यातायात और परिवहन
[[chitr:Grand-Trunk-Road-Route.png|thumb|350px|graind trank rod marg qabul se kolakata tak]]
- bharat mean parivahan
bharat desh ke nirantar vikas mean sucharoo aur samanvit parivahan pranali ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti hai. vartaman pranali mean yatayat ke anek sadhan, jaise- rel, s dak, tatavarti nau-sanchalan, vayu parivahan ityadi shamil haian. pichhale kuchh varshoan mean is kshetr mean ullekhaniy vriddhi ke sath-sath isaka vistar hua hai aur kshamata bhi badhi hai. jahajarani, s dak parivahan evan rajamarg mantralay, rel aur nagar vimanan ko chho dakar parivahan ke vibhinn sadhanoan ke vikas ke lie nitigat karyakram banane aur unhean lagoo karane ki zimmedari nibhata hai.
s dak parivahan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dak parivahan ne bharat ke samajik evan arthik vikas mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhayi hai. kam evan madhyam dooriyaan tak ke lie yah yatayat ka sarvadhik sugam evan sasta sadhan bhi haian. vastav mean yah seva parivahan ke any sadhanoan ki sahayak hai, kyoki isaki vishvasaniyata, shighrata, lachilapan evan daravaze tak pradan ki jane vali suvidha kafi mahattvapoorn bhoomika nibhati hai. bharat mean bhautik visheshataoan ke karan rel parivahan ek sima tak hi kiya sakata hai. atev s dakoan ka mahattav apane ap badh jata hai. isaka sabase mahattvapoorn bindoo savariyoan ki sankhya mean lagatar hone vali vriddhi hai. 1950-51 mean jahaan desh mean kul 34,000 basean evan 82,000 trakean thi, vahian varsh 1990-91 mean inaki sankhya badhakar kramashah 1,91,73,168 tatha 12,89,250 ho gayi. march, 1997 mean bharat mean s dako ki kul lambaee badhakar 33 lakh 40 hazar kimi ho gee hai. inamean 65,754 kimi rashtriy rajamarg tatha 1,29,431 kimi rajy rajamarg 4,70,000 kimi mukhy zila s dake aur lagabhag 26,50,000 kimi any zila aur gramin s dakean shamil haian. rashtriy rajamargo ki kul lambaee mean se 32 pratishat ekal (siangal) len/madhyavarti len, lagabhag 55 pratishat manak 2- len or shesh 13 pratishat 4- len vali athava usase jyada chau di s dakean hai.
rel parivahan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
rel parivahan ka ek zariya hai jisamean yatriyoan aur mal ko patariyoan par chalane vale vahanoan par ek sthan se dusare sthan le jaya jata hai. desh ke vishalata, samanoan ke antarik parivahan tatha yatriyoan ke sanchalan hetu rel parivahan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. desh ki reloan ne sudoor kshetroan mean base logoan tatha vahaan milane vale sansadhanoan evan taiyar vastuoan ko sampoorn desh mean pahuanchaya hai. vyapar-vyavasay, deshatan, tirthayatra adi ka avasar sulabh karane vale sadhanoan ki drishti se relean desh ki jivan rekha hai.
vayu parivahan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharatiy jaise bhautik drishti se vividhatapoorn tatha vishal desh mean vayu parivahan jaise tivagrami sadhan ka mahatv svatah spasht hai. pashchimi deshoan evan dakshini poorv eshiya ke bich sangam-sthal ki bhaanti sthit is desh ko vayu parivahan ki drishti se vishv mean kendriy sthan prapt hai. yahaan par vayu parivahan ka prarambh 1911 mean hua, jab ilahabad se naini ke bich vishv ki sarvapratham viman dak seva ka parivahan kiya gaya. 1933 mean indiyan neshanal earavej kan. ki sthapana huee, jisane lahaur se karachi ke bich viman sanchalan kiya. 1935 mean tata earavej dvara mumbee-tiruanantapuram tatha 1937 mean isi kampani dvara mumbee-dilli marg par viman-seva pradan ki gayi. svatantrata prapti tak desh mean 21 vayu-parivahan kampaniyaan sthapit ho chuki thian. 1953 mean sabhi vaimanik kampaniyoan ka rashtriyakaran karake unhean do navanirmit nigamoan ke adhin kar diya gaya.
