मुग़ल काल 2

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afagan

[[chitr:Babar.jpg|thumb|babar]] afagan yadyapi har gaye the, lekin unhoanne mugal shasan ko svikar nahian kiya tha. poorvi uttar pradesh ab bhi afagan saradaroan ke hath mean tha. jinhoanne babar ki adhinata ko svikar to kar liya tha, lekin use kabhi bhi ukha d phaiankane ko taiyar the. afagan saradaroan ki pith par bangal ka sultan nusarat shah tha, jo ibrahim lodi ka damad tha. afagan saradaroan ne kee bar poorvi uttar pradesh se mugal karmachariyoan ko nikal bahar kiya tha aur svayan kannauj pahuanch gaye the. parantu unaki sabase b di kamazori sarvamany neta ka abhav tha. kuchh samay pashchath ibrahim lodi ka bhaee mahamood lodi, jo khanava mean babar se l d chuka tha, afaganoan ke nimantran par bihar pahuancha. afaganoan ne use apana sultan man liya aur usake netritv mean ikatthe ho gaye.

yah aisa khatara tha jisako babar nazarandaz nahian kar sakata tha. atah 1529 ke shuroo mean usane agara se poorv ki or prasthan kiya. banaras ke nikat ganga par karake ghaghara nadi ke nikat usane afaganoan aur bangal ke nusarat shah ki sammilit sena ka samana kiya. halaanki babar ne nadi ko par kar liya aur afagan tatha bangali senaoan ko lautan par majaboor kar diya, par vah nirnayak yuddh nahian jit saka. madhy eshiya ki sthiti se pareshan aur bimar babar ne afaganoan ke sath samajhauta karane ka nirnay kar liya. usane bihar par apane adhipaty ka ek aspasht sa dava kiya, lekin adhikaansh afagan saradaroan ke hath mean chho d diya. usake bad babar agara laut gaya. kuchh hi samay bad, jab vah qabul ja raha tha, vah lahaur ke nikat mar gaya.

babar ke bharat agaman ka mahattv

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babar ka bharat-agaman anek drishtiyoan se mahattvapoorn tha. kushan samrajy ke patan ke bad pahali bar uttar-bharat ke samrajy mean qabul aur kandhar sammilit hue the. kyoanki inhian sthanoan se bharat par akraman hote rahe the. un par adhikar karake babar aur usake uttaradhikariyoan ne bharat ko 200 varshoan ke lie videshi akramanoan se mukt kar diya. arthik drishti se bhi qabul aur kandhar par adhikar se bharat ka videsh-vyapar aur mazaboot hua kyoanki ye donoan sthan chin aur bhoomadhy sagar ke bandaragahoan ke margoan ke prarambhik bindu the. is prakar eshiya ke ar-par ke vishal vyapar mean bharat b da hissa le sakata tha.
uttar bharat mean babar ne lodiyoan aur saanga ke netritv mean sanyukt rajapoot shakti ko samapt kiya. is prakar usane is kshetr mean tatkalin shakti santulan ko bhang kar diya. yah poore bharat mean samrajy sthapit karane ki disha mean ek lamba qadam tha. lekin is svapn ko sakar karane se poorv bahut si shartean poori karani shesh thian.

nayi yuddh-paddhati

babar ne bharat ko ek nayi yuddh-paddhati di. yadyapi babar se pahale bhi bharatiy gola-barood se parichit the, lekin babar ne hi yah pradarshit kiya ki topakhane aur ghu dasena ka kushal sanyukt-sanchalan kitani saphalata prapt kara sakata hai. usaki vijayoan ne bharat mean barood aur topakhane ko shighr hi lokapriy bana diya aur is prakar qiloan ka mahattv kam ho gaya.
apani nayi sainik paddhati aur vyaktigat vyavahar se babar ne raja ke us mahattv ko punahsthapit kiya jo firoz tugalaq ki mrityu ke bad kam ho gaya tha. halaanki sikandar lodi aur ibrahim lodi ne raja ke samman ko phir se sthapit karane ka prayatn kiya tha, lekin afaganoan ki jatiy svatantrata aur barabari ki bhavanaoan ke karan unhean aanshik saphalata hi prapt huee thi. phir babar eshiya ke do mahanh yoddhaoan taimoor aur changez ka vanshaj tha. isalie usake saradar usase barabari ki maang nahian kar sakate the aur n hi usaki gaddi par nazar dal sakate the. usaki sthiti ko chunauti koee taimoori rajakumar hi de sakata tha.

