मोक्षगुंडम विश्वेश्वरैया

mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya
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poora nam	d aau. mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya
janm	15 sitambar, 1861
janm bhoomi	karnatak
mrityu	14 aprail, 1962
nagarikata	bharatiy
prasiddhi	ianjiniyar, vaijnanik aur nirmata
pad	maisoor ke divan
shiksha	ianjiniyariang
vidyalay	poona ianjiniyariang k aaulej
puraskar-upadhi	bharat ratn
any janakari	d aau. mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya ke janmadin (15 sitambar) ko bharat mean 'abhiyanta divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai.
adyatan‎	13:16, 13 march 2011 (IST)

d aau. mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya (aangrezi: Dr. Mokshagundam Vishveshwariah, janm- 15 sitambar, 1861, karnatak; mrityu- 14 aprail 1962) ko aj bhi "adhunik bharat ke vishvakarma" ke roop mean b de samman ke sath smaran kiya jata hai. apane samay ke bahut b de ianjiniyar, vaijnanik aur nirmata ke roop mean desh ki seva mean apana jivan samarpit karane vale d aau. mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya ko bharat hi nahian varanh vishv ki mahanh pratibhaoan mean gina jata hai.

jivan parichay

sar em. vishveshvaraiya ke janmadin ko 'abhiyanta divas' ke roop mean manaya jata hai. sar mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya bahut hi saumy vidharadhara vale iansan the. mokshaguandam vishveshvaraiya ka janm maisoor (jo ki ab karnatak mean hai) ke 'muddenahalli' namak sthan par 15 sitambar, 1861 ko hua tha. bahut hi garib parivar mean janme vishveshvaraiya ka balyakal bahut hi arthik sankat mean vyatit hua. unake pita vaidy the. varshoan pahale unake poorvaj aandhr pradesh ke 'mokshaguandam' se yahaan par aye aur maisoor mean bas gaye the. do varsh ki ayu mean hi unaka parichay ramayan, mahabharat aur panchatantr ki kahaniyoan se ho gaya tha. ye kahaniyaan har rat ghar ki vriddh mahilaean unhean sunati thian. kahaniyaan shikshaprad v manoranjak thi. in kahaniyoan se vishveshvaraiya ne eemanadari, daya aur anushasan jaise moolyoan ko atmasat kiya.

soojhaboojh

vishveshvaraiya jab keval 14 varsh ke the, tabhi unake pita ki mrityu ho gee. kya vah apani padhaee jari rakhean ? is prashn par tab vichar-vimarsh hua jab unhoanne apani maan se kaha, 'amma, kya maian bangalaur ja sakata hooan? maian vahaan par mama ramaiya ke yahaan rah sakata hooan. vahaan maian k aaulej mean pravesh le looanga.' 'par beta....tumhare mama amir nahian haian. tum un par bojh banana kyoan chahate ho?' unaki maan ne tark diya. 'amma, maian apani zaruratoan ke lie svayan hi kamaooanga. maian bachchoan ka tyushan padha dooanga. apani fis dene aur pustakean kharidane ke lie maian kafi dhan kama looanga. mere khyal se mere pas kuchh paise bhi bach jayeange. jinhean maian mama ko de dooanga.' vishveshvaraiya ne samajhaya. unake pas har prashn ka uttar tha. samadhan dhandhane ki kshamata unake poore jivan mean lagatar vikasit hoti rahi aur is karan vah ek vyavaharik vyakti ban gaye. yah unake jivan ka sar tha aur unaka sandesh tha- 'pahale jano, phir karo.' 'jao mere putr, bhagavan tumhare sath hai.' unaki maan ne kaha. unake mama ne bahut garmajoshi se unaka svagat kiya. vishveshvaraiya ne unhean apani yojana bataee. mama ne pyar se unhean thapathapate hue kaha, 'tum bahut hoshiyar ho. tumhean achchhi se achchhi shiksha milani chahie.'

