मौर्य साम्राज्य का पतन

ashok ke bad hi maury samrajy ka patan arambh ho gaya tha aur lagabhag 50 varsh ke andar is samrajy ka aant ho gaya. itane alp samay mean itane b de samrajy ka nasht ho jana ek aisi ghatana hai ki itihasakaroan mean samrajy vinash ke karanoan ki jijnasa svabhavik hi hai.

mahamahopadhyay haraprasad shastri ne ashok ki dharmik niti ko samrajy ke patan ka mukhy karan mana hai. usake anusar ashok ki dharmik niti bauddhoan ke paksh mean thi aur brahmanoan ke visheshadhikaroan v unaki samajik shreshthata ki sthiti par kutharaghat karati thi. atah brahmanoan mean pratikriya huee, jisaki charamasima pushyamitr ke vidroh mean drishtigochar hoti hai. is mat ka saphalatapoorvak virodh karate hue prasiddh itihasakar 'hemachandr rayachaudhari' ka kahana hai ki ek to ashok ne pashubali par poorn pratibandh lagaya nahian tha aur phir svayan brahman granthoan mean bhi yajnadi avasaroan par pashu-bali ke virodh ke svar spasht sunaee de rahe the. atah ashok ke tathakathit pratibandh ko badha-chadha kar dikhaya gaya hai. dhammamahamatroan ke dayitvoan mean aisa koee ullekh nahian hai, jise brahman virodhi kaha jae. ve to brahman, shraman adi sabhi ke kalyan ke lie the. rajukoan jaise nyayadhikariyoan ko jo adhikar die ge ve bhi brahmanoan ke adhikaro par aghat karane ke uddeshy se nahian apitu dand vidhan ko lokahit evan adhik manaviy banane ke uddeshy se prerit the aur n hi senani pushyamitr shuang ke vidroh ko brahmanoan dvara sangathit kranti kahana uchit hoga. yah to sainik kranti thi, jisamean dharm ka put nahian tha. aise koee praman nahian haian jinake adhar par yah kaha ja sake ki pushyamitr ki rajyakranti ka karan sena par poorn adhikar rakhane vale senapati ki mahattvakaanksha thi, asantusht brahmanoan ke ek samuday ka netritv nahian.

durbal uttaradhikari

maury samrajy ke patan ke karanoan mean ashok ke durbal uttaradhikariyoan ka bhi kuchh uttaradayitv tha. vanshanugat samrajy tabhi tak bane rah sakate haian jab tak yogy shasakoan ki shrriankhala bani rahe. chandragupt aur ashok parakrami yoddha aur kushal shasak the, atah ve itane vishal samrajy ki ekata banae rakhane mean saphal rahe. parantu ashok ke uttaradhikari is kary ke lie sarvatha ayogy the. jinake parinamasvaroop samrajy ke vibhinn bhag dhire-dhire alag hone lage. ye durbal shasak is vighatan ko rokane mean asaphal rahe. samrat ashok ka samrajy usake uttaradhikariyoan mean vibhajit ho gaya. isase vighatan prakriya ki gati aur badhi aur samrajy ki suraksha ko bhari kshati pahuanchi.

hemachandr rayachaudhari ke anusar mauryoan ke doorasth prantoan ke shasak atyachari the. divyavadan mean bindusar aur ashok ke samay takshashila mean vidroh hone ka ullekh hai. donoan bar unhoanne rajakumar ashok aur kunal se dushtamatyoan ke viruddh shikayatean kian. divyavadan mean ullikhit amatyoan (uchchadhikariyoan) ki dushtata ki pushti ashok ke kaliang abhilekh se bhi hoti hai. kaliang ke uchch adhikariyoan ko sambodhit karate hue ashok ne kaha hai ki nagarikoan ki nazarabandi ya unako di jane vali yatana akaran nahian honi chahie. is uddeshy ki poorti ke lie samrat ashok ne prati paanchavean varsh kendr se nirikshatan ke lie uchchadhikariyoan ko bhejane ki vyavastha ki. isamean koee sandeh nahian hai ki ashok ne in uchch adhikariyoan ki karyavidhiyoan par niyantran rakha, kintu usake uttaradhikariyoan ke rajyakal mean ye karmachari adhik svatantr ho ge aur praja par atyachar karane lage.

atyachar ke karan doorasth prant avasar pate hi svatantr ho ge. kaliang aur uttarapath aur sambhavatah dakshinapath ne sabase pahale maury samrajy se sambandh vichchhed kar liya. chandragupt ki vijayoan, kautily ki kootaniti tatha chakravarti samrat ke adarsh ke bavajood maury samrajy ke aantargat kee ardhasvatantr rajy the jaise yavan, kamboj, bhoj, atavik rajy adi. kendriy satta ke durbal hote hi ye pradesh svatantr ho ge. sthaniy svatantrata ki bhavana ko chandragupt ne apane susangathit shasan se tatha ashok ne apane naitikata par adharit dhamm se kam karane ka prayas kiya. kintu ayogy uttaradhikariyoan ke shasanakal mean yah bhavana aur bhi adhik badhi aur samrajy ke vighatan mean sahayak siddh huee.

kuchh vidvanoan ne arthik karanoan ko bhi maury samrajy ke patan ka karan mana hai. ashok ki danashilata ne maury arthavyavastha ko ast vyast kar diya tha. bauddh mathoan aur bhikshukoan ko prabhoot dhanarashi dan mean di jane lagi. divyavadan mean ashok ke dan ki jo kathaean di gee haian unaki pushti any bauddh anushrutiyoan se bhi hoti hai. shasan aur sena ka sangathan, sanchar sadhan tatha janata ke kalyan ke bajay jab yah dhanarashi sampradayoan ko di jane lagi to shasan vyavastha aur visheshakar sainy sangathan ki avahelana hone lagi. isake parinam atyant ghatak siddh hue.

arthavyavastha

romila thapar ne kosaanbi ke mat ka ullekh kiya hai ki uttarakalin mauryoan ke rajy kal mean arthavyavastha sankatagrast thi. kar vriddhi ke lie anek upay apanae ge. is kal ke ahat sikkoan mean kafi milavat hai kintu d aau. thapar ne svayan is mat ka khandan kiya hai. mauryoan ke hi kal mean sarvapratham rajy ki ay ke pramukh sadhan ke roop mean karoan ke mahattv ko samajha gaya. vikasit arth vyavastha aur rajy ke karyakshetr ke vistar ke sath karoan mean vriddhi hona svabhavik hi hai. sikkoan mean milavat hone se yah natija nikala ja sakata hai ki arth vyavastha par bhari dabav tha. uttarakalin mauryoan ke shasan mean kshin niyantran ke karan milavat vale sikke adhik matra mean jari hone lage, visheshakar un pradeshoan mean jo samrajy se alag ho ge the. chaandi ki adhik maang hone ke karan ho sakata hai ki chaandi ke sikkoan mean chaandi ki matra mean kami ho gee ho. isake alava kosaanbi ki yah dharana is adhar par bani hai ki ye ahat sikke maury kal ke haian, kintu yah nishchit nahian hai. hastinapur tatha shishupal gadh ki khudaiyoan se jo mauryakalin avashesh mile haian, unase ek vikasit arth vyavastha tatha bhautik samriddhi ka hi parichay milata hai.

maury atyachar

nihar ranjan ray ke anusar pushyamitr ki rajy kranti maury atyachar se viruddh tatha mauryoan dvara apanae ge videshi vicharoan ka, visheshatah kala ke kshetr mean asvikar tha. is tark ka adhar yah hai ki saanchi aur bharahut kala lok parampara ke anukool tatha bharatiy hai kintu maury kala is lok kala se bhinn hai aur videshi kala se prabhavit hai. nihar ranjan ray ke anusar janasadharan ke vidroh ka doosara karan ashok ke dvara samajoan ka nishedh tha, jisase janata ashok ke viruddh ho gee. kintu saval yah hai ki yah nishedh ashok ke uttaradhikariyoan ne bhi jari rakha ki nahian. isake atirikt janata ke vidroh ke lie yah avashyak hai ki mauryoan ki praja mean vibhinn staroan par ek sangathit rashtriy jagaran ho taki ve pushyamitr ke samarthan mean mauryoan ke atyachar ke viruddh vidroh ka samarthan kar sakean. kintu aisi jagriti ki sambhavana tatkalin paristhitiyoan mean sambhav nahian dikhaee deti.

prashasanik vyavastha

d aau. romila thapar ka vivechan mukhy roop se mauryayugin prashasanik vyavastha ki visheshataoan par adharit hai. sarvapratham unhoanne shasan mean kendrikaran ki pradhanata ka ullekh kiya hai. aise shasan ke lie yah atyant avashyak tha ki shasak kafi yogy ho. kendr ke shithil shasan ka kamazor p dana svabhavik tha. ashok ki mrityu ke bad, visheshakar jab samrajy ka vibhajan ho gaya to kendr ka niyantran shithil ho gaya aur prant samrajy se prithakh hone lage.

ayogy shasak

doosara karan hai ki adhikarik tantr bhali-bhaanti prashikshit nahian tha. pratiyogita pariksha ke adhar par chune hue adhikari hi rajanitik halachal ke bich shanti evan vyavastha banae rakhane mean samarth ho sakate the. kautily ke arthashastr mean aisi vyavastha paee jati hai. d aau. thapar ka yah mat svikar nahian kiya ja sakata. arthashastr ke amaty varg ka achchhi prakar adhyayan karane se spasht hoga ki sabhi uchch karmachari yogyataoan ke adhar par niyukt hote the. yatharth parikshan ke adhar par adhikariyoan ki niyukti ki jo vyavastha maury kal mean thi vah prachin bharat ya madhyakalin bharat mean kahian bhi nahian payi jati. adhunik pratiyogita pariksha paddhati ki kalpana us yug mean karana aitihasik drishti se anuchit hoga. shasan sangathan ke sambandh mean yah bhi kaha gaya hai ki aisi pratinidhi sabha ka abhav tha jo ki raja ke karyoan par niyantran rakh sake. kintu rajatantr par adharit sabhi prachin tatha madhyakalin rajyoan ki yahi visheshata hai. aisi sthiti mean ham prati nidhi sanstha ke abhav ko maury samrajy ke patan ka karan nahian man sakate. kaha gaya hai ki mauryakalin rajanitik vyavastha mean rajy ki kalpana ka abhav tha.

rajy ki kalpana isalie avashyak hai ki rajy ko raja, shasan tatha samajik vyavastha se oopar mana jata hai. rajy vah satta hai jisake prati vyakti ki shasan v samaj se pare poorn nishtha ya bhakti rahati hai. kintu maury shasan mean rajy ki kalpana ki gee hai. kautily ne jis 'saptaang' rajy ki kalpana ki hai vah kafi vikasit thi. kintu yadi yah bhi man liya jae ki rajy ki kalpana maury yug mean nahian thi, to yoonan ke atirikt vishv mean prachin tatha madhy kal mean rajy ki aisi sankalpana nahian paee jati jahaan rajy, raja tatha samaj se oopar ho aur jisake prati vyakti ki, raja tatha samaj ki apeksha, adhik nishtha ho. yahi bat rashtriy bhavana ke sambandh mean kahi ja sakati hai. rashtr ki bhavana adhunik rajanitik tattv hai. prachin tatha madhy kal mean isaki khoj karana vyarth hoga. etheansasparta sadrish chhote deshoan mean yah bhavana sambhav hai. kintu ek samrajy jisamean anek rajyoan tatha jatiyoan ke log hoan, isaki kalpana karana asangat hai. akhamini tatha roman samrajyoan mean kya is bhavana ki sambhavana ho sakati hai.

hamare vichar mean 'romila thapar' dvara prastut kie ge uparyukt karanoan mean se koee bhi maury samrajy ke vighatan ka khas tatha prabal karan nahian lagata. mukhy karan to kendr mean yogy shasak ka abhav hai. vanshanugat samrajy tabhi bane rah sakate haian jab vansh mean ek ke bad doosara yogy shasak ho. ashok ke bad yogy uttaradhikariyoan ka nitaant abhav raha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

sambandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

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