babar ne apane begoan ke bich apane vyaktigat jivan se man banaya. vah hamesha apane sipahiyoan ke sath kathinaeeyaan jhelane ko taiyar rahata tha. ek bar k dakati sardi mean babar qabul laut raha tha. barf itani zyada thi ki gho de usamean dhans rahe the. gho doan ke lie rasta banane ke lie sipahiyoan ko barf hatani p d rahi thi. bina kisi hichakichahat ke babar ne unake sath barf to dane ka kam shuroo kar diya. vah kahata hai, "har qadam par barf kamar ya chhati tak ooanchi thi. kuchh hi qadam chalakar age ke adami thak jate the aur unaka sthan doosare le lete the. jab 10-15 ya 20 adami barf ko achchhi tarah daba dete the, tabhi gho da us par se guzar sakata tha." babar ko kam karata dekhakar usake beg bhi barf hatane ke lie a jute.

kala premi aur vidvanh babar

babar sharab aur achchhe sangit ko bahut pasand karata tha aur svayan bhi achchha sathi siddh hota tha. sath hi vah bahut anushasanapriy aur kary lene mean k da tha. vah apane begoan ka bahut dhyan rakhata tha aur agar ve vidrohi ne hoan to unaki kee galatiyaan maf kar deta tha. afagan aur bharatiy saradaroan ke prati bhi usaka yahi drishtikon tha. lekin usamean kroorata ki pravritti maujood thi, jo sambhavatah use apane poorvajoan se mili thi. usane kee avasaroan par apane virodhiyoan ke siroan ke ambar lagava diye the. ye aur vyaktigat kroorata ke any avasar babar ke samaksh kathin samay ke sandarbh mean hi dekhe jane chahie. left|thumb|bag-e-babar halaanki babar puratanapanthi sunni tha, lekin vah dharmandh nahian tha aur n hi dharmik bhavana se kam leta tha. jab eeran aur tooran mean shiyaoan aur sunniyoan ke bich tivr sangharsh ki sthiti thi, usaka darabar is prakar ke dharmik vivadoan aur sampradayik jhag doan se mukt tha. isamean sandeh nahian ki usane saanga ke viruddh "jihad" ka elan kiya tha aur jit ke bad "gazi" ki upadhi bhi dharan ki thi, lekin usake karan spashtatah rajanitik the. yuddhoan ka samay hote hue bhi, mandiroan ko to dane ke udaharan usake sandarbh mean bahut kam haian.

babar arabi aur farasi ka achchha jnata tha. use turki sahity ke do sarvadhik prasiddh lekhakoan mean se ek mana jata hai. turki usaki matribhasha thi. gady lekhak ke roop mean usaka koee sani nahian tha. usaki atmakatha tuzk-e-babari vishv sahity ka ek klasik samajhi jati hai. usaki aur rachanaoan mean ek masanavi aur ek prasiddh soohfi rachana ka turki-anuvad hai. vah prasiddh tatkalin kaviyoan aur kalakaroan ke sampark mean rahata tha aur unaki rachanaoan ke vishay mean usane apani jivani mean likha hai. vah gahan prakriti-premi tha. usane bharatiy pashu-pakshiyoan aur prakriti ka kafi vistar se varnan kiya hai. vah shayar bhi tha aur usane rubaeeyoan ka apana divan bhi taiyar kiya tha.
is prakar babar ne rajy ka ek naya svaroop hamare samane rakha, jo shasak ke samman aur shakti par adharit tha, jisamean dharmik aur sampradayik madandhata nahian thi. jisamean sanskriti aur lalit kalaoan ka b de dhyan poorvak poshan kiya jata tha. is prakar usane apane uttaradhikariyoan ke samaksh udaharan prastut karake unaka margadarshan kiya.