shiksha

padhane likhane mean balyakal se hi tivr buddhi ke svami vishveshvaraiya ne apani prarambhik shiksha gaanv ke praimari skool se prapt ki. vishveshvaraiya 'chikballapur' ke midil v haeeskool mean padhe. age ki shiksha ke lie unhean baiangalor jana p da. arthik sankatoan se jujhate hue unhoanne apane rishtedaroan aur parichitoan ke pas rahakar aur apane se chhote bachchoan ko tyooshan padha kar kisi tarah b de prayas se apana adhyayan zari rakkha. 19 varsh ki ayu mean baiangalor ke k aaulej se unhoanne bi.e. ki pariksha pratham shreni mean uttirn ki. is k aaulej ke priansipal, jo ek aangrez the, vishveshvaraiya ki yogyata aur gunoan se bahut prabhavit the. unhian priansipal saheb ke prayas se unhean poona ke ianjiniyariang k aaulej mean pravesh mil gaya. apani shaikshik yogyata ke bal par unhoanne chhatravritti prapt karane ke sath sath poore mumbee vishvavidyalay mean sarvochch aank prapt kar ianjiniyariang ki digri prapt ki. sanh 1875 mean vishveshvaraiya ne 'sentral k aaulej' mean pravesh liya. unake mama unhean maisoor rajy sarakar ke ek uchch adhikari 'mudiya' ke pas le gaye. mudiya ke do chhote bachche the. bachchoan ko padhane ke lie vishveshvaraiya ko rakh liya gaya. unhoanne apane sanrakshak ka dhanyavad diya. unhoanne turant hi kary arambh kar diya. pratidin vah apane mama ke ghar se apane k aaulej aur mudiya ke ghar ane-jane ke lie pandrah kilomitar se zyada chalate. bad mean jab unase achchhe svasthy ka rahasy poochha gaya, to unhoanne kaha, 'maianne chalakar achchha svasthy paya hai.' apane kam mean unhoanne apani samast mushkiloan ka maraham paya. eemanadari aur nishtha se unhoanne apane kary ko abha pradan ki. isase 'sentral k aaulej' ke priansipal charls ka dhyan unaki or akarshit hua. jab vishveshvaraiya ne jatil ganitiy samasyaoan ka saral samadhan kar diya to priansipal ne unase kaksha ke any chhatroan ko yah samadhan sikhane ko kaha. isase vishveshvaraiya ka atmavishvas badha.

vatars ka upahar

apane priy chhatr par k aaulej ke dauran aur k aaulej chho dane par bhi vatars k di nazar rakhate rahe. vah ianglaiand laut gaye par apane bhootapoorv chhatr mean gahari dilachaspi lete rahe. apani vasiyat mean ve upahar ke roop mean vishveshvaraiya ke lie apana 'kaphaliank' chho d gaye. shrimati vatars iglaiand se unhean yah upahar dene ke lie svayan aeean. us samay vishveshvaraiya bambee ke 'lok nirman vibhag' mean 'ianjiniyar' ke pad par karyarat the. digri pariksha mean sanh 1880 mean vishishtata ke sath saphal hone ke pashchath vishveshvaraiya ne pune ke 'sains k aaulej' mean pravesh liya. maisoor rajy sarakar se chhatravritti pane ke karan hi vah aisa kar paye the. sanh 1883 mean 'sivil ianjiniyariang' ke samast chhatroan mean vah 'pratham' aye. turant hi unhean bambee ke lok nirman vibhag mean sahayak ianjiniyar ki naukari mil gee.

karyakshetr

apani shaikshik yogyata ke bal par unhoanne chhatravritti prapt karane ke sath sath poore mumbee vishvavidyalay mean sarvochch aank prapt kar ianjiniyariang ki digri prapt ki. isi saphalata ke adhar par unhean mumbee mean asistaiant ianjiniyar ke pad par niyukti mili. us samay british shasan tha. adhikaansh uchch padoan par aangrezoan ki hi niyukti hoti thi. aise mean uchch pad par niyukt vishveshvaraiya ne apani yogyata aur soojhaboojh dvara b de b de aangrez ianjiniyaroan ko apani yogyata aur pratibha ka loha manava diya. apane is pad par rahate hue unhoanne sabase pahali saphalata prakritik jal srotroan se ghar ghar mean pani pahuanchane ki vyavastha karana aur gande pani ki nikasi ke lie nali - naloan ki samuchit vyavastha karake prapt ki. pratham charan mean hi unhoanne baiangalor, poona, maisoor, b dauda, karachi, haidarabad, gvaliyar, iandaur, kolhapur, soorat, nasik, nagapur, bijapur, dharava d sahit anek nagaroan ko pratyek prakar ke jal sankat se mukt kara diya. sanh 1884 mean vishveshvaraiya ne apana sarakari jivan shuroo kiya. yah vah samay tha, jab rashtriyata ki bhavana bahut se pratishthit vyaktiyoan ka dhyan apani or khianch rahi thi. mahadev goviand pande ranade, gopal krishna gokhale aur bal gangadhar tilak rashtriyata ki bhavana ko phailane mean agrani the. ve sarakari padoan par bharatiyoan ko zyada sthan dilane ke lie davab dal rahe the. ve josh se bharatiy svatantrata ki bat karate. vishveshvaraiya apana kary karate rahe. lekin unaki sahanubhooti svatantrata ke kary ke sath thi. unhean laga ki anek kary jo unhean sauanpe gaye haian, ve logoan ka jivan star sudharane ke lie avashyak haian. unake raste mean anek mushkilean aur chunautiyaan aeean.

vaijnanik avishkar

vishveshvaraiya ko sanh 1894-95 mean sindh (jo ki ab pakistan mean hai) ke sakkhanr kshetr mean pine ke pani ki vitaran pariyojana ka kary poora karane ka kam sauanpa gaya. unhoanne is kary ko svikar kar liya. vah nagar mean pahuanche aur jab unhoanne sindhu nadi ka sarvekshan aur parikshan kiya, to unhean gahara aghat laga. pani gandala v mitti se bhara hua tha. jo ki manushyoan ke istemal ke lie poornataya bekar tha. pani ko kaise svachchh kiya jae, isake lie unhoanne takaniki patroan, vyavasayik patrikaoan aur rasayan ki kitaboan ko padha. is samasya par chintan karate hue unhoanne kee ratean jagakar bitaeean. phir samadhan nikal aya. unhoanne pahale kyoan nahian is vikalp ke bare mean socha. vah prakriti ki asimit prakriya ko samajh gaye the. vah pani ko chhanane ke lie nadi ki ret ka istemal kar sakate haian. unhoanne pariyojana ki rooparekha banaee, dijain ko taiyar kiya aur kitani kimat lagegi, isaka anuman lagaya. apane sath kam karane valoan ko unhoanne yojana ke labh bataye. unase unake vichar poochhe aur yah pata laga ki ve poornataya sahamat haian. nadi ke tal mean ek gahara kuana banaya jae. kuane tak pahuanchane se pahale pani ret ki anaginat paratoan mean se gujarega. jaise hi pani is prakriya se risega, vah svachchh ho jayega. ret ki asankhy paratoan se chhan kar nikala hua pani manushy istemal ke yogy hoga. adan (dakshini yaman) jo ki us samay british upanivesh tha, ke liye pani vitaran ke lie bhi unhoanne isi siddhant ko lagoo kiya. is prakar jo kimat thi, vah kam ho gee. is navin kary ke lie sarakar ne vishveshvaraiya 'kesar-e-hind' ki upadhi se sammanit kiya.

maulikata aur pravinata

pani ki vyavastha karane mean vaijnanik tarikoan ka avishkar karake vishveshvaraiya ne apani maulikata aur pravinata ka parichay diya. usamean svachalit jaladvar aur sianchaee ki khand paddhati bhi shamil hai. badh ke pani ko niyantrit karane ke lie unhoanne kh dagavasala baandh par jaladvaroan ka prayog kiya. unhoanne us jhil ke pani ke star ko badhaya, jisake karan pune shahar ko pani milata tha. vah apane 'mem aauyars aph maee varkiang laiph' (mere kamaqazi jivan ke sansmaran 1951) mean likhate haian ki'atirikt viyar ki choti ke oopar chh: se lekar ath phit ki ooanchaee tak har sal jalashay se pani nikal jata tha. jhil ke pani ke star ko sthaee roop se sanchit karane ke lie maianne svachalit jaladvar ki paddhati ki rooparekha banaee, mool atirikt viyar se qarib ath phut ooanchi. isase baandh ko bina badhaye jalashay mean 25 pratishat sanchay kshamata badh gee. jaladvar jhil mean tab tak pani ko roke rakhata hai, jab tak vah pichhali badh ki ooanchaee tak nahian badh jata hai. lekin jab bhi pani star se ooancha uthata hai, jaladvar svat: hi khul jate haian aur atirikt pani ko nikalane dete haian. phir se jhil mean pani ka star jab atirikt viyar ke ooanpar ath phut girata hai, to jaladvar svat: hi band ho jate haian aur pani ka nuqasan hone se rok dete haian.'

naharean aur baandhoan ka nirman

vishveshvaraiya ne sianchaee mean sahayata karane ke lie naharean aur baandh banaye. unaki paddhati ke dvara sianchaee ke simit pani ke sadhanoan ka poorn upayog ho saka. ve pariyojanaean, jinaki unhoanne kalpana ki aur nirman karaya, unase garib kisanoan ko rahat mili. unase dehat ke kshetroan mean kafi b di matra mean sudhar ka kary sampann hua. arthik utthan ke dvara vishveshvaraiya ne mahasoos kiya ki isase rashtr ko shakti milegi. aur shakti prapt karake apane desh ko british shasan se mukt karane ke lie log behatar sthiti mean hoange.

ianjiniyar ka pad

bambee presidensi ki naukari vishveshvaraiya ne chho di hi thi ki unhean apane rajyoan mean vikas gatividhiyoan ko dekhane ke lie haidarabad ke nizam aur maisoor maharaja ke prastav mile. navambar sanh 1909 mean unhoanne apane janmasthan maisoor mean chif ianjiniyar banana pasand kiya. tab bhi haidarabad ko bar-bar ane vali badh se bachane ke lie unhoanne yojanaean banaee. maisoor rajy mean chif ianjiniyar ki naukari unhean bahut pasand thi. kyoanki yahaan unhean un pariyojanaoan par kam karane ki poorn svatantrata thi, jisase janata ke garib varg ko labh milata tha. unhoanne jal vitaran, s dakoan, sanchar v sianchaee ke lie pariyojanaean banaeean. pratyek yojana ki pragati par k di nigarani rakhi gee. samay ki pabandi ko poornataya banaye rakhe gaya. kimat par bhi niyamit jaanch chalati rahi. vishveshvaraiya kary sthal par jate, logoan se milate, unaki pratikriya sunate, aur jab log unaka dhanyavad karate to unhean bahut khushi hoti. logoan ke cheharoan par chhaee khushi hi unaka puraskar tha, jise unhoanne sabase zyada sanjokar rakha.

ianjiniyar aur padatyag

abhinav kshamata aur kathin parishram ne milakar unhean jaldi hi tarakkiyoan ki or badha diya. antat: vah chif ianjiniyar ke pad ke nikat tak pahuanch gaye. chif ianjiniyar ka pad britishavasiyoan ke lie arakshit tha. yah pakshapat tha. jati v rang ka bhedabhav kiye bina pad sabake lie khula hona chahie. yogy vyakti ko sthan milana chahie. yadyapi, vishveshvaraiya ko abhas ho gaya tha ki shasan is arakshan ko khatm nahian karega. isalie unhoanne sanh. 1908 mean tyagapatr dene ka faisala kiya. sarakar ne unhean rokane ki koshish ki. par vah apane nishchay par atal rahe. varshoan tak vah vibhinn padoan par kam karate rahe the. halaanki unhean naukari karate hue abhi poore 25 varsh nahian hue the. jisake bad mean peanshan milati hai. tab bhi sarakar ne unhean peanshan dene ka faisala kiya. vishveshvaraiya dvara kiye gaye karyoan ki prashansa mean sarakar dvara kiya gaya yah ek pratik tha.

asadharan kary

• unake ianjiniyariang ke asadharan karyoan mean maisoor shahar mean kannamabadi ya krishnaraj sagar baandh banana ek mahattvapoorn kary tha. usaki yojana sanh 1909 mean banaee gee thi aur sanh 1932 mean yah poora hua.
• bambee presidensi mean kee jalashay banane ke bad, sianchaee v vidyut shakti ke lie unhoanne kaveri nadi ko kam mean lane ke lie yojana banaee. visheshakar kolar svarn khadanoan ke lie donoan hi mahattvapoorn the.
• baandh 124 phut ooancha tha, jisamean 48,000 miliyan ghan phut pani ka sanchay kiya ja sakata tha. jisaka upayog 150,000 ek d bhoomi ki sianchaee aur 60,000 kilo vats oorja utpann karane ke lie hona tha.
• tab tak krishnaraj sagar baandh bharat mean bana sabase b da jalashay tha. is bahuuddeshiy pariyojana ke karan anek udyog vikasit hue, jisamean bharat ki vishalatam chini mil, maisoor chini mil bhi shamil hai. apani dooradrishti ke karan, vishveshvaraiya ne paristhiti vijnan ke pahaloo par bhi poora dhyan diya.
• maisoor shahar mean ane vala pratyek yatri krishnaraj sagar baandh aur usake pas hi sthit prasiddh vrindavan gardan dekhana ek avashyak kary manata tha. vahaan phavvaroan ka jal prapat, marmar pakshi aur akarshak phooloan ki bahutayat dekhate hi banati thi. vishveshvaraiya ka ek svapn poora ho gaya tha.
• vishveshvaraiya ne nishtha ki bhavana se kary kiya. isake atirikt, bharatiy rashtriyata ke vichar par a de rahane ke kisi bhi mauke ko unhoanne nahian ganvaya. unhean apane bharatiy hone par garv tha. vah manate the ki agar avasar diya jaye to bharatiy britishavasiyoan se kahian par bhi kam nahian haian.

rashtriyata ki bhavana

yah bharatiy rashtriyata ka hi prabhav tha, jisane unhean darabar mean ane ka maisoor ke maharaja ka nimantran thukarane ko prerit kiya. sarakari roop se yah mana jata tha ki maharaja ke nimantran ko adesh mana jaye. phir bhi vishveshvaraiya ne amantran ko thukara diya. yah virodh tha, darabar mean baithane ki vyavastha mean bhedabhav ke viruddh. aangrezoan ko kursiyoan par baithaya jata tha. bharatiyoan se asha ki jati thi ki vah zamin par simat kar baithean. vishveshvaraiya se darabar mean n ane ka karan poochha gaya. unhoanne bhedabhav ka zikr karate hue javab likha. unaka tark maharaja ka sahi nazar aya. unhoanne adesh diya ki pratyek nimantrit vayakti ko kursi par baithaya jae. vishveshvaraiya ke lie ye kshan garvapoorn the. apani dridhata ke dvara unhoanne rashtriy garv ko badhava diya tha. jab unhean 'gad sev d kiang' (eeshvar raja ko surakshit rakhe) vala git gane ko kaha gaya, to unhean pata chala bharat ek british upanivesh hai. apane mamaloan mean bhi bharatiyoan ko kuchh kahane ka adhikar nahian tha. bharat ki adhikaansh sampatti videshiyoan ne h dap li thi. kya unake ghar mean kam karane vali naukarani videshi shasan ke karan garib hai? yah prashn vishveshvaraiya ke mastishk mean um data raha. rashtriyata ki chiangari jal uthi thi aur unake jivan mean yah ant tak jalati rahi.

maisoor ke divan

mukhy lekh : divan

chif ianjiniyar banane ke tin sal bad navambar, 1912 mean maisoor ke maharaja ne vishveshvaraiya ko vahaan ka divan (pradhanamantri) bana diya. akhirakar, ab unhean yojana banane, vikas ka badhane v protsahit karane ka adhikar prapt ho gaya tha. mukhyataya shiksha, udyog, vanijy aur lok nirman mean aur logoan ko is bat ke lie protsahit karane ke lie ki ve thik dhang se kam karean, khoob kamayean v achchhe dhang se rahean. pad sambhalane se pahale unhoanne apane rishtedaroan v ghanisht mitroan ko ratri bhoj par bulaya. vah bhavy samaroh tha. mezaban ne atithiyoan ka svagat kiya, unhean achchhe se khilaya. unaki badhaiyaan v shubhakamanaean svikar kian. phir unhoanne un sabako pas baithakar kaha ki vah tabhi is naukari ko svikar kareange, agar ve unaki shartoan ko man leange. mehamanoan ne ek doosare ki or dekha. ve janate the ki unake mezaban ki tippani mean kuchh sar hai. vishveshvaraiya ke shabdoan ko samajhane ke lie taiyar hone lage. unhoanne kaha ki unamean se koee bhi unase kisi bhi kism ke pakshapat ki apeksha nahian karega. n hi ve koee sarakari sanrakshan maangeange. kuchh mehamanoan ke muanh latak gaye. phir bhi, vishveshvaraiya ne apani bat spasht kar di thi. kisi bhi sandeh ki koee guanjaish nahian thi. divan ke pad rahate hue unhoanne unhoanne prajatantr ko badhava diya. vaidhanik manch ke vichar vimarsh ko kshetr adhik vistrit ho gaya. gram samitiyoan ko zyada adhikar sauanpe gayean isalie unhoanne aise manch banaye jo am janata ke vicharoan ka pratinidhitv karate the.

pres ki svatantrata

pres ko poorn svatantrata pradan ki gee. divan patrakaroan ka sath tab tak dete jab tak ve bina kisi pakshapat ke ghatanaoan ko likhate aur unaki alochana sakaratmak hoti. isase parivartan aya. am nirnayoan ki charcha karane mean sampadak adhik nirbhik ho gaye. patrakaroan ki josh ki bhavana v nishchayapoorn kathani ko vishveshvaraiya poorn chilachaspi se sunate. unhean laga ki pres unaki ashaoan ko poora kar raha hai. pres ke prati vishveshvaraiya ka ravaiya atal tha. isalie ve sampadakoan ki udarata se sahayata karate the. unhoanne unhean bachaya bhi, isaka praman karnatak saptahik ke sampadak di. vi. gundappa ke mamale mean milata hai. unhoanne sanh 1917 mean roos ki kranti ke bare mean ek riport bhi sampadakiy mean likhi thi ki tanashahi arajakata hai. isase british rejideant ko krodh a gaya. usane kaha ki sampadak ne n keval maharaja ka balki british shasan ka bhi apaman kiya hai. unhoanne sujhav diya ki vishveshvaraiya ko sampadak ke viruddh thos kadan uthana chahie. divan ne gundappa se poochhatachh ki aur unhean yah pata laga ki sampadakiy tippani rajatantr ke viruddh nahian hai. balki tanashahi ke viruddh hai. vishveshvaraiya ne unaki safaee man li aur age ki karravaee rok di. unhoanne british rejideant ki is sifarish ko bhi thukara diya ki 'bambee kronikal' jaise akhabaroan par rajy mean ane par rok laga di jaye, jisake sampadak the, 'bi. ji. hauraniman', jo british hone par bhi bharatiy rashtriy aandolan ke nishthavan samarthak the. is tarah se british rejideant ke davab ka samana karane mean vishveshvaraiya ne adamy sahas dikhaya.

