मूर्ति कला मथुरा

braj vishay soochi

braj    parichay    paribhasha    bhoogol    vistar    namakaran aur abhipray    pauranik itihas    braj ka adim kal    braj ka krishna kal    braj ka maury kal    braj ka shuang kal    braj ka shak kushan kal    braj ka gupt kal    braj ka madhy kal    braj ka uttar madhy kal    braj ka mugal kal    braj ka jat maratha kal    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1857    braj ka svatantrata sangram 1920-1947    sanskriti    jivan shaili    prachin sangit    moorti kala mathura    pramukh parv evan tyohar    mukhy darshaniy sthal    chaurasi kos yatra    brajabhasha    holi    veshabhoosha, bhojan v mithaee

moorti kala mathura
braj ke vibhinn drishy|200px|center
vivaran	bhagavat mean ‘braj’ kshetr vishesh ko iangit karate hue hi prayukt hua hai. vahaan ise ek chhote gram ki sanjna di gee hai. usamean ‘pur’ se chhota ‘gram’ aur usase bhi chhoti basti ko ‘braj’ kaha gaya hai. 16vian shatabdi mean ‘braj’ pradesh ke arth mean hokar ‘brajamandal’ ho gaya aur tab usaka akar 84 kos ka mana jane laga tha.
braj kshetr	aj jise ham braj kshetr manate haian usaki dishaaian, uttar disha mean palaval (hariyana), dakshin mean gvaliyar (madhy pradesh), pashchim mean bharatapur (rajasthan) aur poorv mean eta (uttar pradesh) ko chhooti haian.
braj ke keandr	mathura evan vrindavan
braj ke van	kotavan, kamyavan, kumudavan, kokilavan, khadiravan, talavan, bahulavan, biharavan, belavan, bhadravan, bhaandiravan, madhuvan, mahavan, lauhajanghavan evan vrindavan
bhasha	hiandi aur brajabhasha
pramukh parv evan tyohar	holi, krishna janmashtami, yam dvitiya, guru poornima, radhashtami, govardhan pooja, gopashtami, nandotsav evan kans mela
pramukh darshaniy sthal	krishna janmabhoomi, dvarikadhish mandir, rajakiy sangrahalay, baanke bihari mandir, rang nath ji mandir, govind dev mandir, isk aaun mandir, madan mohan mandir, danaghati mandir, manasi ganga, kusum sarovar, jayagurudev mandir, radha rani mandir, nand ji mandir, vishram ghat , daooji mandir
sanbandhit lekh	braj ka pauranik itihas, braj chaurasi kos ki yatra, moorti kala mathura
any janakari	braj ke van–upavan, kunj–nikunj, shri yamuna v giriraj atyant mohak haian. pakshiyoan ka madhur svar ekaanki sthali ko madak evan manohar banata hai. moroan ki bahutayat tatha unaki pioo–pioo ki avaz se vatavaran gunjayaman rahata hai.

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[[chitr:Mathura-Museum-1.jpg|rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura
Govt. Museum, Mathura|250px|thumb]]

moorti kala mathura : moorti kala mathura 2 : moorti kala mathura 3 : moorti kala mathura 4 : moorti kala mathura 5 : moorti kala mathura 6

moorti kala / sangrahalay

kalakritiyoan ki prapti aur unaka sangrah

mathura ki kalakritiyoan mean patthar ki pratimaoan tatha prachin vastukhandoan ke atirikt mitti ke khilaunoan ka bhi samavesh hota hai. in sabaka pramukh prapti sthan mathura shahar aur usake asapas ka kshetr hai. vartaman mathura shahar ko dekhane se spasht hota hai ki yah sara nagar tiloan par basa hai. isake asapas bhi lagabhag 10 mil ke parisar mean anek tile haian. inamean se adhikatar tiloan ke garbh se mathuri kala ki atyuchch koti ki kalakritiyaan prakash mean ayi haian.

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kankali tila, bhooteshvar tila, jel tila, saptarshi tila adi aise hi mahattv ke sthan haian. in tiloan ke atirikt kee kuanoan ne bhi apane udaroan mean moortiyoan ko ashray de rakha hai. musalamanoan ke akraman ke samay vinash ke dar se bahudha moortiyoan ko unamean pheank diya jata tha. isi prakar yamuna ke bich se anek prakar ki pratimaean prapt huee haian. mahattv ki bat to yah hai ki jahaan kushan aur gupt kal mean anek vishal vihar, stoop, mandir tatha bhavan vidyaman the, vahaan unamean se ab ek bhi avashisht nahian hai, sabake sab dharashayi hokar prithvi ke garbh mean sama gaye haian.

pratham moorti

mathuri kala ki moorti ke pratham darshan aur usaki pahachan san 1836 mean huee. ajakal yah kolakata ke sangrahalay mean hai. us samay use sayalenas ke nam se pahachana gaya tha. vastut: yah asavapan ka drishy hai. isake bad san 1853 mean janaral kaniangham ne katara keshavadev se kee moortiyaan v lekh prapt kiye. unhoanne pun: san 1862 mean isi sthan se gupt sanvat 230 (san 549-50) mean bani huee yasha vihar mean sthapit sarvaangasundar buddh ki moorti khoj nikali. yah is samay lakhanoo ke sangrahalay mean hai. isi bich san 1860 mean kalaktar ki kachahari ke nirman ke lie jamalapur tile ko samatal banaya gaya, jahaan kisi samay dadhikarn nag ka mandir v huvishk vihar tha. is khudaee se moortiyaan, shilapatt, stambh, vedikastambh, stambhadhar adi ke roop mean mathura-kala ka bhandar prapt hua. isi sthan se is sangrahalay mean prardishat sarvotkrisht guptakalin buddh moorti bhi mili. san 1869 mean shri bhagavanalal indraji ko gaandhar kala ki strimoorti aur suprasiddh sianhashirsh mila.

janaral kaniangham

janaral kaniangham ne san 1871 mean pun: mathura yatra ki aur is samay unhoanne do any tiloan- kankali tile aur chaubara tile ki khudaee karaee. katara keshavadev se dakshin mean lagabhag adhe mil ke antar par base hue kankali tile ne manoan mathura kala ka vishal bhandar hi khol diya. jahaan kabhi jainoan ka prasiddh stoop, bauddh stoop tha. kaniangham sahab ne yahaan se kanishk ke rajy-sanvat 5 se lekar vasudev ke rajy sanvatsar 18 tak ki abhilikhit pratimaean hastagat kian. chaubara tila vastut: 12 tiloan ka ek samooh hai, jahaan par kabhi bauddhoan ke stoop the. yahian ke ek tile se sone ka bana ek dhatu-karandak bhi mila tha. kaniangham ko ek doosare stoop se ek aur dhatoo-karandak mila jo is samay kolakata ke sangrahalay mean hai.

ऍf es grauj

left|ऍf es grauj|thumb [[chitr:Buddha-3.jpg|bhikshu yashadinn dvara nirmit sthapit buddh pratima, mathura
Buddha|thumb|250px]] grauj ne san 1872 mean nikatasth palikhe da namak sthan se yahaan ki doosari mahattvapoorn pratima asavapayi kuber ko prapt kiya tha. san 1888 se 1891 tak d aauktar phyooharar ne lagatar kankali tile ki khudaee karaee. pahale hi varsh mean 737 se adhik moortiyaan milian, jo lakhanoo ke rajy sangrahalay mean bhej di gayian. san 1836 ke bad san 1909 tak phir mathura ki moortiyoan ko ekatrit karane ka koee ullekhinay prayas nahian hua. san 1909 mean rayabahadur pan. radhakrishna ne mathura shahar aur gaanv mean bikhari huee anek moortiyoan ko ekatrit kiya. faravari san 1912 mean unhoanne maant gaanv ke tokari ya itaguri tile ki khudaee karaee aur kushan samrat vem, kanishk aur chashtan ki moortiyoan ko anyany pratimaoan ke sath prapt kiya. san 1915 mean nagar ke aur asapas ke gaanv ke kee kuean saf kiye gaye aur unamean se lagabhag 600 moortiyaan milian, jinamean se adhikatar brahman dharm se sambandhit haian. kushan kalakritiyoan ke is sangrah mean mathura ke pas se bahane vali yamuna nadi ka bhi yogadan kam nahian hai. eesavi san ki pratham shati ke yoop stambhoan se lekar aj tak usake udar se kitani hi bahumooly kalakritiyaan prakash mean ayi haian.

sangrahalay

mathura ka yah vishal sangrah desh ke aur videsh ke anek sangrahalayoan mean bant chuka hai. yahaan ki samagri lakhanoo ke rajy sangrahalay mean, kolakata ke bharatiy sangrahalay mean, bambee aur varanasi ke sangrahalayoan mean tatha videshoan mean mukhyat: amerika ke bostan sangrahalay mean, peris v jurikh ke sangrahalayoan v landan ke british sangrahalay mean pradarshit hai. parantu isaka sabase b da bhag mathura sangrahalay mean surakshit hai. isake atirikt katipay vyaktigat sangrahoan mean bhi mathura ki kalakritiyaan haian. mathura ka yah sangrahalay yahaan ke tatkalin ziladhish shri grauj dvara san 1874 mean sthapit kiya gaya tha.

purana sangrahalay

[[chitr:Jain-Museum-Mathura-1.jpg|rajakiy jain sangrahalay, mathura
Jain Museum, Mathura|thumb|250px|left]] prarambh mean yah sangrahalay sthaniy tahasil ke pas ek chhote bhavan mean rakha gaya tha. kuchh parivartanoan ke bad san 1881 mean use janata ke lie khol diya gaya. san 1900 mean sangrahalay ka prabandh nagarapalika ke hath mean diya gaya. isake paanch varsh bad tatkalin puratattv adhikari d aau. je. pi. ech. phogal ke dvara is sangrahalay ki mootiyoan ka vargikaran kiya gaya aur san 1910 mean ek vistrit soochi prakashit ki gee. is kary se sangrahalay ka mahattv shasan ki drishti mean badh gaya aur san 1912 mean isaka sara prabandh rajy sarakar ne apane hath mean le liya. san 1908 se rayabahadur pan. radhakrishna yahaan ke pratham sahayak sangrahadhyaksh ke roop mean niyukt hue, bad mean ve avaitanik sangrahadhyaksh ho gaye. ab sangrahalay ki unnati hone lagi, jisamean tatkalin puratattv nideshak sar j aaun marshal aur rayabahadur dayaram sahani ka bahut b da hath tha san 1929 mean pradeshiy shasan ne ek lakh chhattis hazar rupaya lagakar sthaniy daimpiyar park mean sangrahalay ka sammukh bhag banavaya aur san 1930 mean yah janata ke lie khola gaya. isake bad british shasan kal mean yahaan koee navin parirvatan nahian hua.

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bharat ka shasan sootr san 1947 mean jab apane hath mean aya tab se adhikariyoan ka dhyan is saanskritik tirth ki unnati ki or bhi gaya. dvitiy panchavarshiy yojana mean isaki unnati ke lie alag dhanarashi ki vyavastha ki gayi aur kary bhi prarambh hua. san 1958 se kary ki gati tivr huee. purane bhavan ki chhat ka navinikaran hua aur sath hi sath san 1930 ka adhoora bana hua bhavan poora kiya gaya. vartaman sthiti mean ashtakon akar ka ek sundar bhavan udyan ke bich sthit hai. inamean 34 phit chau di sudirgh darichi banaee gee hai aur pratyek kon par ek chhota shatkon kaksh bhi bana hai. shighr hi mathura kala ka yah vishal sangrah poore vaibhav ke sath suyogy vaijnanik upakaranoan ki sahayata se yahaan pradarshit hoga. shasan isase age badhane ki ichchha rakhata hai aur paristhiti ke anuroop is sangrahalay mean vyakhyan kaksh, granthalay, darshakoan ka vishram sthan adi ki svatantr vyavastha ki ja rahi hai. isake atirikt kala premiyoan ki suvidha ke lie mathura kala ki pratikritiyaan aur chhayachitroan ko lagat mooly par dene ki vartaman vyavastha mean bhi adhik suvidhaean dene ki yojana hai.

prarambh se kushan kal

[[chitr:kambojika-2.jpg|mahakshatrap rajul ki agramahishi maharajni kambojika
prapti sthan-saptrrishi tila, mathura , gandhar kala, rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura
Queen Kambojika|250px|thumb]]

yah ashchary ka vishay hai ki mathura se mauryakal ki utkrisht pashanakala ka koee bhi udaharan ab tak prapt nahian hua hai. mauryakal ka ek lekhaankit stanbh arjunapura tile se mila bhi tha par ab isaka bhi pata nahian hai.

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chini yatri huenasaang ke lekhanusar yahaan par ashok ke banavaye huye kuchh stoop 7vian shatabdi mean vidyaman the. parantu aj hamean inake vishay mean kuchh bhi jnan nahian hai. lok-kala ki drishti se dekha jay to mathura aur usake asapas ke bhag mean isake mauryakalin namoone vidyaman haian. lok-kala ki ye moortiyaan yakshoan ki haian. yakshapooja tatkalin lokadharm ka ek abhinn aang thi. sanskrit, pali aur prakrit sahity yakshapooja ke ullekhoan se bhara p da hai. puranoan ke anusar yakshoan ka kary papiyoan ko vighn karana, unhean durgati dena aur sath hi sath apane kshetr ka sanrakshan karana tha. mathura se is prakar ke yaksh aur yakshaniyoan ki chhah pratimaean mil chuki haian, jinamean sabase mahattvapoorn parakham namak gaanv se mili huee abhilikhit yaksh-moorti hai. dhoti aur dupatta pahane huye sthoolakay manibhadr yaksh kh de haian. is yaksh ka poojan us samay b da hi lokapriy tha. isaki ek b di pratima madhyapradesh ke pavaya gaanv se bhi mili hai, jo is samay gvaliyar ke sangrahalay mean hai. mathura ki yakshapratima bharatiy kala jagath mean parakham yaksh ke nam se prasiddh hai. sharirik bal aur samarthy ki abhivyanjak prachinakal ki ye yakshapratimaean keval lok kala ke udaharan ki nahian apitu uttar-kal mean nirmit bodhisattv, vishnu, kuber, nag adi devapratimaoan ke nirman ki prerikaean bhi haian.

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shuang aur shak kshatrap kal mean pahuanchate-pahuanchate mathura ko kala-kendr ka roop prapt ho gaya. jainoan ka devanirmit stoop, jo aj ke kankali tile par kh da tha. us kal mean vidyaman tha . is samay ke tin lekh, jinaka sambandh jain dharm se hai, ab tak mathura se mil chuke haian dasham sarg, 58 mean. yahaan se is kal ki kee kalakritiyaan bhi prapt ho chuki haian jinamean bodhisattv ki vishal pratima (lakhanoo sangrahalay, bi 12 bi,), amohini ka shilapatt (lakhanoo sangrahalay, je.1), kee vedika stambh jinamean se kuchh par jatak kathaean tatha yakshaniyoan ki pratimaean utkirn haian, pramukh haian.
is samay ki kalakritiyoan ko dekhane se pata chalata hai ki is kala par bharahoot aur saanchi ki vishuddh bharatiy kala ka prabhav spasht hai. shuangakalin mathura kala ki nimnaankit visheshataean ginaee ja sakati haian :

1. moortiyaan adhik gahari v ubharadar n hokar chapati haian. unaka chautarapha aankan bhi mathura kala ka vaishishty hai, jo parakham yaksh pratima se hi milane lagata hai.
2. stri aur purushoan ki moortiyoan mean alankaroan ka bahuly hai.
3. vastroan mean chharaharapan n hokar ek prakar ka bharipan hai.
4. bhav pradarshan ki aur koee dhyan nahian diya gaya hai, at: shanti, gambhiry, kutoohal, prasannata, vaidushy adi bhavoan ka in moortiyoan ke mukhoan par sarvatha abhav hai.
5. is kal ki manav moortiyoan mean bahudha aankhoan ki putaliyaan nahian banaee gee haian.
6. striyoan ke keshasanbhar bahudha, pushpamalaoan, manimalaoan tatha kimati vastroan se sushobhit rahate haian.
7. purushoan ki pag diyaan bhi vishesh prakar ki hoti haian. bahudha ve donoan or phooli huee dikhalaee p dati haian aur bich mean ek b di-si phulledar kalagi se sushobhit rahati haian. kanoan ke pas pag di ke bahar jhaankane vale kesh bhi khoob dikhalaee p date haian.
8. is kal ki sabase b di visheshata yah hai ki bauddh dharm se sambandhit moortiyoan mean buddh ki moorti nahian banaee jati thi. usake sthan par pratikoan ka upayog kiya jata tha jinamean bhikshapatr, vajrasan, ushnish ya pag di, triratn, bodhivriksh adi mukhy haian. is sambandh mean ek jnatavy bat yah bhi hai ki mathura kala mean prabhamandal ka upayog pratik roop mean kiya gaya hai jo anyatr nahian dikhalaee p data. mathura kala ki shuangakalin kalakritiyoan mean vaishnav aur shaiv moortiyaan bhi mili haian, jinameanbalaram, liangakriti shiv aur panchaban kamadev vishesh roop se ullekhaniy haian.

kushan kal

[[chitr:yaksha-1.jpg|yaksh
Yaksha
prapti sthan-parakham, mathura , rajakiy sangrahalay, mathura|250px|thumb]] jis prakar sahity samaj ka darpan hota hai usi prakar kala mean samaj aur sahity donoan aanshat: pratibimbit rahate haian. mathura ke itihas mean yahaan ki janata shak kshatrapoan ke samay sarvapratham videshi sanpark mean ayi. parantu unaki apeksha us par kushan shasan ka prabhav adhik chirasthayi roop se p da. is samay yahaan ke kalakaroan ko apani jivika ke lie videshiyoan ka hi ashray dhooandhana p da hoga. inhian karanoan se kavi ke saman kalakar ki chheni mean bhi kushan prabhav jhalakane laga. navin sanskriti navin shasak aur navin paramparaoan ke sath navin vicharoan ka prardubhav hua jisane ek navin kala shaili ko janm diya jo mathura kala athava kushanakala ke nam se prasiddh huee.

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kushan samrat kanishk, huvishk aur vasudev ka shasan kal mathuri kala ka svarn yug tha. is samay is shaili ne paryapt samriddhi aur poornata prapt ki. yadyapi yahaan ki parampara ka mool bharahut aur saanchi ki vishuddh bharatiy dhara hai tathapi isaka apana mahattv yah hai ki yahaan prachin prishthabhoomi par navin vicharoan se prerit kalakaroan ki chheni ne ek aisi shaili ko janm diya jo age chalakar apani visheshataoan ke karan bharatiy kala ki ek svatantr aur mahattvapoorn shaili ban gee. is kala ne aankaniy vishayoan ka chunav bhi poorn sahishnuta se kiya. isake pujariyoan ne vishnu, shiv, durga, kuber, soory adi ke sath-sath buddh aur tirthankaroan ki bhi saman roop se archana ki. in kalakritiyoan ko nimnaankit vargoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-

• jain tirthankar pratimaean
• ayagapatt
• buddh v bodhisattv pratimaean
• brahman dharm ki moortiyaan
• yaksh, yakshini, nag adi moortiyaan tatha madirapan ke drishy
• kathaoan se aankit shilapatt
• vedika stanbh, soochikaean, toran, dvarastabhan jaliyaan
• kushan shasakoan ki pratimaean

kushanakala ki visheshataean

is kala ki visheshataean sankshep mean nimnaankit haian-

1. vividh roopoan mean manav ka saphal chitran
2. moortiyoan ke aankan mean parishkar
3. lambi kathaoan ke aankan mean navinataean
4. prachin aur navin abhiprayoan ki madhur milavat
5. gaandhar kala ka prabhav
6. buddh, tirthankar evan brahman dharm ki bahusankhyak moortiyoan ka pradurbhav
7. vyakti-vishesh ki moortiyoan ka nirman

left|30px|link=braj ka prachin sangit|pichhe jaean

braj ka prachin sangit

moorti kala mathura

braj ke pramukh parv evan tyohar

right|30px|link=braj ke pramukh parv evan tyohar|age jaean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

yah lekh: "mathura ki moorti kala" (1965) lekhak:- shri nil kanth purushottam joshi