मौर्योत्तरकालीन विदेशी आक्रमण

pashchimottar bharat mean videshiyoan ka akraman sambhavatah mauryottar kal mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn ghatana thi. videshi akramanakariyoan ki is shrriankhala mean sabase pahale 'baiktrin grik' shasakoan ka nam ata hai. prachin bharatiy granthoan mean inhean 'yavan' ke nam se jana jata hai. itihas ke is kal ki janakari bauddh granthoan, jaise- bauddh jatak, divyavadan, lalitavistar, manjooshrimoolakalp, milindapanh, gargi sanhita, malavikagnimitramh evan kuchh abhilekhoan, sikkoan tatha puratatvik khojoan dvara prapt hoti haian.

baiktriya samrajy

hindukush parvat evan 'aauksas' ke madhy mean sthit 'baiktriya' atyant hi upajaoo pradesh tha. isake upajaoopan ke karan hi 'straibo' ne ise 'ariyana gaurav' kaha. baiktriya mean yoonani bastiyoan ka prarambh 'ekemenid kal' (lagabhag 5 vian shatabdi ee.poo.) mean hua. sikandar ki mrityu ke pashchath baiktriya par selyukas ka adhipaty raha, kintu antiyokas dvitiy ke shasan kal mean parthiya 'arseks' ke netritv mean aur baiktriya 'dayodotas' ke netritv mean svatantr ho gaya . dayodotas ki mrityu ke pashchath usake avayask putr ki hatya kar 'yoothidemas' namak ek mahatvakaanshi vyakti ne baiktriya ki satta hathiya li. selyookas vansh ke 'antiyokas tritiy' ne 'yoothidemas' ko baiktriya ka raja man liya aur 206 ee. poo. mean bharat ke viruddh ek abhiyan ka netritv kiya. yah abhiyan hindukush parvat ko par kar kabul ghati ke ek shasak subhagasen ke khilaf kiya gaya tha. subhagasen ko p aaulibiyas ne 'bharatiyoan ka raja' kaha. sambhavatah subhagasen dvara saanketik samarpan ke bad entyokas dher sare hathi evan harajane ki b di dhanarashi lekar vapis chala gaya. is prakar bharat par jin pramukh yavan rajaoan ne akraman kiya, unaka vivaran is prakar se hai-

videshi akramanakari aur unake bharatiy nam

videshi nam	bharatiy nam
baiktriyan	yavan
parthiyan	pahalav
sithiyan	shak
yoo-chi	kushan

demetriyas

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yoothidemas ki mrityu ke bad usaka putr demetriyas raja hua. sambhavatah sikandar ke bad demetriyas hi pahala yoonani shasak tha, jisaki sena bharatiy sima mean pravesh kar saki. usane ek b di sena ke sath lagabhag 183 ee.poo. mean hindukush parvat ko par kar siandh aur panjab par adhikar kar liya. demetriyas ke bharatiy abhiyan ki pushti patanjali ke 'mahabhashy', 'gargi sanhita' evan 'malavikagnimitramh' se hoti hai. is prakar demetriyas ne pashchimottar bharat mean 'iando-yoonani' satta ki sthapana ki.

mineandar

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mineandar pratham pashchimi raja tha, jisane bauddh dharm apanaya aur mathura par shasan kiya. usake rajy ki sima- baiktriya, panjab, himachal, tatha jammoo se mathura tak thi. demetriyas ke saman mineandar namak yavan raja ke bhi anek sikke uttar - pashchimi bharat mean upalabdh hue haian. mineandar ki rajadhani shakal (siyalakot) thi. bharat mean rajy karate hue vah bauddh shramanoan ke sampark mean aya aur achary nagasen se usane bauddh dharm ki diksha li. bauddh granthoan mean usaka nam 'milind' aya hai. 'milind panho' nam ke pali granth mean usake bauddh dharm ko svikrit karane ka vivaran diya gaya hai.

bharatiy yoonani sanpark ka parinam

ek taraf jahaan yoonani logoan ne bharatiy dharm se bahut kuchh sikha, vahian doosari or bharatiyoan ke kala, vijnan, mudra, jyotish adi kshetroan mean yoonaniyoan se prerana grahan ki. dharm evan darshan ke kshetr mean yoonaniyoan ne bharatiy dharm aur darshan ko grahan kiya. samrat mineandar ne nagasen se prabhavit hokar bauddh dharm grahan kiya. vahian doosari or entiyal kidas ke rajadoot heliyodoras ne bhagavat dharm ko svikar kiya. usane besanagar mean garu dadhvaj ki sthapana ki. shayad bhog evan tapasya ki vidhi yoonani logoan ne bharat se grahan ki. kala ke kshetr mean yoonani prabhav sarvatha drishtigochar hota hai. kala ki gandhar shaili ki nianv isi samay p di.

vijnan ka kshetr

vijnan ke kshetr mean bharat spashtatah yoonaniyoan se prabhavit hai. jyotishashastr se bharatiy log adhik prabhavit hue. bharatiy granthoan mean jyotish ke paanch siddhantoan ka varnan milata hai. ye siddhaant haian-

1. pitamah
2. vashisht
3. soory
4. polish aur
5. romak.

inamean antim do ka janm yoonani sampark se hua. tarn mahoday ke anusar, bharatiyoan ne yoonaniyoan se nishchat tithi se kal ganana ki pratha. sanvatoan ka prayog, saptah ke sat dinoan ka vibhajan, vibhinn grahoan ke nam adi jana.

sikka nirman

sikka nirman ke kshetr mean bharat yoonaniyoan ka rrini hai. yoonaniyoan ke sampark se poorv bharat mean 'panchamark' v 'ahat' sikke prayog mean lae jate the. yoonaniyoan ke prabhav ke karan bharatiy mudrayean sudaul, lekhayukt evan kalatmak hone lagian. yoonaniyoan ne yahaan jo sikke jari kie, usamean ek or raja ki akriti aur doosari or kisi devata ki moorti ka chihn bana hota tha. sarvapratham sikko par lekh utkirn karavane evan sone ke sikke ke lie prayukt shabd yavanika bharatiy sanskrit natakoan mean prayukt 'patakshe' ke lie yoonani shabd hai.

parthiyan (pahalav) evan shakoan ka akraman

sakshyoan ke abhav mean ab tak parthiyan shasakoan ke vishay mean paryapt janakari nahian mil saki hai. sambhavatah ee.poo. ki pahali shatabdi mean pashchimottar bharat ke kuchh bhagoan mean parthiyan ya pahalav log shasan kar rahe the. pahalavoan ka itihas evan shakoan ka itihas apas mean itana ghulamil gaya tha ki, yah nishchit kar pana asanbhav ho jata tha ki, kaun shasak pahalav hai, aur kaun shak. pahalav shakti ka vastavik sansthapak 'yookretaidis' ka samakalin 'mithredets' tha. pahalav moolatah parthiya ke nivasi the. sistan, kandhar aur kabul mean mile sikke is bat ki pushti karate haian ki, parthiyan logoan ka adhikar baiktriya ke atirikt in kshetroan par bhi tha. kuchh roman evan chini sahityoan mean bhi is bat ke sanket milate haian.

pahalav shasak

aisa mana jata hai ki, bharat ka pratham parthiyan shasak 'maus' ee. poo. 90 se ee. poo. 70 tha. pahalav shakti ka vastavik sansthapak 'mithredets pratham' tha. svat ghati evan gandhar pradesh mean ab tak mile sikke par kharoshthi lipi mean maus ka nam 'moy' milata hai. pahalav v parthiyan shasakoan mean sarvadhik khyatilab shasak 'godopharnis (20-41ee.) tha. kharoshthi lipi ke peshavar ke yoosuphajaee pradesh mean prapt abhilekh 'takhtebahi' mean ise 'gudanhar' evan farasi bhasha mean usaka nam 'vindapharn' (yash vijayi) milata hai. takhtebahi abhilekh se goandopharnis ka peshavar par adhikar siddh hota hai. isane qarib 22 varsh tak shasan kiya. goandopharnis ke shasan kal mean hi pratham eesaee dharm pracharak 'seant thamas' bharat aya. kalantar mean seant thamas ki madras ke samip sthit myalapur namak sthan par hatya kar di gee. kuchh samay pashchath 'yoo-chi-jati' ke kabiloan ne bharatiy-parthiyan satta ka tahas-nahas kar diya. parthiyan rajaoan ke sikkoan par 'dharmik' upadhi milati hai, jisase yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki, bharatiy sanskriti se ye bhi poornatay: prabhavit the.

shak

'yoo-chi' namak kabiloan dvara lagabhag 165 ee.poo. mean shakoan ko madhy eshiya se bhagaya gaya aur bhagate hue shak log baiktriya evan parthiya par akraman karate hue bharat pahuanche. shakoan ke vishay mean prarambhik janakari dara ke nakshi prastar lekh se milati hai. isake atirikt any janakari srotoan mean kuchh chini granth, jinamean shakoan ko 'see' v 'seevaang' kaha gaya hai. sath hi kuchh shakoan ke pae ge lekh evan sikkoan se bhi is sanbandh mean janakari milati hai. pramukh bharatiy sahity, puran, ramayan, mahabharat, mahabhashy, jainagranth adi mean bhi shakoan ke vishay mean janakari milati hai. jain granth 'kalkachary kathanak' mean ujjayini ke oopar shakoan ke akraman tatha vikramadity dvara unhe parajit karane ka ullekh milata hai. bharatiy sahity mean shakoan ke pradesh ko 'shakadvip' v 'shakasthan' kaha gaya hai.

shakoan ki shakhaean

bharat ke pashchimottar praant mean basane vale shakoan ne apane ko 'kshatrap' kaha. kshatrap shabd purane eerani shabd 'kshatrapavan' (prantiy garvanar) se liya gaya tha. bharatiy shakoan ki do shakhaean yahaan par shasan kar rahi thian. takshashila evan mathura ke shak shasak uttari kshatrap evan nasik tatha ujjain ke shak shasak pashchimi kshatrap kahalate the. takshashila ke pratham kshatrap shasak ke roop mean 'moang' ya 'moyej' ka (80ee.poo.) ullekh milata hai. isane gandhar mean pratham shak rajy ki sthapana ki. prapt sikkoan ke adhar par isake samrajy ka vistar pushkalavati, kapisha evan poorvi mathura tak siddh hota hai. any shasakoan mean ejej, ejilisej ka ullekh milata hai. mathura ke shak kshatrapoan ke vishay mean nishchit janakari ka abhav hai. mathura ke sianh shirsh abhilekh se rajool ya rajavul ke pratham shak kshatrap hone ka ullekh milata hai. sambhavatah inaka adhikar kshetr keval mathura tak hi tha.

pashchimi kshatrap kalantar mean 'yoo-chi' logoan se bhayabhit hokar dakshin ki or badh aye. pashchimi bharat mean do shak vanshoan ke astitv ke praman milate haian-

1. maharashtr ka kshaharat vansh
2. kardamak ('chashtan vansh' athava saurashtr aur malava ke shak kshatrap)

nasik mean shasan karane vala pratham 'kshaharatavanshi' shak kshatrak bhoomak tha. isake vishay mean sikkoan se janakari milati hai. gujarat, kathiyava d, malava evan rajapootana se prapt sikkoan mean isake vishay mean janakari milati hai.

nahapan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

bhoomak ke bad kshaharatavansh ka yogy shasak nahapan gaddi par baitha. isaka shasanakal sambhavatah 119 se 224 tak raha. nahapan ne apani mudraoan par 'raja' ki upadhi dharan ki. nahapan ka samrajy uttar mean ajamer evan rajapootana tak vistrit tha. isake antargat kathiyava d, dakshini gujarat, pashchimi malava, uttari koankan, nasik, poona adi sammilit the. nahapan ka damad 'rrishadatt' (ushadatt) nahapan ke samay mean usake dakshini prant govardhan (nasik) tatha mamall (poona) ka vayasaray tha.

chashtan

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

ujjayini ka pratham shak kshatrap shasak 'kardamavansh' ka chashtan tha. is vansh ka shasan kal sambhavatah 130 ee. se 388 ee. tak mana jata hai. chashtan sambhavatah pahale kushanean ki adhinata mean sindh kshetr ka kshatrap tha. nahapan ki mrityu ke bad use kushan samrajy ke dakshin pashchimi prant ka vayasaray niyukt kiya gaya tha. bad mean usane apane abhilekhoan mean shak sanvath ka prayog kiya hai. 'andhai' (kachchhakha di) ke abhilekh se jnat hota hai ki,130 ee. mean chashtan apane pautr rudradaman ke sath milakar shasan kar raha tha.

rudradaman

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

chashtan ke bad usaka pautr kardamak vanshi rudradaman gaddi par baitha. yah is vansh ka sarvadhik yogy shasak tha. isaka shasan kal 130 se 150 ee. mana jata hai. rudradaman ke vishay mean vistrit janakari usake joonagadh (giranar) se shak samvat 72 (150 ee.) ke abhilekh se milati hai. rudradaman ke joonagadh abhilekh se usake samrajy ke poorvi evan pashchimi malava, dvaraka ke as-pas ke kshetr, saurashtr, kachchh, siandhu nadi ka muhana, uttari koankan adi tak vistrit hone ka ullekh milata hai. isi abhilekh mean rudradaman dvara satavahan naresh dakshin pathasvami mean hi use 'bhrasht-raj-pratishthapak' kaha gaya hai. isane chandragupt maury ke mantri dvara banavayi gee, sudarshan jhil ke punanirman mean bhari dhan vyay karavaya tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh