yug ki sabhyata lekar bharat ae the. patthar, haddi ke anagadh hathiyar tatha tir-kaman ke sivay inhean any kisi hathiyar ka jnan nahian tha. kheti, mitti ke bartan banana tatha bhavan-nirman ka bhi inhean jnan nahian tha. ye log guphaean banakar rahate the aur bhojan ke lie vastuean ekatrit karane ka kam karate the. kheti karana inhean n ata tha, kintu ye log vat vriksh ki pooja karate the. is pooja ka uddeshy santan prapt karana tatha mritakoan ko sadagati pradan karana tha. bharatiy sanskriti mean vat vriksh ki pooja ka chalan evan guphaoan ka nirman inhian logoan ki den hai. 

proto-astrel aauyad

ye sambhavat: bharat mean ane vali doosari prajati adi-dravi d thi. yadyapi inake adi poorvaj philistin mean dekhe ja sakate haian, parantu bharat mean ye kab aur kaise ae, yah abhi bhi jnat nahian hai. kintu bharat ki vartaman janajatiyoan mean in prajati ka aansh hi sarvadhik hai. yah prajati bharat mean sare hi desh mean milati hai. in logoan mean shrilanka ke vedda, astreliyaee aur maleshiyaee logoan ke rang, chehare aur baloan, adi mean itani samanata paee jati hai ki usase yah spasht hai ki ye charoan ek hi prajati ke vanshaj haian. bharat mean ye log bahar se ae haian athava bharat se hi ye bahar ke deshoan mean pahuanche haian, yah abhi bhi vivadaspad hai. ye astreliyaee logoan se bahamilate-julate haian. at: inhean adi-dravi d nam diya gaya hai. vastavik astreliyaee logoan ki nak chehare se pichaki huee, chhati majaboot aur sharir par ghane bal hote haian, jo bharatiy janajatiyoan mean nahian dekhe jate, kintu dakshin bharat ke cheanchoo malayan, kuroomba, yarooba, munda, kol, santhal aur bhil samoohoan mean aise bahut se log pae jate haian, jinamean uparyukt visheshataean haian. anusoochit jatiyaan pradhanat: isi prajati se bani huee mani jati haian. ye log kad mean nate aur gahare bhoore athava kale rang ke hote haian. inaka sir lamba aur nak chau di, chapati ya pichaki huee hoti hai. inake bal ghuangharale aur oanth mote aur maansal mu de hue hote haian.

mangol aauyad

is prajati ka adi sthan iravati nadi ki ghati, chin, tibbat aur mangoliya ko mana jata hai. yahian se eesa ke poorv pratham shatabdi ke madhy ye log bharat ae aur dhire-dhire uttari-poorvi bangal ke maidan aur asam ki paha diyoan tatha maidanoan mean ghusate chale ge. yadyapi uttar aur uttar-poorv ke kathin sthal margoan ne unake yahaan b di matra mean pravesh mean ro de atakae, parantu phir bhi ve nirantar age badhate rahe. yahi karan hai ki bharat ke uttari-poorvi bhagoan mean nepal, asam aur poorvi kashmir mean tin prakar ke mangol log pae jate haian. mangol prajati any prajatiyoan se in batoan mean bhinn hai-inaka muanh chapata aur gal ki haddiyaan ubhari huee hoti haian. aankheanan badam ki akriti ki hoti haian. chehare aur sharir par bal kam hote haian. inaka kad chhote se madhyam tak tatha sir chau da aur rang pilapan liye hue hota hai.

mangol samooh mean tin prajatiyaan haian-
(a) poorvi-mangol aauyad bahut hi prachin prajati hai. yah shighrata se pahachani nahian jati. sir ki banavat, nak aur rang se hi inhean pahachana ja sakata hai. yah do shreniyoan mean banti hai-

(1) mangol prajati, jisaka kad sadharan, nak sadharan kintu kam ooanchi, chehare aur sharir par baloan ka abhav, aankheanan tirachhi ya mo d adhik nahian, chehara chapata aur chhota, rang gahare se halka bhoora hota hai. lambe sir vali yah prajati up-himalay pradesh, asam aur myaanmar ki sima par rahane vale, adi logoan (jaise-naga, miri, boando adi) mean bahut hi adhik payi jati hai.

(2) is samooh ki doosari prajati chau de sir vali hai. baangla desh mean chitagaanv parvatiy adivasi (jaise chakamas) isi shreni ke haian. kalimpoang ki lepcha jati bhi isi samooh mean sammilit hai. inaka sir chau da, rang kala aur nak madhyam akar ki hoti hai. chehara chhota aur chapata hota hai. isake sir ke bal sidhe, parantu kuchh ghuangharale pravritti lie hote haian.

(b) tibbati mangol aauyad log lambe kad, chau de sir aur halke rang ke hote haian. chau di chapati nak, lamba chapata muanh aur sharir par baloan ka abhav inaki any visheshataean haian. ye log sikkim mean pae jate haian. ye tibbat ki or se bharat mean aye mane jate haian. mangol prajati ne bharat ki sanskriti par b da prabhav dala hai. doodh, chay, kagaz, chaval, supari ki kheti, samoohik gharoan ki pratha, sidhinuma kheti, sher ka shikar karana, adi ka prayog karana inhian logoan ki den hai.

bhoomadhyasagari ya dravi d jati

bharat ke adivasiyoan mean tin pramukh prajatiyoan (nigrito, poorv-dravi d aur mangol) ke tattv hi adhik haian. inake atirikt sadharan janasankhya mukhyat: bhoomadhyasagariy, elpo-dinarik aur n aaurdik prajatiyoan se bani hai. inake atirikt sadharan samooh sabase b da hai. is prajati ki koee ek kism nahian varanh anek kismean haian, jo lambe sir, kale rang aur apani ooanchaee dvara pahachani jati hai. bharat mean is prajati ki tin kismean milati haian.

(a) prachin bhoomadhyasagariy log kale ya gahare bhoore rang aur lambe sir vale hote haian. lamba chehara, lahariyedar bal, chau di nak, madhyam kad aur chehare aur sharir par kam bal adi inaki any visheshataean haian. dakshin bharat ke telugu aur tamil brahmanoan mean is prajati ka atyadhik prabhav dekha jata hai.

(b) bhoomadhyasagariy prajati ko hi bharat ki sindhu ghati sabhyata ko janm dene ka shrey hai. 2500 eesa poorv ke lagabhag jab ary bhasha-bhashi akramanakari uttari eerak se eeran hote hue ganga ke maidan mean ae to ye log idhar-udhar phailate ge. aj uttari bharat ki janasankhya mean yahi tattv sabase adhik vidyaman hai. is prajati ke log panjab, kashmir, rajasthan aur uttar pradesh mean phaile hue haian. madhy pradesh ke maratha aur uttar pradesh, keral, maharashtr aur malabar ke brahman is jati ke pratinidhitv svaroop haian. ye log madhyam se lekar lambe kad ke hote haian. inaki nak sankari, parantu dadhi unnat hoti hai. chehara aur sir pray: lamba aur kala rang athava bhoora hota hai. sharir par ghane bal, b di khuli aankheanan, aankhoan ka rang gahara bhoora tatha kala, laharadar bal athava patala sharir inaki any visheshataean haian.

is prajati ne sindhu ghati sabhyata ko apanaya aur unnat kiya. vartaman bharatiy dharm aur sanskriti ka adhikaansh inhian logoan ke dvara nirmit hai. samany palatu pashu, yatayat, vastr tatha abhooshan, bhavan nirman kala, eetoan ka prayog aur shaharoan ki rachana adi inhian logoan dvara prachalit kie ge haian. bharatiy lipi aur khagolashastr mean bhi inaka mahattvapoorn yogadan raha hai.

(s) poorvi athava saimetik prajati ka udabhav sthan tarki aur arab raha hai. yahaan se yah prajati bharat ki or aee. yah prajati bhoomadhyasagariy prajati se bahut kuchh milati-julati hai, kintu isaki nak ki banavat mean tho da antar paya jata hai. in logoan ki nak lambi aur natodar hoti hai. bharat mean ye log panjab, rajasthan aur pashchimi uttar pradesh mean pae jate haian.

ye log nav pashan yug ki sabhyata lekar bharat ae the. ye pattharoan ko ghisakar unake dharadar aujar banate the. kudali se khodakar kheti karate the, kumhar ke chak se mitti ke gol gh de, bartan adi banate the. ye vastuean bharat ko in logoan ki den mani jati haian. is prajati ki bhasha ke anek shabd bharat ki prachalit bhashaoan mean pae jate haian. dhan, kela, nariyal, baiangan, pan, supari, niboo, jamun, kapas adi isi prajati ki den haian. isi prajati ne hathi ko palatoo banaya. saanskritik kshetr mean bhi isi prajati ne bharat ko anek batean di haian. pan-supari ka vyavahar tatha mahotsav mean sindoor aur haldi ka upayog isi prajati se kiya gaya hai. punarjanm ka vichar, brahmand aur srishti ki utpatti sambandhi kee dantakathaean, patthar ko devata banakar poojana, nag, magar, bandar adi pashuoan ki pooja, vastuoan ke varjan ka vichar adi sab adi-dravi doan ki den haian. chandrama ke hisab se tithi ka pariganan bhi isi sabhyata ki den hai.

bharatiy sanskriti ko inaki den bahut adhik hai. mitti ke bartan banana, tir-kaman chalana, deshi navean banana, mor, gho de, tattoo adi pashuoan ko palana, ganne ke ras se shakkar banana, kau di ke anusar pratyek vastu ko bis ki sankhya se ginana, vivah adi avasar par kankum aur haldi ka prayog karana bhi inhoanne bharat ko diya hai. pashan yug ki smriti ko banae rakhane ke lie patthar ko devata manakar unaki pooja karana, use sindoor aur chandan lagana, usake sammukh dhoop-dip jalana, ghanta-gh diyal bajana, usake samaksh nach-gan karana, moorti ko bhog lagana aur usake oopar chadhe bhog ko prasad ke roop mean baantana. ye sabhi bharat ko inhian logoan ki den hai. inake samay striyaan kam thian, at: inhoanne yahaan ki striyoan se vivah kar unaki sanskriti ko bhi apana liya. shivaliang ki pooja bhi arambh ho gee. yog kriyaean, davaiyoan ka upayog, nagar nirman ki sabhyata, uchch shreni ki kheti karane ke dhang, sudhare dhang ki navean, yuddh mean pravinata, vastr bunana evan katana, aujaroan ka nipunata se prayog, sarp aur pashuoan evan vrikshoan ki atmaoan ki pooja, matri shakti ka adar, vivah ke riti-rivaj bhi inhian logoan ki den hai.

pashchimi chau de sir vali prajati

ye prajati bharat mean madhy eshiyaee parvatoan se pashchim ki or se aee hai. inako elponayad, dinarik aur araminayad tin bhagoan mean baanta gaya hai. inake ye nam yoorop mean jis pradesh se ye sambandhit haian, us adhar par rakhe gaye haian.

(a) elponayad prajati ke mool log yoorop ke madhy mean alps parvat ke as pas b di sankhya mean pae jate haian. ye log madhyam chhote kad ke hote haian. inake kandhe chau de, chhati gahari, taangean lambi aur chau di aur aanguliyoan chhoti hoti haian. inaka sir aur chehara gol aur nak patali aur nukili hoti hai. rang bhoomadhyasagariy logoan se halka aur sharir mota aur majaboot bana hota hai. sharir aur chehare par bal bahutayat se hote haian. sambhavat: yah log dakshini baloochistan se sindh, saurashtr, gujarat aur maharashtr hokar karnatak, tamilanadu, shrilanka aur ganga ke sahare bangal mean pahuanche. yah prajati saurashtr (kathi), gujarat (baniya), bangal (kayasth) maharashtr, kann d, tamilanadu, bihar aur ganga ke delta mean poorvi uttar pradesh mean paee jati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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