humayooan ki gujarat-vijay aur sherashah ke sath sangharsh

humayooan disambar 1530 mean 23 varsh ki alpayu mean babar ki gaddi par baitha. babar ke pichhe chhooti anek samasyaoan ka samana use karana p da. prashasan abhi sugathit nahian hua tha. arthik sthiti bhi daanvadol thi. afaganoan ko poori tarah dabaya nahian ja saka tha, aur ve ab bhi mugaloan ko bharat se khade dane ke sapane dekhate the, vah sabase b di bat thi, pita ki mrityu ke bad putroan mean rajy baantane ki taimoori parampara. babar ne humayooan ko bhaiyoan se narmi se pesh ane ki salah di thi, lekin usane is bat ka samarthan nahian kiya tha ki naye-naye sthapit mugal samrajy ko vibhajit kar diya jae. isake bhayankar parinam ho sakate the.

humayooan ki tajaposhi

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[[chitr:Humayun.jpg|thumb|200px|humayooan]] jab humayooan agara mean gaddi par baitha, samrajy mean qabul aur kandhar sammilit the aur hindukush parvat ke par badakhashaan par bhi mugaloan ka dhila sa adhipaty tha. qabul aur kandhar humayooan ke chhote bhaee kamaran ke shasan mean the. yah svabhavik tha ki ve usi ke adhikar mean rahate. lekin kamaran in garibi se grast ilakoan se santusht nahian tha. usane lahaur aur multan ki or badhakar un par adhikar kar liya. humayooan kahian aur vidroh dabane mean vyast tha, phir vah grih-yuddh prarambh karana bhi nahian chahata tha. isalie usake pas is sthiti ko manzoor karane ke alava koee aur rasta nahian tha. kamaran ne humayooan ki prabhutta man li aur avashyakata p dane par usaki madad karane ka vayada kiya. kamaran ke is krity se yah bhay utpann ho gaya ki humayooan ke aur bhaee bhi avasar milane par vahi kuchh kar sakate the. kintu panjab aur multan kamaran ko dene ka ek labh humayooan ko hua. vah pashchim ki or se nishchiant ho gaya aur poorv ki or apana dhyan kendrit karane ka use avasar mila.

afagan khatara

humayooan ko poorv ke afaganoan ki badhati shakti aur gujarat ke sultan bahadurashah ki vijayoan donoan se nipatana tha. pahale humayooan ne yah socha ki donoan mean se afagan khatara zyada ganbhir hai. 1532 mean dorah par usane afagan senaoan ko parajit kiya aur jaunapur ko apane adhikar mean le liya. afagan senaoan ne pahale bihar jit liya tha. is saphalata ke bad humayooan ne chunar par ghera dal diya. agara se poorv ki or jane vale bhagoan par is shaktishali qile ka adhikar tha aur yah poorvi bharat ke dvar ke roop mean prasiddh tha. kuchh samay poorv hi is par sherakhaan nam ke afagan saradar ka adhikar hua tha. sherakhaan afagan saradaroan mean sabase zyada shaktishali ban chuka tha.

chunar par char mahine ke ghere ke bad sherakhaan ne humayooan ko qile ka adhikar apane pas rakhane ke lie mana liya. badale mean usane mugaloan ka vafadar rahane ka vachan diya aur apane ek putr ko bandhak ke roop mean humayooan ke sath bhej diya. humayooan ne is prastav ko svikar kar liya kyoanki vah jaldi hi agara laut jana chahata tha. gujarat ke bahadurashah ki badhati shakti aur agara ke sath lagi sima par usaki gatividhiyoan ke karan vah chintit ho utha tha. vah kisi saradar ke netritv mean chunar par ghera nahian dale rahana chahata tha. kyoanki isaka arth sena ko do bhagoan mean vibhakt karana hota.

bahadurashah

bahadurashah, jo humayooan ki hi ayu ka tha, ek yogy aur mahattvakaankshi shasak tha. vah 1526 mean gaddi par baitha tha aur usane malava par akraman karake jit liya tha. usake bad vah rajasthan ki or ghooma aur chittau d par ghera dal diya. jaldi hi usane rajapoot sainikoan ki mitti palit kar di. bad ki kivadantiyoan ke anusar saanga ki vidhava rani karnavati ne humayooan ke pas rakhi bheji aur usaki madad maangi aur humayooan ne virata se usaka jabab diya. halaanki is kahani ko sach nahian mana ja sakata. lekin humayooan paristhiti par nazar rakhane ke lie agara se gvaliyar a gaya. mugal-hastakshep ke bhay se bahadurashah ne rana se sandhi kar li aur kafi dhan-daulat lekar qila usake hathoan mean chho d diya.

dinapanah ka ayojan

agale dedh sal humayooan dilli ke nikat dinapanah nam ka naya shahar banavane mean vyast raha. is dauran usane bhavy bhojoan aur meloan ka ayojan kiya. in karyoan mean moolyavan samay vyarth karane ka dosh humayooan par lagaya jata hai. is bich poorv mean sherashah apani shakti badhane mean vyast tha. yah bhi kaha jata hai ki humayooan afim ka adi hone ke karan alasi tha. lekin inamean se kisi bhi dosharopan ka koee vishesh adhar nahian hai. babar sharab chho dane ke bad afim leta raha tha. humayooan sharab ke badale mean ya usake sath kabhi-kabhi afim khata tha. anek saradar bhi aisa karate the. lekin babar ya humayooan in donoan mean koee bhi afim ka adi nahian tha. dinapanah ke nirman ka uddeshy mitr aur shatru donoan ko prabhavit karana tha. bahadurashah ki or se agare par khatara paida hone ki sthiti mean yah naya shahar doosari rajadhani ke roop mean bhi kam a sakata tha. bahadurashah ne is bich ajamer ko jit liya tha aur poorvi rajasthan ko rauand dala tha. [[chitr:Shershah-Suri.jpg|sherashah soori|left|thumb|200px]] bahadurashah ne humayooan ko aur bhi b di chunauti di. vah ibrahim lodi ke sambandhiyoan ko apane yahaan sharan dekar hi santusht nahian hua. usane humayooan ke un sambandhiyoan ka bhi svagat kiya jo asaphal vidroh ke bad jeloan mean dal die ge the aur bad mean vahaan se bhag nikale the. aur phir bahadurashah ne chittau d par phir akraman kar diya tha. sath hi sath usane ibrahim lodi ke chachere bhaee tatar khaan ko sipahi aur hathiyar die taki vah 40,000 ki fauj lekar agara par akraman kar sake. uttar aur poorv mean bhi humayooan ka dhyan bantane ki yojana thi.

tatarakhaan

tatarakhaan ki chunauti ko humayooan ne jaldi hi samapt kar diya. mugal sena ke agaman par afagan sena titar-bitar ho gee. tatar khaan ki chhoti-si sena har gee aur tatar khaan svayan mara gaya. bahadurashah ki or se ane vale khatare ko hamesha ke lie khatm karane ke lie dridh nishchay humayooan ne malava par akraman kar diya. vah dhimi gati aur savadhani se age badha aur chittau d tatha maandoo ke madhy ke ek sthan par morcha baandh liya. is prakar usane bahadurashah ko malava se khade d diya. bahadurashah ne jaldi hi chittau d ko samarpan ke lie vivash kar diya kyoanki usake pas badhiya topakhana tha. jisaka sanchalan atoman nishaanchi roomikhaan kar raha tha. kaha jata hai ki humayooan ne dharmik adhar par chittau d ki madad karane se inakar kar diya tha. lekin us samay meva d antarik samasyaoan mean vyast tha aur humayooan ke vichar se meva d ki mitrata sainik drishti se simit mahattv ki thi.

humayooan ka sangharsh

isake bad jo sangharsh hua, usamean humayooan ne kafi sainy kaushal aur vyaktigat virata ka parichay diya. bahadurashah ko mugal sena ka samana karane ka sahas nahian hua. vah apani qilebandi chho dakar maandoo bhag gaya. usane apani topoan ko to chho d diya, lekin beshaqimati sazo-saman pichhe chho d gaya. humayooan ne tezi se usaka pichha kiya. usane tho de se sathiyoan ke sath maandoo ke qile ki divar phaandi. is prakar qile mean pravesh karane valoan mean vah svayan paanchavaan adami tha. bahadurashah maandoo se champaner bhaga aur vahaan se ahamadabad aur antatah kathiyava d bhag gaya. is prakar malava aur gujarat ke samriddh pradesh aur maandoo tatha champaner ke qiloan mean ekatr vishal khazane humayooan ke hath lag ge. malava aur gujarat jitani jaldi jite gaye the, utani hi jaldi hath se nikal bhi gaye the. jit ke bad humayooan ne in rajyoan ko apane chhote bhaee asakari ke sena-patitv mean chho d diya aur svayan maandoo chala gaya.

gujarat aur malava ki har

maandoo kendr mean bhi tha aur usaki jalavayu bhi achchhi thi. mugal samrajy ke samane sabase b di samasya janata ka gujarati shasan ke prati lagav tha. asakari anubhavahin tha aur usake mugal saradaroan mean paraspar matabhed tha. jan-vidrohoan, bahadurashahi saradaroan ki sainik karravaee aur bahadurashah dvara shighrata se shakti ke punargathan se asakari ghabara gaya. vah champaner ki or lauta lekin use qile mean koee sahayata nahian mili. kyoanki qile ke senapati ko usake iradoan par sandeh tha. vah maandoo jakar humayooan ke samane nahian p dana chahata tha. atah usane agara lautane ka nirnay kiya. isase yah sandeh paida hua ki vah agara pahuanch kar humayooan ko apadasth karane ka prayatn kar sakata hai. humayooan koee aisa mauqa dena nahian chahata tha, isalie usane malava chho d diya. usane rajasthan mean asakari ko ja pak da. donoan bhaiyoan mean batachit huee aur ve agara laut gaye. is bich gujarat aur malava donoan hath se nikal gaye. gujarat abhiyan poori tarah asaphal nahian raha. halaanki isase mugal samrajy ki simaoan mean vistar to nahian hua, lekin gujarat ki or se mugaloan ko khatara hamesha ke lie khatm ho gaya. humayooan ab is sthiti mean tha ki apani sari shakti sherakhaan aur afaganoan ke viruddh sangharsh mean laga sake. gujarat ki or se bacha-khucha khatara bhi purtagali jahaz par hue jhag de mean bahadurashah ki mrityu se samapt ho gaya.

sherakhaan (bad mean sherashah)

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[[chitr:Chunar-Fort.jpg|thumb|300px|chunar qila, uttar pradesh]] agara se humayooan ki anupasthiti ke dauran (faravari, 1535 se faravari, 1537 tak) sherakhaan ne apani sthiti aur mazaboot kar li thi. vah bihar ka nirvirodh svami ban chuka tha. nazadik aur pas ke afagan usake netritv mean ikatthe ho gaye the. halaanki vah ab bhi mugaloan ke prati vafadari ki bat karata tha, lekin mugaloan ko bharat se nikalane ke lie usane khoobasoorati se yojana banayi. bahadurashah se usaka gahara sampark tha. bahadurashah ne hathiyar aur dhan adi se usaki bahut sahayata bhi ki thi. in srotoan ke upalabdh ho jane se usane ek kushal aur brihad sena ekatr kar li thi. usake pas 1200 hathi bhi the. humayooan ke agara lautane ke kuchh hi din bad sherakhaan ne apani sena ka upayog bangal ke sultan ko harane mean kiya tha aur use turant 1,300,000 dinar (svarn mudra) dene ke lie vivash kiya tha. ek nayi sena ko lais karake humayooan ne varsh ke ant mean chunar ko gher liya. humayooan ne socha tha ki aise shaktishali qile ko pichhe chho dana uchit nahian hoga kyoanki isase usaki rasad ke marg ko khatara ho sakata tha. lekin afaganoan ne dridhata se qile ki raksha ki. kushal topachi roomi khaan ke prayatnoan ke bavajood humayooan ko chunar ka qila jitane mean chhah mahine lag gaye. isi dauran sherakhaan ne dhokhe se rohatas ke shaktishali qile par adhikar kar liya. vahaan vah apane parivar ko surakshit chho d sakata tha. phir usane bangal par dubara akraman kiya aur usaki rajadhani gau d par adhikar kar liya.

bangal ka sauda

is prakar sherakhaan ne hoomayooan ko luka-chhipi poori tarah se mat de di. humayooan ko yah anubhav kar lena chahie tha ki adhik savadhani se taiyari ke bina vah is sthiti mean nahian ho sakata ki sherakhaan ko sainik-chunauti de sake. lekin vah apane samane sainik aur rajanitik sthiti ko nahian samajh saka. gau d par apani vijay ke bad sherakhaan ne humayooan ke pas prastav bheja ki yadi usake pas bangal rahane diya jae to vah bihar use de dega, aur das lakh salana kar dega. yah spasht nahian hai ki is prastav mean sherakhaan kitana eemanadar tha. lekin humayooan bangal ko sherakhaan ke pas rahane dene ke lie taiyar nahian tha. bangal sone ka desh tha, udyogoan mean unnat tha aur videshi vyapar ka kendr tha. sath hi bangal ka sultan, jo ghayal avastha mean humayooan ki chhavani mean pahuanch gaya tha, ka kahana tha ki sherakhaan ka virodh ab bhi jari hai. in sab karanoan se humayooan ne sherakhaan ka prastav asvikar kar diya aur bangal par chadhaee karane ka nirnay liya. bangal ka sultan apane ghavoan ke karan jaldi hi mar gaya. atah humayooan ko akele hi bangal par chadhaee karani p di.

bangal ki or humayooan ka kooch uddeshyahin tha aur yah us vinash ki poorvapithika thi, jo usaki sena mean lagabhag ek varsh bad chausa mean hua. sherakhaan ne bangal chho d diya tha aur dakshin bihar pahuanch gaya tha. usane bina kisi pratirodh ke humayooan ko bangal ki or badhane diya taki vah humayooan ki rasad-pankti ko to d sake aur use bangal mean phansa sake. gau d mean pahuanch kar humayooan ne turant qanoon aur vyavastha sthapit karane ka prayatn kiya. lekin isase usaki koee samasya hal nahian huee. usake bhaee hiandal dvara agara mean svayan tajaposhi ke prayatnoan se usaki sthiti aur big d gee. is karan se rasad aur samacharoan se poori tarah kat gaya.

hindal aur kamaran

gau d mean tin ya char mahine rukane ke bad humayooan ne agara ki or prasthan kiya. usane pichhe sena ki ek tuk di chho d di. saradaroan mean asanntosh, varsha rritu aur lootapat ke lie kie ge afaganoan ke akramanoan ke bavajood humayooan apani sena ko baksar ke nikat chausa tak bina kisi nuqasan ke lane mean saphal hua. yah bahut b di upalabdhi thi, jisaka shrey humayooan ko milana chahie. isi bich kamaran hindal ka vidroh kuchalane ke lie lahaur se agara ki or badh aya tha. kamaran halaanki bagi nahian hua tha, lekin phir bhi usane humayooan ko kumuk nahian bheji. isase shakti-santulan ka pal da mugaloan ki or jhuk sakata tha.

in hatashaoan ke bavajood humayooan ko sherakhaan ke viruddh apani saphalata par vishvas tha. vah is bat ko bhool gaya ki usaka samana us afagan sena se hai, jo ek sal pahale ki sena se ekadam alag thi. usane sarvashreshth afagan senapati ke netritv mean l daeeyoan ka anubhav aur atm-vishvas prapt kiya tha. sherakhaan ki or se shaanti ke ek prastav se dhokha khakar humayooan karmanasha nadi ke poorvi kinare par a gaya aur is prakar usane vahaan upasthit afagan ghu dasavaroan ko poora mauqa de diya. humayooan ne ne keval nimn koti ki rajanitik samajh ka parichay diya varanh nimn koti ke senapatitv ka bhi parichay diya. usane galat maidan chuna aur sherakhaan ko apani asavadhani se mauqa diya. [[chitr:Hindukush.jpg|thumb|hindookush parvat|300px]] humayooan ek bhishti ki madad se nadi tair kar b di mushkil se l daee ke maidan se bhagakar apani jan bacha saka. sherakhaan ke hath mean bahut si sampatti aee. lagabhag 7000 mugal sainik aur saradar mare gaye. chausa ki parajay (march 1539) ke bad keval taimoori rajakumaroan aur saradaroan mean poorn ekata hi mugaloan ko bacha sakati thi. kamaran ki 10000 sainikoan ki l daka fauj agara mean upasthit thi. lekin vah isaki sevaean humayooan ko arpit karane ko taiyar nahian tha. kyoanki humayooan ke netritv mean usaka vishvas nahian raha tha. doosari or humayooan bhi senaoan ko kamaran ke senapatitv mean chho dane ko taiyar nahian tha. kyoanki use bhay tha ki kahian vah svayan satta hathiyane mean unaka prayog n kar le. donoan bhaiyoan mean shak badhata raha. antatah kamaran ne apani sena sahit lahaur lautane ka nirnay kar liya.

jaldabazi mean agara mean ikatthi ki gee humayooan ki sena sherakhaan ke muqabale kamazor thi. lekin kannauj ki l daee (mee 1540) bhayankar thi. humayooan ke donoan chhote bhaee askari aur hindal virata poorvak l de, lekin unhean saphalata nahian mili.

kannauj ki l daee ne sherakhaan aur mugaloan ke bich nirnay kar diya. humayooan ab rajyavihin rajakumar tha. kyoanki qabul aur kandhar kamaran ke pas hi rahe. vah agale dhaee varsh tak sindh aur usake p dosi rajyoan mean ghoomata raha aur samrajy ko phir se prapt karane ke lie yojanaean banata raha lekin n to sindh ka shasak hi is kary mean usaki madad karane ko taiyar tha aur n hi marava d ka shaktishali shasak maladev. usaki sthiti aur bhi buri ho gee. usake apane bhaee hi usake viruddh ho ge aur unhoanne use marava dalane ya kaid karane ke prayatn bhi kie. humayooan ne in sab parikshaoan aur kathinaiyoan ka samana dhairy aur sahas se kiya. isi kal mean humayooan ke charitr ki dridhata ka poora pradarshan hua. antatah humayooan ne eerani shasak ke darabar mean sharan li aur 1545 mean usi ki sahayata se qabul aur kandhar ko phir se jit liya.

humayooan ki asaphalata

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yah spasht hai ki sherakhaan ke viruddh humayooan ki asaphalata ka sabase b da karan usake dvara afagan shakti ko samajh pane ki asamarthata thi. uttar-bharat mean anekanek afagan jatiyoan ke phaile rahane ke karan ve kabhi bhi kisi yogy neta ke netritv mean ekatr hokar chunauti de sakati thi. sthaniy shasakoan aur jamiandaroan ko apani or milaye bina mugal sankhya mean afaganoan se kam hi rahate. prarambh mean humayooan ke prati usake bhaee poori tarah vafadar rahe. unake bich vastavik matabhed sherakhaan ki vijayoan ke bad hi paida hua. kuchh itihasakaroan ne humayooan ke apane bhaiyoan ke sath matabhedoan aur usake charitr par lagaye gaye akshepoan ko anuchit roop se badha-chadha kar kaha hai. babar ki bhaanti ojapoorn n hote hue bhi humayooan ne avivek se ayojit bangal abhiyan se poorv svayan ko ek achchha senapati aur rajanitik siddh kiya tha. sherakhaan ke sath huee donoan l daiyoan mean bhi usane apane ap ko behatar senapati siddh kiya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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