jal parivahan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
jal parivahan kisi bhi desh ko sabase sasta yatayat pradan karata hai kyoanki isake nirman mean parivahan margo ka nirman nahian karana p data aur keval parivahan ke sadhanoan se hi yatayat kiya jata hai. itana avashy hai ki isake lie prakritik athava kritrim jalapoorn marg avashyak hote haian. hamare desh mean antarik evan samudrik donoan prakar ka jal parivahan kiya jata hai. antarik jal parivahan ki drishti se desh mean prachinakal se hi nadiyoan ke madhyam se yatayat kiya jata tha. vartaman mean desh mean lagabhag 14,500 kimi lamba naugamy jalamarg hai, jisamean nadiyaan, naharean, apravahi jal yatha jhilan adi sankari kh diyaan shamil haian. desh ki pramukh nadiyoan mean 3,700 kimi lambe marg ka hi upayog kiya ja raha hai. jahaan tak naharoan ka prashn haian, 4,300 kimi lambi naugamy naharoan se matr 900 kimi tak ki doori ki naukaoan dvara parivahan ke upayukt hai. vartaman mean antarik jal parivahan ke madhyam se lagabhag 160 lakh tan mal ki dhulaee prativarsh ki ja rahi hai.
bharat ke vibhinn rajyoan ka yatayat
parivahan
- arunachal pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
arunachal pradesh mean 330 kimi lamba rashtriy rajamarg (s dak marg) hai. arunachal pradesh ki visham bhoo-akriti ne sucharu parivahan evan sanchar vyavastha ko kathin bana diya hai.
- asam
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
aparyapt parivahan evan sanchar vyavastha ne asam ke audyogik vikas ki gati dhimi kar di hai. visham bhaugolik sanrachana ke karan yahaan par ek sucharoo parivahan vyavastha ke vikas mean kathinaee ho rahi hai. udaharan ke lie, brahmaputr nadi hi relamarg s dak marg ya to nadi ke uttar mean hai ya phir dakshin mean.[2]
- aandhr pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: san 2007 tak aandhr pradesh se hokar gujarane vale rashtriy rajamargoan ki lanbaee 4,647 kilomitar thi aur praantiy s dakoan ki lanbaee 63,863 kilomitar thi jisamean 10,412 kilomitar praantiy rajamarg the.
- uttar pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
rajy ke pramukh shahar v nagar s dakoan v rel sampark se ju de haian, phir bhi amataur par s dakoan ki sthiti kharab hai aur rel ki patariyoan ki bhinn lainoan (b di aur chhoti) ke bich samanjasy n hone ke karan rel pranali bhi prabhavit huee hai. lakhanoo uttari netavark ka mukhy jankshan hai. uttar pradesh ke mukhy nagar vayumarg dvara dilli v bharat ke any shaharoan se ju de hue haian. rajy ke bhitar ke parivahan tantr mean ganga, yamuna aur ghaghara nadiyoan ki aantardeshiy jal parivahan vyavastha bhi shamil hai.
- uttarakhand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- uttarakhand mean pakki sadakoan ki kul lanbaee 21,490 kilomitar hai.
- lok nirman vibhag dvara nirmit s dakoan ki lanbaee 17,772 kimi sthaniy nikayoan dvara banaee gee s dakoan ki lanbaee 3,925 kimi haian.
- uttarakhand rajy ki vibhinn prakar ki s dakean lagabhag sabhi nagaroan ko jo dati haian.
- uttarakhand rajy se hokar koee rashtriy rajamarg nahian guzarata. uttar ke simant ilaqe s dakoan se ju de nahian haian.
