मेवाड़ की चित्रकला (तकनीकि)

meva d vishay soochi

parichay    azadi se poorv    itihas    bhoogol    chitrakala    nadiyaan    jhilean    jatigat samajik vyavastha    striyoan ki sthiti    prachalit sikke

[[chitr:Mewar-painting-5.jpg|thumb|250px|rajapoot aur hathi, meva d ki chitrakala]]

meva d ki chitrakala:rang-nirman ki takanik tatha vidhiyaan

meva d ki chitrakala ke aantargat chitroan mean yahaan ki vibhinn prakar ki mittiyoan tatha prakritik rangoan ka sarvadhik prayog milata hai. inamean lal, kali, pili, ramaraj, safed, matamaila tatha vibhinn rangoan ke patthar hara bhata, hiangaloo adi ko barik pisakar use avashyakatanusar goand aur pani ke sath milakar prayog mean lane ki apani niji paddhati rahi hai. isake atirikt meva d ke chitrakar vibhinn prakar ke khanij, bahumooly dhatuean, jaise- sona, chaandi, raanga, jasta tatha bhoomi se prapt any rangoan ka bhi vidhivat nirman karate rahe haian. in tatvoan se banane vale rang kimati tatha tikaoo hote haian. rangoan mean hara bhata, pila patthar evan hiangaloo patthar adhik prayog mean ata tha. svarn evan chaandi ke patroan tatha safed-hakik ko barik kanoan mean ghoant kar rang taiyar kiya jata tha.

rang nirman vidhi

chitroan mean prayog kiye jane vale vibhinn rangoan ke paranparik srot tatha unaki nirman vidhi is prakar hai-

kala

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kale rang ke lie kajal ya koyale ka prayog hota tha. tilli ke tel ke kajal se rang banane ki vidhi adhik prachalit rahi hai. istemal ke samay kalikh mean goand mila diya jata tha. kabhi-kabhi kala rang rasayanik vidhi se bhi banaya jata tha. isamean pisi huee h d mean kasis dalakar tej kala rang taiyar karane ki paddhati rahi hai.

safed

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varsh 1131 ee. mean likhit 'manasollas' evan 'abhilashit chiantamani' jaise granthoan mean kroanch shel ya sip ko jalakar usaki bhasm se safed rang banane ka ullekh milata hai. muni punyavijay ke anusar safede ka prayog 16vian sadi ke chitroan se praranbh hota hai, jo bad mean eerani prabhav ke karan adhik prayog mean ane laga tha. meva d mean prayah bhilava da ki kha diyoan ka safeda prayog mean ata raha hai. lekin chamakila safed rang banane ke lie adhajale shankh evan sipoan ka churn karake use silabatte par barik ghota jata tha. adhik ghotane se usaki safedi badhati jati thi. aant mean usamean kheri ya dholi musali ka goand milakar chitran kary mean prayog kiya jata tha. prachin kal mean to javar adi sthanoan se prapt jaste ya shishe ki khak se bhi safed rang banaya jata tha.[[chitr:Mewar-painting-4.jpg|thumb|left|bagh ka shikar, meva d ki chitrakala]]

lal

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prakriti se prapt lal patthar, geru v hiangaloo se lal rang taiyar kiya jata tha. lal rang mean hiangaloo rang ko sabhi rangoan mean shreshth mana gaya hai. yahi karan hai ki khanij patthar se prapt hiangaloo rang ka prayog poore pashchim bharatiy shaili mean pramukhata se hota raha hai. rasayanik kriya se ber, baragad evan pipal ki lakh dvara lal rang taiyar karane ki ek paranparagat vidhi rahi hai. yah yahaan sthayi rang ke roop mean prayukt hota raha. is vidhi mean bhinn-bhinn patroan ke parivartan se hi unamean kirami, mahavar ya alta, mehandi jaisa hara v baiangani rang chitrakar svayan banate rahe haian. hiangaloo rang mean hi pile rang ki ek matra milane se kasoomal rang ban jata hai, jo meva d evan dakshin-pashchim rajasthan mean bahut prachalit hai. in rangoan ko silavatte par gothane ki vishesh paranpara rahi hai. hiangaloo, jangal evan haratal paranparagat laghu chitroan ke utkrisht tatha chamakile rangoan mean prayog kie jate rahe haian.

lakh se lal rang banane ke lie sarvapratham isake choorn ko mitti ke baratan mean sada pani dalakar bhigo diya jata hai, chaubis ghante bitane par bina hilaye hi oopar se rangin pani alag le liya jata hai. phir kisi khule muanh vale mitti ke baratan mean rakh kar ag par ubalane ki kriya ki jati hai. ubalate samay usamean pathani lod tatha suhaga 2:3 ki matra mean milaya jata hai. gadha hone tak use garam kiya jata hai. phir usamean kee ke guchchhe dalakar sookhane dete haian. sookhane par guchchhe ko 'chookha' nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. sthaniy roop se isake rang ko shuddh mahavar, kiramaji v alta rang ki sanjna di gee hai. ise bina kuchh milaye upayog ke lie surakshit rakh diya jata hai. isi prakar yadi lakh se hara rang banana ho, to sari ukt kriyaean taanbe ke baratan mean ki jati hai. isase sookhi meanhadi jaisa hara rang prapt hota hai. lakh se hi kala, lal v baiangani rang banane ke lie yah kriya lohe ke baratan mean ki jati hai. is prakar keval patr badalane par hi alag-alag rang banane ki paddhati prachin kal se hi meva d mean prachalit rahi hai.

nila

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nile rang ka nirman vanaspati tatha khanij donoan se kiya jata hai. deshi nil namak vanaspati nila rang banane mean kam ati rahi hai. dalidar nil to prachin kal se hi kap doan ki rangaee tatha chitran hetu prayog kiya jata raha hai. meva d mean ise 'kaanti rang' nam se sanbodhit kiya jata hai. mor ki gardan jaisa gahara rang, usi rang ke ek khanij ko pis par taiyar kiya jata hai. isake alava lohe ki vastuoan ko baratan mean dalakar usake muanh ko gay ke gobar se band karake jamin mean kee dinoan ke lie gadh kar bhi yah rang taiyar kiya jata raha hai. yah rang kap doan ko gadhe rang mean rangane mean kam ata tha.

pila

[[chitr:Mewar-painting-8.jpg|thumb|250px|krishna janm ke samay vishnu ki pooja, meva d ki chitrakala]]

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meva d mean palash ya kesooli chhavara, khakara adi sthaniy paudhoan ke phooloan se tej pila vanaspati rang taiyar karane ki pratha rahi hai tatha prachin chitroan mean yahi rang adhik prayog mean aya hai. ek any prakar ka pila rang 'haratal' kahalata hai, jo apane do upabhedoan 'tanakiya haratal' tatha doosara 'gaudanti haratal' ke roop mean jana jata hai. gay ko nim ki pattiyaan khilakar pili mitti par gomootr karane ki vidhi se taiyar rang ko 'gauguli' kaha jata tha. 'pyav di gerua' pila rang hota tha, jo pile pattharoan ko pisakar usamean goand milakar taiyar kiya jata tha.

siandoori rang

is rang ko prapt karane ke lie marakari patthar ko jalakar usaki bhasm mean kheri babool, dholi moosali v sares ka avashyatanusar prayog kiya jata hai. isake alava sadharan thal shish ko bhi bariki se kootakakar yah rang banaya jata raha hai. parikshan ke lie usamean tho da gu d mila dene par yah narangi rang ka ho jata hai.

mishrit rang

meva d ki chitrakari mean mishrit rang bhi b di matra mean prayog kie jate rahe haian. inake prayog se chitroan ko aur bhi khoobasoorat banaya jata hai. kuchh mishrit rang nimn prakar se banaye jate haian-

1. kuankum rang ke nirman ke lie haldi ko nianboo ke ras mean bar-bar dalakar hilaya jata hai tatha kuchh din bad sookhane par pis diya jata hai.
2. safed aur lal rang ki milavat se gor rang banata hai.
3. safed, kala tatha pila rang barabar matra mean milakar bhoora rang taiyar kiya jata hai.
4. kale tatha safed rang ke saman mishran se gajavarn yani hathi ke sharir ki tarah ka kala rang taiyar kiya jata hai.
5. bakul phal molashri ke saman rang ke lie saman roop se lal tatha pila rang milaya jata hai.
6. narangi rang taiyar karane hetu ek bhag pila tatha do bhag lal rang milaya jata hai.

thumb|left|maharana bhim sianh mahal ke taranatal (svimiang pool) mean apane sathiyoan ke sath isi prakar yahaan kee any rangoan ke mishran se aur bhi kee alag-alag rang banaye jate haian aur is tarah se rang nirman mean sona, taanba, chaandi, abarak, rajavard, siandur, haratal, choona, lakh, hiangaloo, nil adi anekoan dravy vibhinn roopoan mean kam ate rahe haian.

hal ka nirman

hal banane ke lie sarvapratham svachchh paradarshi sares ya akeshiya goand ke pani mean chini mitti ya saphed patthar ke pyale se sares ke pani ki kuchh booande dal di jati haian. isake bad bark ko do ya tin mean chipakakar pyale mean ghotane ki kriya ki jati hai. is dauran pani ya sares ki booand usamean dalate rahate haian. barik chamakili chaandi, sone ya raange ke lie use lanbe samay tak ghotana p data hai. hal ghut jane par usamean pani milakar barik malamal ke kap de se chhan liya jata hai tatha ise halka koyale ki aanch mean garm kiya jata hai. pani gunaguna hone par usamean chutaki bhar namak dal diya jata hai, jisase mail v sares ka aansh alag ho jata hai. ab use thanda kiya jata hai. phir oopar ka pani hatakar thandi aanch par use sookhane diya jata hai. chitran karate samay isamean avashyakatanusar goand ka pani mila diya jata hai. hal lagate samay pahale se lage rangoan ko opani se ghot kar ek jiv kar liya jata hai. rangoan ko rakhane ke lie mitti ke baratan ya nariyal ke khopare se sakht pyale ka istemal kiya jata raha hai, jise sthaniy shabdavali mean "kaanchali" kaha jata hai. haloan ko hakik ya kaanch ke pyale mean rakha jata hai.

toolika nirman

toolika ka ullekh meva d ke prachin sandarbhoan mean milata hai. paranparagat chitrakaroan ke lie yah rangakan ki ek mahattvapoorn samagri rahi hai. chitare, bakari, gilahari evan ooant ke baloan ko katakar pakshi ke pankhoan, lohe ya taanbe ke shankoo ki naliyoan mean dalakar taiyar karate the. kuchh jagah toolika hetu parshiyan billi evan bhaians ke baloan ka bhi ullekh milata hai. gilahari ke baloan se toolika nirman ki paranpara bahut hi purani hai. holi ke bad evan varsha ke poorv, khasakar aprail v mee mahine mean vishesh vidhiyoan dvara gilahariyaan pak dakar jivit avastha mean unake bal katakar dhage mean baandh par toolika taiyar kiya jata raha hai. barik toolika hetu mor ke pankhoan ki dandi shankoo mean dalakar uchch ksheni ki toolika banaee jati thi. unhian toolikaoan ko poore varsh chitran kary mean mote patale evan barik aankan hetu prayog mean liya jata raha hai.

ta dapatroan ka prayog

meva d mean kagaz ke prachalan se poorv ta dapatr par lekhan evan chitran kary karane ki pratha rahi hai. 1260 ee. evan isase poorv meva d mean ta dapatroan par anek sachitr granth likhe gaye, jisamean ah d mean chitrit shravak pratikraman soottachoorni mahattvapoorn hai. any pashchim bharatiy chitrakala paddhati ki tarah yahaan bhi kherata d ka prayog milata hai.

kagaz nirman v chitran kary

[[chitr:Mewar-painting.jpg|thumb|250px|shikar ke lie jate hue meva d ke pradhanamantri amir chand badava, meva d ki chitrakala]] bharat mean lekhan evan chitran karyoan mean kagaz ka sarvajanik prayog 13vian sadi ke pashchath hi dekha jata hai. meva d mean bhi isi kal se ta dapatroan aur usake pashchath kagaz par chitran kary hone laga tha. kagaz ka nirman sthaniy vidhiyoan se meva d ke gosuanda gaanv mean baans evan joot ki lugdiyoan se kiya jata tha. use dhisundi kagaz ke nam se bahikhatoan ke prayog mean liya jata tha. chitr-nirman hetu inhian kagazoan ko tah kar doosari tah maide ki leee se chipakakar mota karane ki paddhati prachalit thi, jise 'kagaz sathana' kahate haian. kalaantar mean dolatabadi evan speanni kagazoan ka bhi prayog hone laga. in kagazoan par safed rang ki jamin baandhakar chitr banaye jate the. ye kagaz b de-b de akar ke chitroan hetu nirmit kiye jate the. meva d mean supasana chariyam (1422 ee.) ka chitr sanput kagaz ke chitroan ka prachinatam udaharan hai.

bhitti chitran

bhitti chitroan hetu jo prishtabhoomi taiyar ki jati thi, usamean divar ki pap diyoan ko pahale ukha d diya jata tha tatha choona lagakar phir palastar kiya jata tha. palastar ki samagri mean ek bhag jhianki tatha dhaee bhag araees milayi jati thi. phir ise do soot moti tin tahoan mean lagaya jata tha. pahali tah hetu dahi evan gu d ko milakar lagaya jata tha. doosari tah mean keval palastar tatha tisari tah mean palastar mean dahi ghol kar lagate the tatha usako mastar se ghutaee karate the. yah divar prayah barasat mean taiyar ki jati thi. char-paanch mah ke bhitar sardi ke mausam mean chitran kary kiya jata tha. chitran ke poorv gile kap doan se divar mean namian di jati thi. pani chhi dakane par jab booand divar par thaharane lage, tab divar ko chitran ke anukool mana jata tha. phir divar par kagaz ke kasare dvara shighr aksi kar li jati thi. meva d mean do prakar ke bhitti chitr milate haian-

1. ghutaee ke bhitti chitr
2. sookhi divar par aankit bhitti chitr

ghutaee ke bhitti chitr prayah moti jianki mean palastar karake parat par sphoort rekhaankan se bana hota hai. bhitti chitroan ke nirman mean kuchh rangoan ka prayog pramukhata se hota raha hai. pyav di, pili mitti, hara patthar, hiangaloo, kala, kaanti, deshi nil adi ko ghotakar ek jiv karake chitran kiya jata tha.

laghu chitran prakriya

[[chitr:Mewar-painting-2.jpg|thumb|250px|bagh aur hathi l date hue, meva d ki chitrakala]] paranparagat meva d chitr shaili ke laghu chitroan mean phalak sanyojan ko do bhagoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. pahala kinare ka akar tatha doosara madhy ka akar. kinare prayah narangi v lal-hiangaloo rang se lagabhag ek v dedh ianch ki chau daee mean chitrit kie jate the. prachin chitroan mean is bahy lal v narangi sima rekha ka aankan sthan-sthan par safed prishthabhoomi mean bhi achchha samanvay sthapit karata dikhaee deta hai. drishti kendrit karake darshak ki drishti chitr mean bhali-bhaanti baandhane mean isaki vishesh bhoomika hoti hai. chitrakar kagaz ko sarvapratham vasali par jamakar chitran kary karata tha. vasali banane hetu ek patiye par deshi kagaz ki ek parat par doosari parat, ate ki lehi se chipakakar banaee jati hai. jitane adhik kagaz jo de jate the, vasali utani hi moti banati thi. yah pataliyaan jaisi moti tak banaee jati thi. ab chitrakar sarvapratham kasara karake apane vicharoan v vishayavastu ko sakar roop mean aankit karana shuru kar deta tha. usaki sadhana, chitran, vichar v kalpanaean chitr-sanyojan mean vishesh prabhav rakhati thian. usaka aankan karake akshi-kagaz par jo hiran ki patali khal se banaya jata tha, rekhaankan kar leta tha. isi ke punah aankan se sadhe hue kagaz par tivaee karake halke rang ka rekhaankan kar diya jata tha. tatpashchath tin bar safed rang se poore chitr phalak par astar diya jata tha. astar dene ke bad sachchi tipaee mean mukhy rekhaean evan rangoan ke sanyojan ka kary poora kar liya jata tha. ab ghoanti se ghutaee karake poori satah par chamak laee jati thi. ab aang-pratyang ki barik rekhaoan ke aankan se khulaee ki jati thi.

moti muhavara ke roop mean akritiyoan mean meanhadi, abhooshan ki chamak v aankh ki lalaee adi ka sookshm aankan hota tha. tatpashchath jina-odhana nam se paradarshi kap doan par bel-bootoan, biandiyoan evan kap doan ke aantarik evan oopari prabhav ko darshaya jata tha. aant mean patiye par jamakar vasali ki jati thi tatha naqqashi tatha khatakasi haansiya hiangaloo ke lal rang se tatha usamean ek soot moti rekha ke pas do barik rekhaean khianchakar poornata di jati thi, jo meva d chitrashaili ke sabhi chitroan mean prayukt hai. sunahare v roopahale rangoan ka prayog chitr mean chamak lane hetu kiya jata tha. tabhi use poorn chitr ki sanjna di jati thi. chitr ke oopari bhag par doha, shlok adi likhane ka bhi prachalan raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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