audyogikikaran dvara adhunikikaran

• vaijnanik dhang se kiye gaye audyogikikaran dvara adhunikikaran hi divan ka mukhy lakshy ban gaya. unhoanne takaniki sansthaean kholi, uchch shiksha ke kendroan mean vriddhi ki.
• unaka vichar tha ki shiksha ke dvara hi bal vivah, dahej pratha, ashiksha aur jati bhed ki dharanaoan jaisi samajik buraiyoan se l da ja sakata hai.
• unake vicharoan mean 'hamari kamazoriyoan ka karan jatipratha hai aur yahi buraee sthaee roop se adhikaansh janata ke patan ka karan bhi hai.'
• shiksha ke dvara, ve apane jnan ko badhakar unhean naukari ke yogy banana chahate the. vah naukari mean bharti karane ke lie zaroori shiksha ke nyoonatam star ko kam nahian karana chahate the.

tyagapatr

vishveshvaraiya arakshan ke viruddh the. is mamale mean unamean aur maharaja mean matabhed ho gaya. vishveshvaraiya ne zor diya ki vah sarakari padoan ki gunavatta ko kam nahian kareange. yah alasy v akaryakushalata ko janm deta hai. jab unhoanne yah dekha ki maharaja nimn v pichh de varg ke logoan ki bhalaee ke lie niyamoan mean dhil dene ke dridh sankalp haian to unhoanne sanh 1919 mean tyagapatr de diya. naukari chho dane ke bad vishveshvaraiya sarakari kar ka prayog n karake apani kar mean ghar laut aye. yah pramanit karata hai ki vah sarakari suvidhaoan ka istemal karane mean kitani satarkata baratate the. jab vah vyaktigat kam se jate the, jab sarakari vahan ka istemal kabhi nahian karate the. aur jab vah vyaktigat patr likhate, to apane kagaz v dak samagri ka prayog karate.

upalabdhiyaan

chif ianjiniyar aur divan ke pad par kary karate hue vishveshvaraiya ne maisoor rajy ko jin sansthaoan v yojanaoan ka upahar diya, ve haian-

1. maisoor baiank (1913),
2. malanad sudhar yojana (1914),
3. ianjiniyariang k aaulej, bangalaur (1916),
4. maisoor vishvavidyalay aur oorja banane ke lie pavar steshan (1918)

lekhak ke roop mean

jab unhoanne naukari chho di tab unaki ayu 58 varsh se adhik thi. koee aur vyakti hota to lambi v sarthak naukari ke bad apane avakash par anand uthata, par vishveshvaraiya ne aisa nahian kiya. unhoanne 'bharat ka punarnirman' (1920), 'bharat ke liye niyojit arth vyavastha' (1934) namak pustakean likhian aur bharat ke arthik vikas ka margadarshan kiya.

golamej sammelan ka samarthan

• vishveshvaraiya sanh 1921 mean rashtravadiyoan mean sammilit ho gaye aur vaisaray se vichar-vimarsh kiya. svaraj ki maang par vichar karane ke lie unhoanne 'golamej sammelan' par zor diya.
• vikas yojanaoan mean utsahapoorvak bhag lete hue, vah gatividhiyoan ke bich rahe.
• bhadravati ispat yojana ke pichhe inhian ka hath tha.
• bangalaur mean 'hindustan havaee jahaz sanyantr' ki sthapana mean inhoanne dilachaspi dikhaee.
• unhoanne vijag pot-karakhana banane par zor diya aur nirman ke samay kee achchhe sujhav bhi diye.

nishpaksh vishveshvaraiya

us samay vah qarib 92 varsh ke the, jab pandit neharoo ne yah sujhav diya ki ganga par pul banane ke lie vah vibhinn rajy sarakaroan ke prastavoan ki jaanch karean. unhean bihar mean mokameh, rajamahal, sakarigali ghat, aur pashchim bangal mean farakka mean se do sthaloan ko chunana tha. neharoo ne yah kahakar unhean chuna ki 'vah eemanadar, charitravan v udar rashtriy drishtikon rakhane vale ianjiniyar haian, jo pakshapatarahit nirnay le sakate haian. sthaniy davaboan se oopar uth kar kary kar sakate haian aur unake vicharoan ka sab log samman karate haian, evan ve sab unako svikar karate haian.' vishveshvaraiya un sthaloan par gaye. unhoanne sah payalat ki sit par, k aaukapit mean baithakar, nadi aur nadi ke tatoan ka bariki se jaanch karane ke liye havaee sarvekshan kiya. taki pul banane ke lie sahi sthal ko chuna ja sake. is daure ke dauran vah patana mean ruke. rajyapal em. es. ane ne unhean rajabhavan mean rahane ka nimantran diya. vishveshvaraiya ne yah kahate hue asvikar kiya ki yah unake lie anuchit hoga ki vah rajyapal ki mehamanavazi ka anand uthayean. jabaki samiti ke any sadasy hotaloan mean raheange. rajyapal ne tab samiti ke sare sadasyoan ko amantrit kiya. bad mean em. es. ane ne kaha, 'suvidha se pahale kartavy vishveshvaraiya ka adarsh hai.' antat: vishveshvaraiya ne pul banane ke lie mokameh aur farakka namak sthanoan ka sujhav diya.

bharat ratn

apani shatabdi poori karane ke bad bhi yah mahanh vyakti poori tarah svasth tha. vah subah-sham sair par jate. vah sada samay ke paband rahe aur unamean jine ka utsah sada bana raha. vah apane vicharoan mean poornaroop se svatantr the. jab unhean sanh 1955 mean bharat ratn pradan kiya gaya, to unhoanne pandit neharoo ko likha, 'agar ap yah sochate haian ki is upadhi se vibhooshit karane se maian apaki sarakar ki prashansa karooanga, to apako nirasha hi hogi. maian saty ki tah tak pahuanchane vala vyakti hooan.' neharoo ne unaki bat ki prashansa ki. unhoanne vishveshvaraiya ko ashvasan diya ki rashtriy ghatanaoan v vikas par tippani karane ke lie vah svatantr haian. yah samman unhean unake karyoan ke liye diya gaya hai. isaka matalab unhean chup karana nahian hai.

aantim samay

102 varsh ki ayu mean bhi vah kam karate rahe. unhoanne kaha, "jang lag jane se behatar hai, kam karate rahana." jab tak vah kary kar sakate the, karate rahe. 14 aprail sanh 1962 ko unaka svargavas ho gaya. lekin vah apane karyoan ke dvara amar ho gaye. ant samay tak bhi unaka jnan pane ka utsah kam nahian hua tha. vah ekagrachitt hokar jnan ki talash karate rahe. jo jnan unhoanne prapt kiya, usase unhean prakriti aur prakriti mean nihit shakti v oorja ko jan kalyan ke lie kam mean lagane mean sahayata mili. vishveshvaraiya mahanh vyakti ke roop mean nahian janme the. n hi mahanata un par jabaradasti thopi gee thi. kathin parishram, jnan ko prapt karane ke athak prayas, pariyojanaoan v yojanaoan ko karyanvit karane ke lie jnan ka upayog, jisake dvara janasamuday ki arthik v samajik sthiti ko sudharane ke adhik avasar mile, dvara mahanata prapt ki. vishveshvaraiya mean bahumoortidarshi jaisa kuchh tha. jitani bar bhi ham unhean dekhate haian, unaki mahanata ka ek naya udaharan samane ata hai. chahe unhoanne kisi bhi drishtikon se socha ho, unaki mahanata ka koee muqabala nahian kar sakata. unaki gahan rashtriyata ki bhavana hi hai jo hamara dhyan aj bhi unaki or akarshit karati hai. doosari or ham unake kam ke prati drishtikon se prabhavit haian, aur age dekhean to gariboan ke prati unake sthaee prem ko dekhate haian, aur phir dekhean to ham unake achchhe svasthy mean jhaankate haian. unaki mahanata ke pahaloo asimit haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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