- odisha
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
odisha rajy mean vikas dar badhane ke lie parivahan ki anek yojanaoan ko kriyanvit kiya ja raha hai- s dakean: 2004 - 05 tak rajy mean sadakoan ki kul lanbaee 2,37,332 kimi thi. isamean rashtriy rajamargoan ki kul lanbaee 3,595 kimi, eksapres rajamargoan ki kul lanbaee 29 kilomitar, rajakiy rajamargoan ki kul lanbaee 5,102 kimi zila mukhy s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 3,189 kimi, any zila s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 6,334 kimi aur gramin s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 27,882 kimi hai. panchayat samiti s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 1,39,942 kimi aur 88 kimi gridako s dakean haian.
dabolim havaee adda|200px|center |
dabolim havaee adda, gova |
chennee egamor|200px|center |
chennee egamor, chennee |
iandira gaandhi aantararashtriy havaee adda|200px|center |
iandira gaandhi aantararashtriy havaee adda, dilli |
hav da brij|200px|center |
hav da brij, kolakata |
tram|200px|center |
tram, kolakata |
metro|200px|center |
metro, kolakata |
rajiv gaandhi antarrashtriy havaee adda|200px|center |
rajiv gaandhi antarrashtriy havaee adda, haidarabad |
hausabot|200px|center |
hausabot, keral |
oto|200px|center |
oto, gujarat |
taiksi|200px|center |
taiksi, kolakata |
metro rel|200px|center |
metro rel, dilli |
kochchi bandaragah|200px|center |
kochchi bandaragah, kochchi |
chhatrapati shivaji tarminas|200px|center |
chhatrapati shivaji tarminas, muanbee |
bas|200px|center |
bas, dilli |
- karnatak
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- karnatak mean relave ke netavark ki kul lanbaee lagabhag 3089 kilomitar hai.
- karnatak mean havaee adade baiangalor, mangalor, hubali, belagaanv, hanpi evan belari mean upalabdh haian jinamean, baiangalor havaee patti se doosare deshoan ke lie bhi viman seva upalabdh hai. maisoor evan gulabarga, bijapur, hasan evan shimoga mean is varsh ke aant tak havaee sevaean upalabdh hone ki ummid hai.
- karnatak mean 11 bandaragah haian, jisame navin mangalor bandaragah shamil hai jo ek mukhy bandaragah hai.
- karnatak mean rashtriy aur rajakiy rajamargoan ki kul doori kramash: 3973 kilomitar aur 9829 kilomitar hai.
- keral
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- keral rajhy ki yatayat pranali mean 1.61 lakh kimi sadakean,
- 1,148 kimi rel lainean
- 1,687 kimi jalamarg
- 18 havaee addoan ke 111 shtechoo mil vayumarg haian.
- gujarat
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dak evan rel sanpark achchhe haian aur tatiy jahazi marg gujarat ke vibhinn bandaragahoan ko jo date haian, kaandala ek pramukh aantarrashtriy bandaragah hai. gujarat rajy ke bhitar aur desh ke any pramukh nagaroan ke lie gujarat se vayusena upalabdh hai.
- 2005-06 ke aant mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee (gair yojana, samudayik, shahari aur pariyojana s dakoan ke alava) lagabhag 74,038 kilomitar thi.
- 2002-03 ke aant tak bhootal s dakoan ki lambaee 70,743 kimi thi. desh ka pahala eksapres marg ahamadabad aur b dodara ke bich nirmanadhin hai.
- gova
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gova mean 31 disanbar, 2008 tak 4,40,152 draiviang laiseans die ge tatha 6,59,012 vahanoan ka panjikaran kiya gaya. s dak marg: rajhy mean rashhtriy rajamargoan ki lanbaee 224 kilomitar tatha praantiy rajamargoan ki lanbaee 232 kilomitar hai. isake alava 815 kilomitar zila marg haian.
