मॉर्ले मिण्टो सुधार
m aaurle minto sudhar ko 1909 ee. ka 'bharatiy parishad adhiniyam' bhi kaha jata hai. briten mean 1906 ee. mean libaral parti ki chunavi jit ke sath hi bharat ke lie sudharoan ka ek naya yug shuroo hua. vaisaray ke karyabhar se bandhe hone ke karan l aaurd minto aur bharat ka rajy sachiv j aaun marle british bharat sarakar ke vaidhanik evan prashasanik tantr mean kee mahattvapoorn parivartan karane mean saphal rahe.
tatkalin bharatiy sthiti
jab l aaurd minto bharat ka gavarnar bana, tab us samay samoocha bharat rajanitik ashanti ki taraf dhire-dhire badh raha tha. l aaurd minto ne is ashanti ke bare mean svayan likha tha ki "oopar se shaant dikhane vali satah ke niche rajanitik ashanti ka gubar chhipa tha aur unamean se bahut kuchh nitaant nyayochit tha."
tatkalin bharat sachiv j aaun marle evan vayasaray l aaurd minto ne sudharoan ka 'bharatiy parishad ekt, 1909' parit kiya, jise 'marle minto sudhar' kaha gaya. 25 mee ko vidheyak parit hua tatha 15 navambar, 1909 ko rajakiy anumodan ke bad lagoo ho gaya. is ekt ke antargat keandriy tatha prantiy vidhanamandalo ke akar evan unaki shakti mean vriddhi ki gee. lekin adhisankhy pratinidhiyoan ka chunav ab bhi apratyaksh roop se hona tha. gavarnar-janaral ki ekjikyootiv kauansil mean ek bharatiy sadasy ki niyukti ka bhi pravadhan tha. is ekt ke antargat sadasyoan ko prastav rakhane aur prashn poochhane ka adhikar bhi diya gaya. bajat prastavoan par matadan ka bhi adhikar tha. in sabake bavajood kauansiloan ko vyavaharik roop se koee adhikar nahian tha. marle minto sudharoan ka mool uddeshy rashtravadi kheanmean mean phoot dalana tha. muslimoan ke prithakh nirvachan kshetr evan matadhikar ki vyavastha ki gee. aangrezoan ki yahi niti kalantar mean bharat ke vibhajan ka karan bani. kaangres ne in sudharoan ka purazor virodh kiya, jabaki kattarapanthi muslimoan ne isaka samarthan kiya. vayasaray minto ne likha tha ki "yad rakhana ki prithakh nirvachan kshetr bana kar ham aise ghatak vish bo rahe haian, jisaki fasal bahut k davi hogi."
sudhar kary
sabase pahale sabhi jatiyoan ko saman avasar ke maharani viktoriya ke vade ko, jo 1858 ee. se bharatiy rashtravadiyoan ke lie british pakhand ka pratik bana hua tha, lagoo karane ke lie kary kiya. vhait h aaul mean parishad mean do bharatiyoan ko niyukt kiya gaya, ek musalaman, saiyad husain bilagrami, jinhoanne muslim lig ki sthapana mean sakriy bhoomika nibhaee; doosare hindoo, indiyan sivil sarvis (bharatiy prashasanik seva) mean varishth afasar krishna ji. gupta. m aaurle ne 1909 mean anichchhuk l aaurd minto ko vayasaray ki karyakari parishad mean pratham bharatiy sadasy satyendr pi. sinha (1864-1928) ko niyukt karane ke lie razi kiya. sinha (bad mean l aaurd sinha) ko 1886 mean 'bar et liankans in' mean pravesh diya gaya aur vayasaray ke vidhi sadasy niyukt hone se pahale vah bangal ke mahadhivakta (edavoket janaral) rahe. 1910 mean unhoanne tyagapatr de diya. vah 1915 mean kaangres ke adhyaksh chune ge aur 1919 mean bharat ke lie sansadiy up-rajy sachiv aur 1920 mean bihar evan u disa ke gavarnar bane.
nirvachak siddhant
m aaurle ki pramukh sudhar yojana, 1909 ka bharatiy parishad adhiniyam (amataur par m aaurle-minto sudhar ke roop mean jnat) ne tatkal bharatiy parishad sadasyata ke lie nirvachak siddhant prastut kiya. shuroo mean bahut kam bharatiy matadata the, jinhean sampatti evan shiksha ke adhar par matadhikar diya gaya tha, lekin 1910 mean poore british bharat ki vidhan parishadoan ke lie 135 bharatiy sadasy chune ge. 1909 ke adhiniyam ne sarvochch parishad ki adhikatam atirikt sadasyata 16 (1892 ke parishad adhiniyam dvara badhair gee) se badhakar 60 kar di. bambee (vartaman mumbee), bangal aur madras (vartaman chennee) ki prantiy parishadoan mean, jinhean 1861 mean gathit kiya gaya tha, 1892 ke adhiniyam dvara kul sadasy sankhya badhakar 20 kar di gee thi aur 1909 mean ise 50 kar diya gaya. jinamean adhikatar sitean gair-sarakari sadasyoan ke lie thian. any prantoan mean bhi parishad ke sadasyoan ki sankhya isi tarah se badhaee gee.
m aaurle prantiy vidhayikaoan mean sarakari bahumat ko samapt karake gopal krishna gokhale tatha romesh chandr datt (1848-1909) jaise udaravadi kaangres netaoan ki salah ka palan kar rahe the aur n keval aee.si.es., balki apane vayasaray evan parishad ke katu virodh ki bhi avahelana kar rahe the. kee british udaravadi rajanitijnoan ki tarah m aaurle ko vishvas tha ki bharat mean british shasan ka auchity bharat sarakar ko briten ke mahanh rajanitik sansthan, sansadiy sarakar pranali sauanpane mean hai. kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) tatha shimala mean minto v unake adhikari is sudharoan ke kriyanvayan ke k de niyaman ki sifarish karake sudharoan ko kamazor karane mean saphal rahe. phir bhi nee parishadoan ke nirvachit sadasyoan ko svat: poorak prashn poochhane aur salana bajat ke bare mean karyakari se aupacharik charcha karane ke adhikar ki shakti thi. sadasyoan ko apane ne vaidhanik prastav pesh karane ki bhi anumati thi.
shiksha ka prastav
gopal krishna gokhale ne poore british bharat mean nishulk evan anivary prathamik shiksha ke lie prastav pesh karake in nee mahattvapoorn sansadiy prakriyaoan ka turant labh uthaya. yah prastav gir gaya, lekin gokhale ne ise bar-bar pesh kiya. unhoanne rashtravadi maangoan ke lie sarakar ki sarvochch parishad ka manch ke roop mean sadupayog kiya. 1909 ke adhiniyam se pahale, jaisa ki gokhale ne us sal madras mean kaangres ke sathi sadasyoan ko bataya, bharatiy rashtravadi 'bahar se' andolan karate the, lekin unhoanne kaha ki ab se 'vah aisa kam kareange, jise prashasan ke sath zimmedar sahayog kaha ja sakata hai.'
|
|
|
|
|
|
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh