मौर्यकाल में दास प्रथा

• meangasthaniz ne likha hai ki sabhi bharatavasi saman haian aur unamean koee das nahian hai.
• dayodoras ne likha hai, "qanoon ke anusar unamean se koee bhi kisi bhi paristhiti mean das nahian ho sakata."
• megasthaniz ko hi uddhrit karate hue straboan ka kahana hai, "bharatiyoan mean kisi ne apani seva mean das nahian rakhe."
• ek any sthal par strabo ne kaha, "chooanki unake pas das nahian haian, atah unhean bachchoan ki adhik avashyakata hoti hai.

videshi shaktiyoan ke vaktavyoan ka shabdashah svikar nahian kiya ja sakata. kyoki kam se kam buddh ke kal se hi dasoan ko utpadan ke kam mean lagaya jata tha aur pali tripitak mean isake asankhy ullekh haian. atah uparyukt vivaranoan ki vyakhya vibhinn prakar se ki ja sakati hai. ho sakata hai ki megasthaniz ko bharat mean dasoan ke prati svamiyoan ke dvara vyavahar nirmal aur sadabhavanapoorn laga ho athava yah bhi sambhav hai ki usane kisi vishesh kshetr ka hi ullekh kiya ho. ek sthan par to kautily ne likha hai ki n tvevaryasy dasavah, arthat kisi bhi paristhiti mean ary ke lie dasata nahian hogi. is sandarbh mean megasthaniz ke kathan ka yah arth ho sakata hai ki svatantr logoan ko ajivan dasata mean parinat karane ki simaean thian.

mauryakalin arthavyavastha mean dasoan ka mahattvapoorn yogadan tha. tripitak ki tulana mean kautily ne kahian adhik vistar se dasoan ka vargikaran kiya hai. jahaan tripitak mean dasoan ke char prakar batae ge haian, kautily ne nau ka ullekh kiya hai. aur phir 'das kalp' namak khand mean die ge niyam us tisare adhyay ke aang haian, jisamean qanooni mamaloan ki charcha hai. isaka arth hua ki kautily ne das pratha ki qanooni vaidhata ko svikar kiya tha. bauddh granthoan evan kautily arthashastr mean utpatti evan karyoan ke adhar par kie ge dasoan ke vargikaran se spasht hai ki ve sampatti ka ek roop the. yah ek rochak tathy hai ki in kritiyoan mean paee jane vali das sambandhi paribhashaean evan vyakhyaean us aantar ki or iangit nahian karati jo vaidik kal mean das evan ary mean tha. saanskritik evan nrijatiy vibhinnataoan ko adhar nahian mana gaya hai. ab das pratha keval arthik karanoan se sambandhit thi.

kendriy rajataantrik vyavastha par adharit maury samrajy ki sthapana se das pratha mean any roopaantaran bhi hue. abhiyan karake zabaradasti logoan ka apaharan karane ki niti par kautily dvara lagae ge pratibandhoan ka nirvachan isi prakar kiya ja sakata hai. desh ki rajanitik ekata ke pashchath is prakar ke abhiyanoan ka arth gaun ho gaya. kintu doosari or is rajanitik ekikaran ne ek aisi prakriya ko janm diya, jo desh ke arthik ekikaran tatha samrajy ke kone kone mean vyapar ke vikas ko n keval bana rahi thi apitu protsahit bhi kar rahi thi. is prakriya ke phalasvaroop nagaroan ka uday hua aur vyapariyoan ka prabhav badha. setthiyoan ke svarth hit n keval nagaroan mean the apitu gramin kshetroan se bhi ju de the. ve bhoo svami the aur kabhi kabhi to sampoorn gaanv unake adhin hote the. in bhoomiyoan par unake das kam karate the athava unhean kirae par utha liya jata tha. yah kafi tarkasangat lagata hai ki das shram ke dvara bhoomi karshan ka yah tariqa paryapt samany bat ho gayi thi. mauryoan ne isako samapt karane ka prayas nahian kiya. ashok ke kal mean kaliang ke yuddh ke pashchath sahasroan bandiyoan ki prapti huee aur yah asambhav nahian lagata ki unamean se kuchh to magadh ke bazaroan tak pahuanche hoan aur kuchh ko un utpadak gatividhiyoan mean lagaya gaya ho, jinake madhyam se madhy ganga ghati ki sanskriti ke tatvoan ka prasar doorasth kabayali kshetroan mean kiya gaya. kautily ke vivaranoan se yah bhi spasht hai ki rajy ki bhoomi par krishi kary mean, khadanoan mean, karakhanoan mean, suraksha prabandhoan mean bhi dasoan evan dasiyoan ka prayog kiya jata tha.

maury samrajy mean jis vistrit naukarashahi ke praman upalabdh haian, usako banae rakhane ke lie rajy ko paryapt dhan ki avashyakata hoti hogi. chooanki yah bhi spasht hai ki adhikariyoan ko vetan naqad diya jata tha, atah yah atyant avashyak tha ki rajy pratyek sambhav srot se dhanarjan karean. ek or jahaan vikasashil krishi evan vyapar ke kshetr se rajy ki ay badhana svabhavik tha, vahaan doosari or ham yah bhi dekhate haian ki juagharoan, madyapan ki dukanoan, veshyagharoan, adi ko bhi ay ka srot banane mean hichak mahasoos nahian ki gayi. veshyagharoan ke panapane mean to rajyoan ne pooanji nivesh bhi kiya. ganikaoan ke prashikshan or unhean lalit kalaoan mean nipun banane mean rajy ka jo vyay hota tha, usake karan ve ganikaean poorn roop se rajy ke niyantran mean thi. unaki amadani evan sampatti par rajy ka adhikar tha. unaki mukti tabhi sambhav thi, jab ki un par kie kharch ka 24 guna dhan diya jae. is pravadhan ki poorti lagabhag asambhav hi thi. atah ve ganikaean dasi tuly hi thian. halaanki unako sabhi prakar ke kamoan mean nahian lagaya ja sakata tha. uchch samajik varg ki seva karane vali ganika ke atirikt, rajy ke pas veshyaoan ka aisa samooh bhi tha jo bandhaki—poshakoan ke adhin tha aur jinake madhyam se rajy ko kafi ay hoti thi. gharoan mean bhi das anek kary karate the.

das pratha se sambandhit kautily ke vivaran ka ek mahattvapoorn aang ahitakoan ka varnan hai. kautily ne ajivan dasoan evan kisi kal vishesh ke lie samajhaute dvara utpann dasoan mean aantar rakha hai. das pratha par adharit any puratan samajoan ki bhaanti bharat mean bhi dasoan ke vyaktitv evan usake shram ka nipatara karane mean svami ko asimit adhikar prapt the. ek das ke roop mean jo vyakti kisi any ki sampatti tha, vah sabhy samaj ka sadasy nahian ho sakata tha. uparyukt abhidharana to poorn dasoan ke lie hi sahi utarati hai, kintu doosari or aise log the, jo asthayi roop se bandhak evan ashrit the. inako kautily ne 'ahitak' kaha hai. ye log ek nishchit kal ke lie hi seva karane ke uttaradayi hote the aur yah avadhi bit jane ke bad ek svatantr vyaktitv ke adhikari the. karmakaandiy ashauch krityoan ko karane ke lie un par koee dabav dalane par pratibandh tha. use becha nahian ja sakata tha aur n use dharak banaya ja sakata tha. svami ki ichchha ke bina samay par ane par vah svatantr ho jata tha. arthashastr ke anusar sahi arthoan mean to keval barbar, mlechchha hi, jo varn se bahar the, tatha anary (yahaan par aryoan mean shoodr sammilat haian) samaj ke sadasy sthayi roop se das banae ja sakate the. yah nirdharit karana kathin hai ki is niyam ka palan vastavikata mean kitana hota tha, kintu bandhak rakhane ki simaoan ko simit karane ke prayas tatha samuday mean svatantr sadasyoan ko das roop mean parinat karane ki sambhavanaoan ko kam karana prachin yug ke anek samajoan ki visheshata hai. kul milakar arthashastr ke vivechan se spasht hota hai ki rajy kisi prakar se dasoan ke star ko niyantrit aur das pratha ki samasyaoan ka spashtikaran karane ke lie ichchhuk tha.

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panne ki pragati avastha

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