- chhattisagadh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- chhattisagadh desh ke any bhagoan se s dak, rel aur vayumarg se bhalibhaanti ju da hai.
s dak marg: rashtriy rajamarg sankhya 6 aur 200 isase hokar guzarate haian. rajy mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 34,930 kimi hai.
- jammoo aur kashmir
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharatiy sangh sarakar ne jammoo-kashmir mean rajamargoan aur sanchar suvidhaoan ke vikas par bhari viniyog kiya hai. desh ke vibhajan aur kashmir par bharat - pakistan vivad ke karan shrinagar se jhelam ki ghati hote hue ravalapiandi ka marg avaruddh ho gaya. isake karan ek lambe aur adhik kathin ga di marg ko, jo banihal darre se hokar jata tha, sabhi mausamoan mean upayog yogy rajamarg mean badalana zaroori ho gaya.
- jharakhand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
kabhi mahattvapoorn rahe jalamarg ab apana mahattv kho chuke haian. rajy mean mal ke avagaman sanbandhi suvidhaean raanchi, bokaro, dhanabad aur jamashedapur mean upalabdh haian. isake ilava kiriburu, loharadag aur sabhi koyala khadanoan mean ayask vahan ki suvidhaean upalabdh haian.
- tamilanadu
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
dakshin bharatiy rajyoan ki parivahan pranali chennee mean keandrit hai.
s dak marg: s dakoan ke sanjal ki kul lanbaee qrarib 1,93,918 kimi hai. yahaan vahanoan ke yogy s dakoan ka sanjal hai.
- tripura
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
sadakean: tripura mean vibhinhn prakar ki s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 1,997 kimi hai, jisamean se mukhhy zila s dakean 90 kimi, anhy zila s dakean 1,218 kimi aur praantiy rajamarg 689 kimi haian.
- dilli
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
bharat sarakar ne dilhli shahar mean badhate vahan pradooshan aur yatayat ki asht-vhyasht sthiti ko dekhate hue mas raipid traanzit pranali lagoo karane ka nirnay liya. yah pariyojana karyanvit ki ja rahi hai aur isamean ati adhunik takanik ka ishtemal kiya ja raha hai. dilhli mean metro rel pariyojana a gee hai. ab dilli metro ke pratham charan mean tin metro k aauridor haian jo rikard samay mean poore hokar kam bhi karane lage haian. shahadara se rithala aur dilhli vishhvavidyalay se keandriy sachivalay ke bich lainean bichh gee haian aur in par gadiyaan bhi chalane lagi haian. barakhanbha aur dvaraka ke bich tisari lain bhi chaloo ho gee hai. dilhli metro ke dvitiy charan ko bhi shvikrit mil gee hai jisase rashhtriy rajadhani kshetr ke yatriyoan ko behatar sanpark suvidha prapht ho sakegi. dilhli sadakoan, rel lainoan aur viman sevaoan ke zariye bharat ke sabhi bhagoan se bhalibhaanti ju di huee hai. yahaan tin havaee adde haian. iandira gaandhi aantarrashhtriy havaee adda aantarrashhtriy u danoan ke lie palam havaee adda ghareloo u danoan ke lie tatha saphadarajang havaee adada prashikshan u danoan ke lie ishtemal kiya ja raha hai.
- nagalaiand
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: nagalaiand rajhy mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 9,860 kilomitar hai, jisamean rashhtriy rajamarg, praantiy rajamarg, zila aur gramin s dakean shamil haian. kul 900 se adhik gaanvoan ko s dakoan se jo da gaya hai.
- panjab
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
panjab rajy sarakar ki s dakoan, puloan aur bhavanoan ke rakharakhav ka dayitv pi.dabloo.di. ki hai. s dakoan ki kul lambaee 50,506 kimi hai. 'panjab s dak aur baandh vikas bord' ki sthapana 1998 mean huee. isaka uddeshy rajy ki s dakoan ke lie atirikt sadhan jutana tha.
- pashchim bangal
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: 31 march 2002 ko rajhy mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 91,970 kilomitar thi jisamean 1,898 kilomitar lanbe rashhtriy rajamarg shamil the. s dakoan ki lanbaee is prakar hai :
- praantiy rajamarg - 3533 kilomitar
- lok nirman vibhag s dakean - 12565 kimi
- zila s dakean - 42,479 kimi
- bihar
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: march, 2008 tak bihar mean 45,721.059 kilomitar pakhki s dakean thian. inamean 3,734.38 kilomitar rashhtriy rajamarg, 3,766.029 kilomitar praantiy rajamarg, 7,992.65 pramukh zila s dakean, 2,828 kilomitar anhy zila s dakean tatha 27,400 kilomitar gramin s dakean shamil thian.
- manipur
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: manipur mean tin rashhtriy rajamarg -
- rashtriy rajamarg - 39
- rashtriy rajamarg - 53
- rashtriy rajamarg 150
- madhy pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
madhy pradesh mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 73311 kilomitar hai. rashhtriy rajamargo ki lanbaee 4280 ki.mi aur praantiy rajamargo ki lanbaee 8729 kimi hai. rajhy mean s dakoan ke nirman tatha sudhar ka kary bade paimane par kiya ja raha hai tatha lagabhag 60 hazar kimi s dakoan ka nirman tatha sudhar ka kary kiya jaega. varsh 2005 ko ‘sadakoan ka varsh’ ke roop mean manaya gaya. is dauran prathyek mah ek mahathvapoorn s dak ka nirman kary poora kiya gaya.
- maharashtr
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
s dakean: march 2005 tak rajhy mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 2.29 lakh kimi thi, jisamean rashhtriy rajamargoan ki lanbaee 4, 367 kimi praantiy rajamargoan ki 33,406 kimi, pramukh zila s dakoan ki 48,824 kimi, anhy zila s dakoan ki lanbaee 44,792 kimi aur gramin s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 97,913 kimi thi.
- mizoram
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
behatar parivahan suvidha ke lie sarakar ne vishhv baiank ke anudan ki madad se kul 350 karo d rupaye ki lagat se mizoram rajhy sadak pariyojana shuroo ki hai. pradhanamantri gramin s dak yojana ke tahat mizoram mean 384 gaanvo ko jo dane vali 2,421 kimi lanbi s dak banane ka kary tezise pragati par hai.
- sikkim
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
gangatok s dak marg se darjiliang, kalimapoang, siligu di tatha sikkim ke sabhi zila mukhyalayoan se ju da hai. 41 kimi rashtriy rajamarg sahit, rajy mean s dakoan ki kul lanbaee 2,383 kimi hai. isamean se 873.40 kimi s dakean sima s dak sangathan ne banavayi hai. rashtriy rajamarg 31A siligu di aur gangatok ko jo data hai . yah marg sikkim mean rangpo mean pravesh karane ke bad tista nadi ke samanantar chalata hai.
- himachal pradesh
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
himachal pradesh rajy mean s dakean hi yahaan ki jivan rekha haian aur yahi sanchar ke pramukh sadhan haian. isake 55,673 varg kilomitar kshetraphal mean se 36,700 kilomitar mean rahane yogy sthan hai, jisamean se 16,807 gaanv anek parvatiy shrriankhalaoan aur ghatiyoan ke dhalanoan par phaile hue haian. utpadan kshetroan aur bazar keandroan ko jo dane vali mahattvapoorn s dakoan ke nirman ke lie himachal pradesh sarakar ne tin varshoan mean pratyek panchayat ko s dak se jo dane ka nirnay kiya hai.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ javahar lal neharoo antarrashtriy havaee adda (santakruj, mumbee), subhash chandr bos havaee adda (damadam- kolakata), indira gaandhi antarrashtriy havaee adda (palam, dilli), minambakam havaee adda (chennee) tatha tiruvanantapuram.
- ↑ asam shesh bharat se keval ek relamarg aur ek pramukh rajamarg se ju da hua hai
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh