मुग़लकालीन राजस्व प्रणाली

mugalakalin shasan vyavastha mean rajasv ke srot mukhyatah do bhagoan mean bante the- 'kendriy' evan 'sthaniy'. kendriy ay ke kee mahattvapoorn srot the, jinamean bhoo-rajasv, chuangi, takasal, uttaradhikari ke abhav mean prapt ay, upahar, namak par kar evan pratyek vyakti par lagane vala p aaul-taiks ya vyakti kar shamil tha. in sabamean ‘bhoo-rajasv’ sarvadhik mahattvapoorn srot tha. vastavik krishi utpad ya fasal mean rajy ke aansh ko 'mal' ya 'kharaj' (lagan, bhoomikar, chauth) ke roop mean abhihit kiya jata tha.

bhoomi ka vibhajan

bhoomi kar ke vibhajan ke adhar par mugal samrajy ki samast bhoomi tin vargoan mean vibhakt thi-

1. khalasa bhoomi
2. jagir bhoomi
3. sayooragal bhoomi.

khalasa bhoomi

pratyaksh roop mean badashah ke adhikar kshetr mean rahane vali 'khalasa bhoomi' se prapt ay shahi kosh mean jama kar di jati thi. is ay ka upayog vyaktigat kharch par (shahi parivar), raja ke aangarakshak evan niji sainik par, yuddh ki taiyari adi par kiya jata tha. sampoorn samrajy ka lagabhag 20 pratishat kshetr khalasa bhoomi ke antargat shamil tha. 1573 ee. mean akabar ne jagir bhoomi ko kam karake khalasa bhoomi ke vistar ka nirnay liya. jahaangir ne khalasa bhoomi ka akar kam kar diya tha, par shahajahaan ne isaka punah vistar kiya. aurangazeb ke shasan kal ke antim dinoan mean khalasa bhoo-kshetroan ko jagiroan ke roop avantit kiya jane laga.

jagir bhoomi

yah bhoomi rajy ke pramukh karmachariyoan ko unaki tanakhvah ke badale di jati thi. jab is bhoomi ka kendr ke nirikshan mean hastaantaran hota tha, tab ise ‘payabaki’ kaha jata tha. bhoomi prapt karane vale ko bhoomi se kar vasoolane ka bhi adhikar mila rahata tha. padamukt hone par is bhoomi par se us vyakti ka adhikar jagiradaroan ke hathoan mean chala jata tha. jagiradaroan par niyantran rakhane ke lie 'savanihanigar' namak vibhag hota tha, jo jagiradaroan ki karravaee evan any vivaran kendr ko bhejata tha.

sayooragal bhoomi

is prakar ki bhoomi ko 'madad-e-mash' bhi kaha jata tha. yah bhoomi anudan ke roop mean dharmik pravritti ke vyaktiyoan ko di jati thi. is tarah ki adhikaansh bhoomi anutpadak hoti thi. is bhoomi ko ‘milk’ bhi kaha jata tha.

jahaangir ne ‘alatamaga’ jagir anudan mean pradan ki thi. yah jagir vanshanugat hoti thi. ‘emma jagirean’ musalaman dharmavidoan aur ulemaoan ko pradan ki jati thi.

akabar ki bhoo-rajasv niti

mugal shasakoan mean akabar ne hi sarvapratham bhoomi ya bhoomi kar vyavastha ko sangathit karane ka prayas kiya. usane sherashah soori ki rajasv vyavastha ko prarambh mean apanaya. sherashah dvara bhoo-rajasv hetu apanayi jane vali paddhati ‘raee’ ka prayog akabar ne bhi rajasv daroan ke prayog ke lie kiya. akabar ne sherashah ki tarah bhoomi ki nap-jokh karavakar, bhoomi ko utpadakata ke adhar par ek-tihaee bhag lagan ke roop mean nishchit kiya tha.

bairam khaan ke prabhav se mukt hone par akabar ne bhoo-rajasv vyavastha ke punah nirdharan hetu 1570-1571 ee. mean muzaphphar khaan turabati evan raja todaramal ko arthamantri ke pad par niyukt kiya. usane vastavik aank doan ke adhar par bhoo-rajasv ka 'jama-hal hasil' namak navin lekha taiyar karavaya. gujarat ko jitane ke bad 1573 ee. mean akabar ne poore uttar bharat mean ‘karo di’ nam ke adhikari ki niyukti ki. use apane kshetr se ek karo d dam vasool karana hota tha. ‘karo di’ ki sahayata ke lie ‘amil’ niyukt kiye ge. ye qanoonagoan dvara bataye gaye aank de ki bhi jaanch karate the. vastavik utpadan, sthaniy qimatean, utpadakata adi par unaki soochana ke adhar par akabar ne 1580 ee. mean 'dahasala' nam ki navin pranali ko prarambh kiya.

todaramal ka bandobast

akabar ke shasanakal ke 1571 ee. se 1580 ee. (10 varshoan) ke aank doan ke adhar par bhoo-rajasv ka ausat nikalakar 'ain-e-dahasala' lagoo kiya gaya. is pranali ke antargat raja todaramal ne alag-alag fasaloan par naqad ke roop mean vasool kiye jane vala lagan ka 1571 se ee. ke madhy qarib 10 varsh ka ausat nikalakar, us ausat ka ek-tihaee bhoo-rajasv ke roop mean nishchit kiya. kalantar mean is pranali mean sudhar ke antargat n keval ‘sthaniy qimatoan’ ko adhar banaya gaya, balki krishi utpadan vale paraganoan ko vibhinn kar halakoan mean baanta gaya. ab kisan ko bhoo-rajasv sthaniy qimat evan sthaniy utpadan ke anusar dena hota tha ‘aine dahasala’ vyavastha ko ‘todaramal bandobast’ bhi kaha jata tha. is vyavastha ke antargat bhoomi ki paimaish hetu use 4 bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya-

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif akabar ke shasan kal mean lagan bhoomi ki vastavik upaj par lagabhag ek-tihaee bhag v anaj ke roop mean vasool kiya jata tha. akabar ne soory ke adhar par ek sanvat chalaya, jise ‘ilahi sanvat’ kaha jata hai. yahi 'fasali sanvat' tha. isase kisanoan ko bhoo-rajasv ada karane tatha mugal shasan vyavastha ko apane rajasv alekh taiyar karane mean suvidha huee. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean

• lagan kheti ke lie prayukt bhoomi par hi vasoola jata tha.

bhoomi ki nap ka prachalan

lagan nirdharan se poorv bhoomi ki map karaee jati thi. akabar ne apane shasan kal ke 31vean varsh lagabhag 1587 ee. mean bhoomi ki paimaish hetu purani manak eekaee san ki rassi se nirmit ‘sikandari gaz’ ke sthan par ‘ilahi gaz’ ka prayog arambh kiya. yah gaz lagabhag 41 aangul ya 33 ianch ke barabar hota tha. vah ‘tanab’ tamboo ki rassi evan ‘jarib’ lohe ki k diyoan se ju di huee baans dvara nirmit hoti thi. shahajahaan ke kal mean do nee napoan ka prachalan hua.

1. bigha-e-ilahi
2. dira-e-shahajahaanni (bigha-e-daftari)
   

aurangazeb ke shasan kal mean 'dira-e-shahajahaanni' ka prayog band ho gaya tha, parantu 'bigha-e-ilahi' ka prayog mugal samrajy ke aant tak chalata raha.

jabti pratha

akabar ke shasan kal mean 15vean varsh lagabhag 1570-1571 ee. mean todaramal ne khalasa bhoomi par bhoo-rajasv ki navin pranali, jisaka nam ‘jabti’ tha, ko prarambh kiya. is pranali mean bhoomi ki paimaish evan khetoan ki mool vastavik paidavar ko aankane ke adhar par kar ki daroan ko nirdharit kiya jata tha. yah pranali bihar, lahaur, ilahabad, multan, dilli, avadh, malava evan gujarat mean prachalit thi. isamean kar nirdharan ki do shreni thi, ek ko ‘takhashis’ kar nirdharan kahate the aur doosare ko ‘tahasil’ v 'vastavik vasooli' kahate the. lagan nirdharan ke samay rajasv adhikari dvara likhe gaye patr ko ‘patta’, ‘kaul’ ya ‘kaulakarar’ kaha jata tha.

uparyukt pranali ke antargat upaj ke roop mean nirdharit bhoo-rajasv ko naqadi ke roop mean vasool karane ke lie vibhinn fasaloan ke kshetriy adhar par naqadi bhoo-rajasv anusoochi (dastoorool amal) taiyar ki jati thi. mugal kal mean 'khums' namak kar samapt ho gaya tha, kyoanki mugal sainik vetanabhogi hote the. is prakar unhean loot ki sampatti ka koee hissa nahian milata tha. mugal samratoan ko adhinasth rajaoan tatha manasabadaroan dvara samay-samay par diye jane vale ek nishchit rajasv ko 'peshakash' kaha jata tha. aurangJeb ne ajna di thi, ki naqad peshakash ko 'nazar' kaha jay tatha samrat dvara shahazadoan ko diye gaye upahar ko 'niyaj' evan amir ke upahar ko 'nisar' kaha jay.

lagan nirdharan ki any pranaliyaan

mugal kal mean varisavihin sampatti ko 'rajagamita qanoon' ke dvara 'baitulaman' (shahi khazana) mean jama kar diya jata tha. lagan nirdharan ki any pranali ‘bantaee’ ya ‘galla bakhshi’ (farasi) mugal kal ki sarvadhik prachin prachalit pranali thian. is pranali mean kisanoan ko kar upaj ya naqadi, donoan hi roopoan mean dene ki chhoot hoti thi, parantu sarakar ka prayas rajasv ko naqad mean hi lene ka rahata tha. kuchh khas fasalean jaise kapas, nil, tel, bij, ganna jaisi upaj par kar naqad hi liya jata tha. isalie unhean ‘naqadi kheti’ kaha jata tha. is pranali mean kheti ke bantavare ke hisab se kar lagaya jata tha. tin prakar ki bantaee hoti thi - (1.) khet bataee, (2.) lank bataee evan (3.) ras bataee. is pranali ka prachalan kabul, kashmir evan thatta mean tha. mugal kal mean kapas, nil, tilahan, evan ganna ko ‘tijarat fasal’ bhi kaha jata tha.

naskh pranali

naskh pranali ka mugal kal mean khoob prachalan tha, parantu isake vishay mean vistrit janakari ka abhav hai. sambhavatah is pranali mean bhoomi ko pratyek varsh nahian mapa jata tha. patavari ke rikard mean jo map likhi hoti thi, usi ko man liya jata tha. isamean kar ka nirdharan ‘nask paddhati’ v fasal ke anuman dvara nishchit hota tha. nirdharan ki is kachchi pranali ko ‘kanakoot’ bhi kaha jata tha.

ilahi sanvat

akabar ke shasan kal mean lagan bhoomi ki vastavik upaj par lagabhag ek-tihaee bhag v anaj ke roop mean vasool kiya jata tha. akabar ne soory ke adhar par ek sanvat chalaya, jise ‘ilahi sanvat’ kaha jata hai. yahi 'fasali sanvat' tha. isase kisanoan ko bhoo-rajasv ada karane tatha mugal shasan vyavastha ko apane rajasv alekh taiyar karane mean suvidha huee. akabar ki hi bhoo-rajasv vyavastha ko jahaangir ne bhi apanaya, parantu prabandh ke kshetr mean vah akabar ki apeksha kamazor tha. jahaangir ne akabar ki ‘jabti’ vyavastha' ko adhik mahatv dete hue bina kisi parivartan ke ise bangal mean bhi lagoo kiya. jahaangir ke samay mean bhoomi ko anudan ke roop mean jagiradaroan mean baantane ki pratha ka vikas hua.

shahajahaan ne pita jahaangir ki bhoo-rajasv vyavastha mean parivartan karate hue sarvapratham ‘dhalasa bhoomi’ se prapt hone vali lagan ki ay ko ‘bhoo-rajasv’ se prapt hone vali rashi se alag kiya. sambhavatah shahajahaan ne apane shasanakal mean lagan paidavar ki 33 pratishat se 50 pratishat ke madhy lena prarambh kar diya tha. isane lagan vasooli ke lie ‘thekedari pratha’ ko arambh kiya. shahajahaan pratham mugal shasak tha, jisane dakshin bharat mean murshid kuli khaan ke sahayog se bhoo-rajasv vyavastha ko sangathit karane ka prayatn kiya. murshid kuli khaan ko ‘dakshin ko todaramal’ kaha jata tha.

krishakoan ka varg vibhajan

mugalakalin pramukh fasalean

fasalean	utpadan kshetr
ganna	uttar pradesh, bangal aur bihar
nil	uttar evan dakshin bharat
gehooan	panjab, uttar pradesh, bihar adi
aphim	malava evan bihar
chaval	madras, kashmir adi
namak	saanbhar jhil, panjab ki paha di, gujarat, siandh adi

• sharab, kapas evan shora ka utpadan lagabhag poore desh mean hota tha.

aurangazeb ne apane shasan kal mean ‘naskh pranali’ ko apanaya. bhoo-rajasv ki rashi upaj ki adhi kar di gayi. aurangazeb ke samay mean jagiradari pratha evan thekedari (bhoomi ki) pratha ka kafi vistar ho chuka tha. aurangazeb ne hindoo rajasv adhikari ke sthan par muslim adhikari ki niyukt ki| mugal kal mean krishak tin vargoan mean vibhajit the-

1. khudakasht - ye kisan usi gaanv ki bhoomi par kheti karate the, jahaan ke ve nivasi the. inaka bhoomi par asthayi adhikar tha. ise ‘malik-e-zamin’ bhi kahate the.
2. pahikasht - ye kisan doosare gaanv mean jakar krishi kary kar jivikoparjan karate the. vahaan inaki asthayi jhop di hoti thi.
3. mujariyan - ‘mujariyan’ krishakoan ke pas itani kam bhoomi hoti thi, ki ve us bhoomi mean apane parivar ke kul shram ka bhi prayog nahian kar pate the. isalie ye khudakasht krishakoan ki zamin kiraye par lekar krishi kary karate the. bhoomiya varg paitrik zamin ke malik hote the, jabaki girisiya varg ko keval zamin sanrakshan ka adhikar tha. mugal kal mean zamidaroan ko kheti, mukaddami, bisvi tatha bhogi bhi kaha jata tha.

mugal rajasv vyavastha mean lagan ka nirdharan fasal ke roop mean kiya jata tha, tatha isaki vasooli naqad ke roop mean ki jati thi. samrajy ke doorasth aur pichh de kshetroan mean anaj ya fasal ke roop mean bhi lagan vasool karane ki anumati thi. kashmir, u disa tatha rajapootana ke kshetroan mean galle ke roop mean malaguzari vasooli jati thi. kisanoan ko lagan ke atirikt any vividh prakar ke upakar ada karane p date the. khetoan ki paimaish karane vale ko ek dam prati bigha ‘jabitana’ kar dena p data tha. ‘dahaseri’ namak any kar prati bigha ke hisab se vasoola jata tha. pashuoan, charagahoan evan bagoan par bhi kar lagate the. akal p dane par lagan mean chhoot di jati thi.

krishi

abul fazal ki aeena-e-akabari mean rabi ki 16 tatha kharif ki 25 fasaloan ka ullekh milata hai.

khanij

khanij padarthoan mean sona, kumayooan parvat evan panjab ki nadiyoan se, loha desh ke anek bhagoan se, taanba rajasthan evan madhy bharat se, ‘lal patthar’ fatehapur sikari evan rajasthan se, pila patthar thatta se, ‘sangamaramar’ jayapur evan jodhapur se tatha hira golakunda evan chhota nagapur ki paha diyoan se prapt kiya jata tha.

udyog

udyog ke kshetr mean ruee ka utpadan evan usase nirmit sooti vastr nirman udyog sarvadhik vikasit tha. sooti vastr nirman ke mahattvapoorn kendr agara, banaras, burahanapur, patan, jaunapur, bangal, malava adi the. rangasaji arthat kap de ko rangane ka udyog bhi ayodhya (phaijabad) evan khanadesh mean khoob prachalit tha. dhaka (bangal), lahaur, agara, gujarat adi kshetr reshami kap de evan malamal ke lie prasiddh th. jahaangir ne amritasar mean ooni vastr udyog ki sthapana ki thi.

vyapar

vyapar ki sthiti mugal kal mean behatar thi. is samay phraans se ooni vastr, itali evan faras se resham, faras se kalin, madhy eshiya tatha arab se achchhi nasl ke gho de, chin se kachcha resham evan sona tatha chaandi ka ayat hota tha. bharat ki pramukh niryatak vastuyean thian - sooti kap da (mukhyatah yoorop), nil, aphim, masale, chini, shora, kali mirch, namak adi. niryat ke do mahattvapoorn sthal marg the - lahaur se kabul evan multan se kandhar. mugal kal mean mahattvapoorn bandaragah ke roop mean chin, nagapattam, chatagaanv, sonaragaanv, chail, basin adi the. bandaragah ka pramukh adhikari ‘shah bandar’ kahalata tha. rajy niryat ki jane vali ya ayat ki jane vali vastuoan par 3.5 pratishat chuangi (vyaparik kar) leta tha.

mudra vyavastha

babar ne kabul mean shaharukh namak chaandi ka sikka tatha kandhar mean babari (chaandi) sikka chalaya. mugal kal mean mukhy roop se tin prakar ke dhatu ke sikke ‘sone ki muhar’, ‘chaandi ka rupaya’ evan taanba ke dam, prachalan mean the. akabar ne 1577 ee. mean dilli mean ek takasal sthapit kiya tatha khvaja abdussamad ko usaka pramukh banaya. apane shasan kal ke praranbh mean akabar ne ‘muhar’ namak sikka chalaya. sone ke sikkoan mean shahanashah, atma bisat, chugul aur jalali mahattvapoorn haian. ‘chaandi ka rupaya’ evan taanbe ke dam prachalan mean the. ‘chaandi ka rupaya’ mugalakalin arthavyavastha ka adhar tha. yah 178 gren ka tha. chaandi ke rupaye ka prachalan sarvapratham sherashah soori ne kiya tha. akabar ne ‘jalali’ nam ka chaukor akar ka rupaya chalaya. taanbe ka ‘dam' v 'paisa’ ya ‘phaloos’ 323.5 gren ka bana hota tha.

svarn ka sarvadhik prachalit sikka ‘ilahi’ evan sabase b da sikka ‘shansab’ tha. akabar ne kuchh sikkoan par ram v sita ki moorti aankit karavayi tatha us par ‘ram-siya’ likhavaya. takasal ka adhikari chaudhari kahalata tha. kendri takasal se koee bhi vyakti 5 ya 6 pratishat shulk dekar sikka dhalava sakata tha. asiragadh vijay ke upalakshy mean akabar ne ek sone ka sikka chalavaya, jis par ek or baj ki akriti thi. dainik len-den v chhote len-den mean taanbe ke dam ka prayog hota tha. jahaangir ne ‘nisar’ (ek rupaye ka chauthaee) namak sikka chalaya. shahajahaan ne dam aur rupaye ke madhy ‘ana’ namak naye sikke ka prachalan karavaya. mugal kal mean rupaye ki sarvadhik dhalaee aurangazeb ke shasan kal mean huee. jahaangir ne apane samay mean sikkoan par apani akriti banavayi sath hi apana nam tatha noorajahaan ka nam us par aankit karavaya. aurangazeb ke samay mean rupaye ka vazan 180 greann hota tha. ek rupaye mean 40 ‘dam’ hote the. aurangazeb ne sikkoan par kalama aankan ki pratha band kar di tatha antim kal mean jari sikkoan par mir abdul baki shahabaee dvara rachit pady aankit karavaya. muhar mugal kal mean sabase prachalit sikka tha. isaka mooly 1 rupaya tha. abul fazal ke anusar sone ke sikke dhalane ke lie 4 takasalean, chaandi ke 14 tatha taanbe ke sikke ke lie 42 takasalean thian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh