याज्ञवल्क्य

yajnavalky ko vaidik mantradrashta rrishiyoan tatha upadeshta acharyoan mean sarvopari sthan prapt hai. ye mahanh adhyatmavetta, yogi, jnani, dharmatma tatha shri ram ki katha ke mukhy pravakta the. bhagavan soory ki pratyaksh kripa inhean prapt thi. puranoan mean inhean brahma ji ka avatar bataya gaya hai. shrimadbhagavat mean aya hai ki ye devarat ke putr the. maharshi yajnavalky ke dvara vaidik mantroan ko prapt karane ki rochak katha puranoan mean prapt hoti hai. tadanusar yajnavalky vedachary maharshi vaishampayan ke shishy hue the. inhian se unhean mantr shakti tatha ved adi ka jnan prapt hua tha.

brahma ke avatar

aisi manyata hai ki yajnavalky brahma ji ke avatar the. yajn mean patni savitri ki jagah gayatri ko sthan dene par savitri ne krodhavash inhean shrap de diya. is shap ke karan hi ve kalantar mean yajnavalky ke roop mean charan rrishi ke yahaan utpann hue. vaishampayan ji se yajurved sanhita evan rrigaved sanhita vashkal muni se padhi. vaishampayan ke rusht ho jane par yajuah shrutiyoan ko vaman kar diya, tab suramy mantroan ko any rrishiyoan ne titar banakar grahan kar liya. tatpashchath sooryanarayan bhagavan se vedadhyayan kiya. shri tulasidas ji ne inhean param viveki kaha. inake ved jnan ho jane par log b de utkrisht prashn karate the, tab soory ne kaha, "jo tumase atiprashn tatha vad-vivad karega, usaka sir phat jayega." shakaly rrishi ne upahas kiya to unaka sir phat gaya.

guru se vivad

maharshi vaishampayan apane shishy yajnavalky se bahut sneh rakhate the aur inaki bhi guru mean anany shraddha evan seva-nishtha thi; kiantu daivayog se ek bar guru se inaka kuchh vivad ho gaya, jisase guru rusht ho gaye aur kahane lage- "maianne tumhean yajurved ke jin mantroan ka upadesh diya hai, unhean tum ugal do." guru ki ajna thi, manana to tha hi. nirash ho yajnavalky ne sari ved mantr vidya moortaroop mean ugal di, jinhean vaishampayan ji ke doosare any shishyoan ne 'tittir' (titar pakshi) banakar shraddhapoorvak grahan kar liya, arthat ve ved mantr unhean prapt ho gaye. yajurved ki vahi shakha, jo titar banakar grahan ki gayi thi, 'taittiriy shakha' ke nam se prasiddh huee.

soory se jnan prapti

yajnavalky ji ab devajnan se shoony ho gaye the, guru bhi rusht the, ab ve kya karean? tab unhoanne pratyaksh dev bhagavan soory ki sharan li aur unase prarthana ki ki 'he bhagavan! he prabho! mujhe aise yajurved ki prapti ho, jo ab tak kisi ko n mili ho. bhagavan soory ne prasann ho unhean darshan diya aur ashvaroop dharan kar yajurved ke un mantroan ka upadesh diya, jo abhi tak kisi ko prapt nahian hue the. ashvaroop soory se prapt hone ke karan shukl yajurved ki ek shakha 'vajasaney' aur madhy din ke samay prapt hone se 'madhyandin' shakha ke nam se prasiddh ho gayi. is shukl yajurved-sanhita ke mukhy mantradrashta rrishi achary yajnavalky haian.

is prakar shukl yajurved hamean maharshi yajnavalky ji ne hi diya hai. is sanhita mean chalis adhyay haian. aj pray: adhikaansh log is ved shakha se hi sambaddh haian aur sabhi pooja anushthanoan, sanskaroan adi mean isi sanhita ke mantr viniyukt hote haian. 'rudrashtadhyayi' nam se jin mantroan dvara bhagavan rudr (sadashiv) ki aradhana hoti hai, ve isi sanhita mean vidyaman haian. is prakar maharshi yajnavalky ka lok par mahanh upakar hai. is sanhita ka jo brahman bhag 'shatapath brahman' ke nam se prasiddh hai aur jo brihadaranyakopanishad' hai, vah bhi maharshi yajnavalky dvara hi hamean prapt hai. gargi, maitreyi aur katyayani adi brahmavadini nariyoan se jo inaka jnan-vijnan evan brahmatatv-sambandhi shastrarth hua, vah bhi prasiddh hi hai. videharaj janak jaise adhyatm-tattvavettaoan ke ye gurupadbhak rahe haian. inhoanne prayag mean bharadvaj ji ko shri ramacharitamanas sunaya. sath hi inake dvara ek mahattvapoorn dharmashastr ka pranayan hua hai, jo 'yajnavalkyasmriti' ke nam se prasiddh hai, jis par mitakshara adi praudh sanskrit tikaean huee haian.

sarvashreshth darshanik

yah pray: sarvavidit hai ki samast bharatiy darshanoan ke mool upanishadoan mean milate haian. ye upanishad svayan ved ke aantim bhag aur tatpary haian. in upanishadoan mean sabase prachin tatha akar mean sabase b da aur gaurav yukt 'brihadaranyak' upanishad hai. is upanishad ke sarvashreshth darshanik yajnavalky haian. isi se anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki yajnavalky ka sthan bharatiy darshan mean kitana ooancha hai. unhoanne videharaj janak ke darabar mean tatkalin samast mahanh darshanikoan se shastrarth karake apane darshan ko sarvochch darshan siddh kiya tha. unaka advait vedant ke roop mean aj bhi surakshit hai. yah kahane mean atishayokti nahian hai ki yajnavalky samast advait vedantiyoan ki mala ke sumeru haian. unhian se advait vedant ka shastriy roop arambh hota hai.

samay kal

yajnavalky ka samay lagabhag 1200 ee.poo. hai. inake vichar mukhyat: brihadaranyak upanishad ke yajnavalkyiy kand mean upalabdh haian. isake atirikt vahian madhukand mean bhi unake vichar milate haian. ve yajurvedi brahman the, kintu ve rrigved, samaved tatha atharvaved bhi padhate the. isalie shankarachary ne likha hai ki ve charoan vedoan ke jnata the. isase siddh hota hai ki karmakaand, upasanakaand aur jnanakaand tinoan mean poorn nishnat the. vishnupuran ke anusar svayan yajnavalky ne shukl yajurved ko soory se prapt kiya tha aur shukl yajurved ki samast shakhaean yajnavalky dvara hi pravartit ki gayi haian. kuchh bhi ho, yajnavalky shukl yajurved ke sarvashreshth rrishi haian.

brihadaranyakopanishad se jnat hota hai ki yajnavalky kuru paanchal pradesh ke nivasi the. ve vivahit the aur maitreyi tatha katyayani unaki do patniyaan thian. maitreyi brahmavadini aur jijnasu thi tatha katyayani ghar-grihasthi mean hi ruchi lene vali sadharan mahila thi. maitreyi ka yah vaky aj bhi darshanikoan ke lie preranadayi hai-

'yenahan namrita syam kimahan ten kuryamh'

arthath 'jisase maian amar nahian ho sakati, use lekar maian kya karooangi'? yah bat maitreyi ne yajnavalky ke is kathan ke prati kahi thi ki 'amritatvasy tu nashasti vitten', arthath vitt se amaratv ko nahian prapt kiya ja sakata. phir amaratatv ko kaise prapt kiya ja sakata hai. ek shabd mean uttar hai- tyag se.

varnashram dharm ka palan

punashch yajnavalky ne varnashram dharm ka poorn palan kiya tha. brahmachary se grihasth aur phir vanaprasth tatha ant mean sannyas ashram mean unhoanne pravesh kiya tha. unaki patni maitreyi bhi vanaprasth ashram mean unake sath hi thi, aur lagata hai ki usane bhi sannyas liya tha. yajnavalky ka sannyas vidvat sannyas tha. ve brahmanishth ya brahmavetta arthath jivanamukt the. sannyas kab lena chahie. is vishay par yajnavalky hi praman haian. ve kahate haian ki samanyat: matrirrin, pitrirrin tatha gururrin ada karake putraishana, vitaishana tatha lokaishana se mukt hokar sannyas liya jana chahie. isaka tatpary yah hai ki samanyat: grihasthashram ke bad hi sannyas lena chahie. kintu vishesh paristhitiyoan mean brahmachary ke bad bhi sannyas liya ja sakata hai. kyoanki jis kshan vairagy ho jaye, usi kshan sannyas liya ja sakata hai. 'yadaharev virajettadaharev pravrarjeth.' unake is siddhaant ne bahut b di kranti ki hai aur anek mahatmaoan ko paida kiya, jinhoanne vairagy hote hi sannyas liya aur atm sakshatkar kiya. is vairagy se samast bandhan ya kartavy pash apane ap toot jate haian.

darshan ki abhivyakti

brihadaranyak upanishad mean maitreyi (2/4, 4/5), ashval (3/1), artamarg (3/2), bhujyu (3/3), ushast (3/4), kahol (3/5), gargi (3/6, 3/8), arooni (3/8, 3/7), shakaly (3/9) aur janak (4/1-4) ke sath yajnavalky ke sanvad haian. inhian mean unaka darshan abhivyakt hua hai. inake atirikt jabal, brihadjabal, ramottaratapini, paiangal, tarak, yajnavalky adi upanishadoan mean bhi pramukh upadeshak rrishi ke roop mean yajnavalky ate haian. kintu ye upanishad brihadaranyak se arvachin hai, jo mantrashastr aur bhaktishastr ke anukool hai. tulasidas ke ramacharitamanas mean jo yajnavalky aur bharadvaj sanvad liya gaya hai, usaka mool ragottar-tapini upanishad hai, jahaan yajnavalky ne bharadvaj ko batalaya hai ki ramachandr hi advait paramanand brahm haian. kintu ye sab mat paravarti darshanikoan ne yajnavalky ke nam madhe haian. mool roop se yajnavalky ka darshan brihadaranyakopanishad mean hi hai. at: usi ke adhar par unake darshan ka vivechan yahaan kiya jaega.

yajnavalky ki darshanik pranali

yajnavalky ka darshan upapatti pradhan hai. mukhyat: ve darshanik vad-vivad dvara tatv vivechan karate haian. yahi karan hai ki unhoanne apani patni maitreyi, raja janak tatha any vidvanh darshanikoan se sanvad karake apane tatvajnan ko vikasit kiya aur use unake dvara svikrit bhi karavaya. vidvanh darshanikoan ke prashnoan ke jo uttar yajnavalky ne die haian, unase unaka shastr jnan tatha arsh-drishti donoan siddh hote haian. udaharan ke lie ashval aur shakaly ke sath hue vivad se unaka yajn tatha dev sambandhi shastr jnan siddh hota hai aur bhujyu ke sath hue vivad se unaka arsh jnan aur trikalajnata siddh hote haian. arthath ve bhoot, bhavishy tatha vartaman ki samast vastuoan ko hastamalakavath janate the. kintu ve manate the ki kuchh aisa jnan hai, jise jatpanyay se ya vad-vivad se nahian prapt kiya ja sakata tatha usako ekant mean hi samajha tatha samajhaya ja sakata hai. isalie artabhag ko ve ekant mean le jakar samajhate haian aur usase vah shant ho jata hai. yahi karan hai ki ve gargi ko param saty ke bare mean sabha mean nahian batalate aur use phatakarate haian. ve kuchh prashnoan ko avyakrit manate haian, prashnoan ki bhi apani simaean haian.

jnan ke sadhan

jnan ke tin sadhan, shravan, manan aur nididhyasan haian, jinaka pratham vivechan aur prayog yajnavalky ne hi kiya hai. unaka kahana hai ki atma ka shravan karana chahie, manan karana chahie aur nididhyasan karana chahie. atma ke shravan, manan tatha nididhyasan se sab kuchh jnat ho jata hai.

at: spasht hai ki pratyaksh, anuman, shastr tatha pratibhajnan yajnavalky ke lie jnan ke sadhan haian. unaki darshanik pranali poornat: vaidik darshan ki pranali hai. rrishirdarshanat ke adhar par ve sachche rrishi the. unake pas kuchh alaukik jnan tha. kuchh yog ki siddhiyaan bhi thian. is jnan se unhoanne gandharv aur bhujyu ke bich hue sanvad ko jan liya tha. isi jnan se unhean vakh siddhi bhi prapt huee thi aur ve amodh shap bhi de sakate the. kintu unhoanne apane darshan ko yathasanbhav yauktik dharatal par rakha hai. upast, kahoy, maitreyi tatha janak se hue sanvad mean unhoanne apane ko yathasanbhav buddhivadi ke roop mean sthapit kiya hai. ve anubhavavad tatha bhautikavad ke alochak haian aur us buddhivad ke samarthak haian, jisaka paryavasan pratibhajnan mean hota hai. ve jnanamarg ke shastriy roop ke sarvapratham pravartak haian. unaka mat hai ki mukti bina jnan sanbhav hai : rrite jnanannamukti.

atma ka darshan

yajnavalky ke sanvadoan se aj bhi is muktidayak ya tarak jnan ko prapt kiya ja sakata hai. is jnanamarg ki do prakriyaean haian, jo ki sath-sath chalati haian. ek anvay ki prakriya hai aur doosari vyaktirek ki. anvay prakriya ke anusar atma aantaryami hai. yahi nahian, vah sab vishayoan mean bhi nihit hai. is drishti se dekhane par atma ka darshan sarvatr hota hai. jaise vah sabhi vastuoan ka ekayan ya parayan hai, vaise vah sabhi jney vishayoan ka prakashak bhi hai. pratyek vishay me atma ka prakash hai. phir vyatirek drishti se atma ko kisi simit vastu se abhinn nahian kiya ja sakata. jab kisi ne atma ko is roop mean samajha, tab yajnavalky ne 'neti-neti' kaha. arthath atma ka varnan simit vastuoan ke jnan ka nishedh karake kiya jata hai- 's esh neti netyatma'. yajnavalky ne sarvantar ki kalpana tatha neti-neti ki pratikriya dvara atma ka sahi jnan anek jijnasuoan ko pradan kiya tha. atma ki ye hi do pranaliyaan haian. neti-neti pranali ka hi vikas nagarjun ne shoonyakal mean kiya. shankarachary ne nagarjun ka khandan karate hue yajnavalky ki sarvantar pranali ka sahara liya aur kaha ki neti-neti ki pranali ka ashray aantaryami atma ka bodh hai.

atmavad ka niroopan

yajnavalky ne anek drishtaantoan tatha yuktiyoan se atmavad ka niroopan kiya hai. ve atma ke atirikt any kisi vastu ki paramarthik satta ko svikar nahian karate haian. atma ke atirikt jo kuchh hai, vah art, anrit aur mrityuparak hai tatha ajnan par adharit hai. at: vah svapnavat hai. ve kahate haian-

1. atma sarvantar hai aur isake atirikt jo kuchh hai, vah nashavan hai. atma satyamh satyamh hai. vah param saty hai. mahanh aur advitiy hai. vah anu se bhi anutar aur mahanh se bhi mahattar hai.
2. atma sakshath aparokshath brahma hai. yahi sarv hai. yah sab ka parayan hai arthath jo kuchh hai, usaki pratishtha atma mean hi hai. vah atma mean hi ot-prot hai. vah svapratishthit hai, svayanjyoti hai.
3. atma jnata hai. jnata ka viparilop kabhi bhi nahian hota. ghor sushupti ki avastha mean bhi rahata hai. sharir ki mrityu ke uparant bhi vah jnata rahata hai. vidya, karm aur poorv prajna mritak manushy ki atma ke sath mrityu ke bad bhi rahate haian.
4. jnata ko jney roop mean jana nahian ja sakata. 'vijnataramare ken vijaniyath' jnata ko kaise jana ja sakata hai. yajnavalky ka yah mat atma ko avishay siddh karata hai. jo atma sabako janati hai, usako kisake dvara jana sakata hai. arthath kisi ke dvara nahian.
5. atma sarvatr avibhakt hai. usake atirikt kuchh any (doosara) hai hi nahian, jisako usase vibhakt mana jaye.
6. jo atma ke atirikt dikh p data hai, vah vastut: any-sa hai, vah any ya itar nahian hai. buddhi poorvak dekhane par jnat hota hai ki drishyaman nanatv ka astitv hai hi nahian. jo is nanatv ko dekhata hai, vah janm maran ke chakr mean p da hai, arthath vah bandhan mean hai.

manavesanudrashtavyan neh nanasti kianchan.
mrityo: s mrityumapnoti y ih nanev pashyati..

atma n keval param sath aur param jnar hai, apitu vah param mooly bhi hai. atma ke lie hi sab kuchh priy hota hai. 'atmanastu kamay sarv priyan shvati'. jo kuchh priy hai, usaka ashray atma hi hai. vahi paramarth hai. any moolyoan ki upalabdhi mean jo anand ya sukh hai, vah atmopalabdhi ka hi aansh matr hai. sachcha anand atm-labh hai. atma ek ras tatha anand matr hai.

1. is prakar atma hi sarv hai- 'idamh sarvatr yadayamatma.' atma brahm hai- 'ayamh atma brahma.'
2. atma ka jnan advait darshan hai. jab tak dvait-sa dikh p data hai, tab tak ek doosare ko dekhata hai. kintu jab advait darshan ho jata hai, to phir bhed ya dvait sanbhav nahian rahata hai. at: bhed-jnan dvait-jnan ajnanamoolak hai.

any darshanikoan se tulana

uparyukt vicharoan se spasht hai ki yajnavalky ka darshan kattar advaitavad hai. pal d aauyasan ne isaki tulana paramenidij advaitavad tatha kaant ke atmavad se ki hai. adhunik anek vidvanoan ne isaki tulana plotinam, spinoja, hegal, grin, braidali adi ke advaitavadoan se ki hai. profesar ranade ne yajnavalky ke darshan ki tulana phaiiangar ke ivavad se ki hai. isase spasht hai ki yajnavalky vishv ke moordhany advaitavadi darshanikoan mean se ek haian. unaka advaitavad atmadvaitavad hai. vah dravyadvaitavad, sattadvaitavad ya vijnanadvaitavad nahian hai. at: jin pashchaty darshanikoan ke advaitavad ke sath yajnavalky ke darshan ki tulana ki gayi hai, yajnavalky ka advaitavad unake advaitavad se prakarataya bhinn hai. yadi unake atm niroopan ki samiksha ki jaye to pata chalega ki vasvat mean unhoanne apane atmadvaitavad ke lie sattamoolak, jnanamoolak yuktiyaan di haian, jinaki prasangikata shashvat hai. yajnavalky vishv ke adhyatmavadi, pratyayavadi aur paramavadi darshanikoan mean agrany haian.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

vishv ke pramukh darshanik (hindi) |lekhak: pro. sangamalal pandey |prakashak: vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog, nee dilli, 684. |prishth sankhya: 430 |

sanbandhit lekh

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