रंगमंच

rangamanch
charakula nrity, krishna janmabhoomi, mathura|200px|center
vivaran	'rangamanch' vah sthan hai jahaan nrity, natak, khel adi hoan.
'rangamanch' shabd ka arth	rangamanch shabd rang aur manch do shabdoan ke milane se bana hai. rang isalie prayukt hua hai ki drishy ko akarshak banane ke lie divaroan, chhatoan aur pardoan par vividh prakar ki chitrakari ki jati hai aur abhinetaoan ki veshabhoosha tatha sajja mean bhi vividh rangoan ka prayog hota hai, aur manch isalie prayukt hua hai ki darshakoan ki suvidha ke lie rangamanch ka tal pharsh se kuchh ooancha rahata hai.
itihas	natyakala ka vikas sarvapratham bharat mean hi hua. rrigved ke katipay sootroan mean yam aur yami, pururava aur urvashi adi ke kuchh sanvad haian. in sanvadoan mean log natak ke vikas ka chihn pate haian.
adhunik rangamanch	adhunik rangamanch ka vastavik vikas 19vian shati ke uttarardh se aranbh hua aur vinyas tatha akalpan mean prati varsh ne-ne sudhar hote rahe haian; yahaan tak ki 10 varsh pahale ke thietar purane p d jate rahe haian, aur 20 varsh pahale ke avikasit aur aprachalit samajhe jane lage haian.
any janakari	chitrapat (sinema) ke a jane se rangamanch ka sthan bahut sankirn ho gaya hai. vishal prekshagrihoan mean, keval ek chhota sa rangamanch jis par kabhi-kabhi avashyakata p dane par chhote mote nrity, ya ekaanki adi khele ja sakean, bana dena paryapt samajha jata hai.

rangamanch vah sthan hai jahaan nrity, natak, khel adi hoan. rangamanch shabd rang aur manch do shabdoan ke milane se bana hai. rang isalie prayukt hua hai ki drishy ko akarshak banane ke lie divaroan, chhatoan aur pardoan par vividh prakar ki chitrakari ki jati hai aur abhinetaoan ki veshabhoosha tatha sajja mean bhi vividh rangoan ka prayog hota hai, aur manch isalie prayukt hua hai ki darshakoan ki suvidha ke lie rangamanch ka tal pharsh se kuchh ooancha rahata hai. darshakoan ke baithane ke sthan ko prekshagar aur rangamanch sahit samuche bhavan ko prekshagrih, rangashala, ya natyashala (ya nrityashala) kahate haian. pashchimi deshoan mean ise thietar ya aaupera nam diya jata hai.

avirbhav

aisa samajha jata hai ki natyakala ka vikas sarvapratham bharat mean hi hua. rrigved ke katipay sootroan mean yam aur yami, pururava aur urvashi adi ke kuchh sanvad haian. in sanvadoan mean log natak ke vikas ka chihn pate haian. anuman kiya jata hai ki inhian sanvadoan se prerana grahan kar logoan ne natak ki rachana ki aur natyakala ka vikas hua. yathasamay bharatamuni ne use shastriy roop diya. bharat muni ne apane natyashastr mean natakoan ke vikas ki prakriya ko is prakar vyakt kiya hai: "natyakala ki utpatti daivi hai, arthath‌ du:kharahit satyayug bit jane par tretayug ke aranbh mean devataoan ne srashta brahma se manoranjan ka koee aisa sadhan utpann karane ki prarthana ki jisase devata log apana du:kh bhool sakean aur anand prapt kar sakean. phalat: unhoanne rrigved se kathopakathan, samaved se gayan, yajurved se abhinay aur atharvaved se ras lekar, natak ka nirman kiya. vishvakarma ne rangamanch banaya" adi.

natakoan ka vikas chahe jis prakar hua ho, sanskrit sahity mean naty granth aur tatsanbandhi anek shastriy granth likhe ge aur sahity mean natak likhane ki paripati sanskrit adi se hoti huee hindi ko bhi prapt huee. sanskrit natak utkrisht koti ke haian aur ve adhikatar abhinay karane ke uddeshy se likhe jate the. abhinit bhi hote the, balki natyakala prachin bharatiyoan ke jivan ka abhinn aang thi, aisa sanskrit tatha pani granthoan ke anveshan se jnat hota hai. kautily ke arthashastr se to aisa jnat hota hai ki nagarik jivan ke is aang par rajy ko niyantran karane ki avashyakata p d gee thi. usamean natyagrih ka ek prachin varnan prapt hota hai. agni puran, shilparatn, kavyamimaansa tatha sangitamartand mean bhi rajaprasad ke natyamandapoan ke vivaran prapt hote haian. isi prakar mahabharat mean rangashala ka ullekh hai aur harivansh puran tatha ramayan mean natak khele jane ka varnan hai. itana sab hote hue bhi yah nishchit roop se pata nahian lagata ki ve natak kis prakar ke natyamandapoan mean khele jate the tatha un mandapoan ke kya roop the. abhi tak ki khoj ke phalasvaroop sitavanga gupha ko chho dakar koee aisa grih nahian mila jise sadhikar natyamandap kaha ja sake. [[chitr:Ramlila-Mathura-11.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ramalila, mathura]] pashchaty vidvanoan ki bhi dharana hai ki dharmik krityoan se hi natakoan ka pradurbhav hua. isase rangasthali (yadi vastav mean use rangasthali ki sanjna di ja sake) ke praranbhik svaroop ki kalpana ki ja sakati hai ki vah vrittakar rahi hogi. dhire-dhire jab darshaniyata ki or adhik dhyan diya gaya hoga, tab yah anubhav kiya gaya hoga ki is vrittakar rangasthali mean keval age ke kuchh darshak ki drishy ka poora anand utha sakate haian, pichhe baithane valoan ko sir uthane ki avashyakata hoti hai. is drishti se katoranuma sthan rangasthali ke lie adhik upayukt samajha jane laga hoga. dharmik krityoan aur nrity adi ke lie yah uttam prabandh tha. dhire-dhire jab natakoan ka roop adhik vikasit hua, tab yah anubhav hua hoga ki kathakar aur abhinetaoan ke samane ki or baithane valoan ko hi dekhane aur sunane ki achchhi suvidha hoti hai. isake lie parvatiy sthanoan mean ghati bahut upayukt pratit huee hogi, jisamean dhal par baithe darshak niche abhinetaoan ko bhali bhaanti dekh sun sakate the aur unake pichhe phaila hua vistrit bhookhand sahaj suandar chitrit prakritik prishthabhoomi prastut karata tha. shayad isi ka anukaran aparvatiy prishthabhoomi prastut karata tha. shayad isi ka anukaran aparvatiy sthanoan mean kritrim rangashalaean banakar kiya gaya, jinamean vrittakar divar ke aandar sidhinuma sthan darshakoan ke baithane ke lie hota tha, jo bhitar bane ooanche chabootare ko tin or se ghere rahata tha. chauthi or sidhi divar hoti thi, jisamean suandar chitrakari hoti thi. isake pichhe nepathy hota tha. jahaan abhinetaoan ke uthane baithane aur unaki roopasajja ka prabandh rahata tha. uparyukt chirapratishthit rangashala ke prachin roopoan mean dhire-dhire sudhar hota gaya. kalaantar mean prekshasthan tin or ke bajay keval ek or, samane hi samane rah gaya. sara vinyas gol se badalakar chaukor ho gaya aur natyashala ka adha, ya isase bhi adhik sthan gherane laga.

bharat ke adikalin rangamanch

sitavanga ki gupha ke dekhane se purane natyamandapoan ke svaroop ka kuchh anuman ho jata hai. yah gupha 13.8 mitar lanbi tatha 7.2 mitar chau di hai. bhitar pravesh karane ke lie baeean or se sidhiyaan haian, jinase kadachit abhineta pravesh karate the. bhitari bhag mean rangamanch ki vyavastha hai. yah 2.3 mitar chau di tin sidhiyoan (chabootaroan) se bana hai, jo ek doosare se 75 seanmi. ooanchi haian. chabootaroan ke samane do chhed haian, jinamean shayad baans ya lak di ke khanbhe lagakar pardean lagae jaya karate the. darshakoan ke lie jo sthan hai, vah grik aianphithietar ki bhaanti sidhinuma hai. yahaan 50 vyakti baith sakate haian. yah adikalin rangamanch ka svaroop bhi oopar varnit vikasit svaroop se mel khata hai. bharat natyashastr se bhi hamean natyamandap ke prachin svaroop ka sanket milata hai. adivasiyoan ke mandap gupharoopi (shailaguhakari) hua karate the, kiantu ary log apani ashram sabhyata ke anuroop asthayi tanboonuma natyamandapoan se hi kam chalaya karate the.

bharat natyashastr pahali athava doosari shati ee. mean sankalit hua samajha jata hai. bharat ne adivasiyoan tatha aryoan donoan ke natyamandapoan ke akar ko apanaya hai. in donoan ke sammishran se inhoanne natyamandapoan ke jo roop nirdharit kie, ve sarvatha bharatiy haian. prachin yoonani aur roman svaroopoan se inaka koee sanbandh nahian pratit hota. pashchaty natyamandap khule maidanoan mean banate the aur unamean darshakoan ke hetu sidhinuma ardhachandrakar prekshasthan banate the. isake viparit bharat mean natyamandap ki vyavastha ek grih ke bhitar hoti thi.

bharat ke rangamanch

bharat natyashastr ke anusar rangamanch ke roop

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vikrisht (ayatakar)

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chaturasr (vargakar)

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trayasr (tribhujakar)

bharat ne tin prakar ke natyamandapoan ka vidhan bataya hai :

• vikrisht (arthath‌ ayatakar),
• chaturasr (vargakar) tatha
• tryastr (tribhujakar).

unhoanne in tinoan ke phir tin tin bhed kie haian :

• jyeshth (devataoan ke lie),
• madhyam (rajaoan ke lie), tatha
• avar (auroan ke lie).

inaki map ke vishay ke die ge nirdeshoan ke anusar jyeshth ki lanbaee lagabhag 51 mitar, madhyam ki lagabhag 29 mitar aur avar ki lagabhag 14.5 mitar hogi. chaturasr mandap ki chau daee lanbai ke barabar, aur vikrisht ki lanbaee se adhi hogi.

bharat natyashastr ke anusar natyamandap ki nap ke adhar anu, raj (=8 anu), bal (=8 raj), liksha (=8 bal), yooka (=8 liksha), yav (=8 yooka), aanguli (=8 yav), hast (=24 aanguli), aur dand (=4 hast) hua karate the. is prakar ek hast 456 milimitar ka hota hai. kautily aur panini ne map ke jo adhar die haian, ve bhi inase milate haian. vidvanoan ka mat hai ki ye adhar siandhu sabhyata ke bad is desh mean chaloo hue hoange, kyoanki us prachin sabhyata mean jo mapean mili haian, unaka adhar dashamalav pranali hai.

natyashala ka pray: adha bhag darshakoan ke lie hota tha, jise prekshagrih kahate the; shesh adhe mean rangamandap hota tha. rangamandap ke pichhale adhe bhag mean nepathy hota tha. shesh ke adhe mean samane rangashirsh aur pichhe, nepathy ki or, raganpith hota tha. nepathy se rangapith mean ane jane ke lie kinaroan par do daravaze hote the, jinamean sanbhavat: kiva de nahian laga karate the. rangapith ke oopar hi, char khanbhoan par chhat rakhakar, mattavarani banaee jati thi. mattavarani sanbhavat: atari ka dyotak hai. khanbhoan par pray: hathi ke sir ke sadrish bani gho diyoan ke oopar yah chhat rahati thi, isi se (shayad) ise mattavarani kahate the. prekshagrih sidhinuma banaya jata tha. in sidhiyoan mean se pratyek 1 hath ooanchi hoti thi, aur us par lak di ke patare bhi laga karate the, shayad usi prakar ke jaise roman thietaroan mean hote the.

divaroan ki sajavat

divaroan ko bhitar ki or sajane ka bhi vidhan hai. bharat ke anusar bhit par achchha bhittilep (plastar) chadhana chahie. vidvanoan ka mat hai ki mitti tatha bhoosi ko milakar leva chadhaya jata tha. ise pitakar samatal kiya jata tha. phir ek parat choone ki chadhaee jati thi, jise ghis ghisakar chikana kiya jata tha. isake oopar shankh pisakar chadhate the, aur p aaulish karate the. in bhitoan par suandar chitrakari ki jati thi.

natyamandap mean divaroan ke sath khanbhe banakar oopar chhat banaee jati thi. ratri ke samay prakash ke lie dipak vyavahar mean ate the. bahut se dipakoan ke atirikt shayad mashal se bhi kam liya jata raha hoga. dhvani niyantran tatha vistar ka koee prabandh shayad n tha; isalie bhi natyashalaean kuchh chhoti hi hua karati thian. bharatiy prekshagrih akar mean grik prekshagrihoan ki apeksha, jo bahudha khule hua karate the, bahut chhote hote the.

bharat natyashastr mean die hue natyamandap ke akar prakar tatha sajavat se aisa jnat hota hai ki us samay tak bharat ke adivasiyoan ke natyamandapoan ka prathamik roop, jo hamean sitavanga gupha, hathiguanpha, tatha nasik ke pas phulumee gupha mean prapt hota hai, aryoan ke prachinatam lak di ke makanoan ke roop mean samanvit hokar tatha donoan ke sammishran se ek naya dhaancha kh da ho chuka tha. yahi nahian, natyamandap ke roop ke vishay mean niyam bhi ban chuke the tatha un par dharm ka niyantran bhi praranbh ho chuka tha. ye niyam itane k de the ki mapane ki rassi toot jana tatha ek bhi stanbh ka doshayukt hona, natyamandap ke svami ke maran ka soochak samajha jane laga tha. bharat ke samay tak bharatiy rangamanch is mahanh sansar ka dyotak mana jane laga tha, jahaan stri purush pavisht hokar apani poorvanishchit lila karate haian tatha usaki samapti par yahaan se vida lete haian.

vartaman bharatiy rangamanch

[[chitr:Drama-1.jpg|thumb|250px|nautanki, beangalor]] adhunik bharatiy naty sahity ka itihas ek shatabdi se adhik purana nahian hai. islam dharm ki kattarata ke karan natak ko mugal kal mean us prakar ka protsahan nahian mila jis prakar ka protsahan any kalaoan ko mugal shasakoan se prapt hua tha. is karan mugal kal mean ke do dhaee sau varshoan mean bharatiy paranpara ki abhinayashalaoan athava prekshagaroan ka sarvatha lop ho gaya. aangrejoan ka prabhutv desh mean vyapt hone par unake desh ki anek vastuoan ne hamare desh mean pravesh kiya. unake manoranjan ke nimitt pashchaty natakoan ka bhi pravesh hua. un logoan ne apane natakoan ke abhinay ke lie yahaan abhinayashalaoan ka sanyojan kiya, jo thietar ke nam se adhik vikhyat haian. is dhang ka pahala thietar, kaha jata hai, plasi ke yuddh ke bahut pahale, kalakatta mean ban gaya tha. ek doosara thietar 1795ee. mean khula. isaka nam 'lephed pheyar' tha. isake bad 1812 ee. mean 'ethiniyam' aur doosare varsh 'chaurangi' thietar khule.

is prakar pashchaty rangamanch ke sanpark mean sabase pahale bangal aya aur usane pashchaty thietaroan ke anukaran par apane natakoan ke lie rangamanch ko naya roop diya. doosari or banbee mean parasi logoan ne in videshi abhinayashalaoan ke anukaran par bharatiy natakoan ke lie, ek ne dhang ki abhinayashala ko janm diya. parasi natak kanpaniyoan ne rangamanch ko akarshak aur manoranjak banakar apane natak upasthit kie.

pashchaty rangamanch

yoonan aur rom ki prachin sabhyata mean ham chauthi shati ee. poorv mean rangamanch hone ki kalpana kar sakate haian. itihas prasiddh dayonisan ka thietar etheans mean aj bhi us kal ki yad dilata hai. ek any thietar epidaras mean hai, jisaka nrityamanch gol hai. 364 ee. poorv rom vale itraskan abhinetaoan ki ek mandali apane nagar mean lae aur unake lie 'sarkas maiksiyas' mean pahala roman rangamanch taiyar kiya. isase kalpana ki jati hai ki itrooriyavaloan se hi (jinaka udgam vivadagrast hai) natyakala aur phalat: rangamanch ka praranbhik roop rom mean aya. sizar (kaisar) aaugastas (doosari shati ee.poo.) ne rom ko bahut unnat kiya. paanpeee ka shanadar thietar tatha ek any (patthar ka) thietar usi ke banavae batae jate haian.

lagabhag doosari shati eesavi mean rangamanch kamadev ka sthan mana jane laga. eesaiyat ke janm lete hi padariyoan ne natyakala ko hi hey man liya. girajaghar ne thietar ka aisa gala ghota ki vah ath shatabdiyoan tak n panap saka. kuchh utsahi padariyoan ne to yahaan tak phatava diya ki roman samrajy ke patan ka karan thietar hi hai. roman rangamanch ka aantim sandarbh 533 ee. ka milata hai. kiantu dharm janasamany ki anand manane ki bhavana ko n daba saka aur lokanrity tatha lokanaty, chhipe chhipe hi sahi, panapate rahe. jab eesaiyoan ne itar jatiyoan par adhipaty kar liya, to ek madhyam marg apanana p da. riti rivajoan mean phir se is kala ka pravesh hua. bahut dinoan tak girajaghar hi natyashala ka kam deta raha, aur vedi hi rangamanch bani. 10 vian se 13 vian shatabdi tak baibil ki kathaean hi pramukhat: abhinay ka adhar banian, phir dhire-dhire any kathaean bhi aeean, kiantu ye natak svatantr hi rahe. chir pratishthit rangamanch, jo yoorop bhar mean jagah-jagah toote phoote p de the, phir n apanae ge. [[chitr:Kathputli.jpg|thumb|250px|left|kathaputaliyaan]]

punarjagaran

italavi punarjagaran ke sath vartaman rangamanch ka janm hua, kiantu us samay jahaan sare yoorop mean any sabhi kalaoan ka punarudvar hua, rangamanch ka pun: apana shaishav dekhana p da. 14 vian shatabdi mean phir se natyakala ka janm hua aur lagabhag 16 vian shatabdi mean use praudhata prapt huee. shahi mahaloan ki atyant saji dhaji nrityashalaean natakiy rangamanch mean parinat ho geean. bad mean udyanoan mean bhi rangashalaean banian, jinamean anek divaroan ke sthan par vrikshavali ya jha dabandi hi hua karati thi.

rangamanch ka vikas viseanja aur parama mean bani huee rangashalaoan se spasht parilakshit hota hai. viseanja ki olianpiyan akadami mean ek suandar rangashala sanh‌ 1580-1585 mean bani, jis par chhat bhi thi. isamean pichhe ki or vithikaoan jaise anek kaksh badhae ge. sanh‌ 1588 mean saiviyoneta mean skamozi ne in kakshoan ko mukhy rangamanch se mila diya, aur dhire-dhire bad mean ve bhi rangamanch hi ho ge. age chalakar sanh‌ 1618-1619 mean parama thietar mean samoocha rangamanch hi pichhe kar diya gaya aur prishthabhoomi ki chitrit divar age a gee, jis par bich mean bane ek b de dvar se hi natak dekha ja sakata hai. is dvar par parda lagaya jane laga. parda uthane par drishy kisi phrem mean j di tasvir jaisa dikhaee p data hai. rangamanch mean bhi drishyoan ke anukool prabhav utpann karane ke lie anek pardean lagae jane lage. milan ka 'la skala' aaupera haus 18 vian - 19 vian shati mean rangamanch ke vikas ka adarsh mana jata hai. isamean pakhavaiyaan lagane ke lie bagaloan mean sthan bane haian.

punarjagaran sare yoorop mean phailata hua elizabeth kal mean ianglaiand pahuancha. sanh‌ 1574 tak vahaan ek bhi thietar n tha. lagabhag 50 varsh mean hi vahaan rangamanch sthapit hokar charam vikas ko prapt hua. is kala ki pragati ki jyoti itali se phraans, spen aur vahaan se ianglaiand pahuanchi. rani elizabeth ko ardabar aur t dak bh dak se prem tha. isase rangamanch ko bhi protsahan mila. 1590 se 1620 ee. tak sheksapiyar ka bolabala raha. rangamanch vishisht varg ka hi nahian, janasamany ke manoranjan ka sadhan bana. kiantu protestait sanpraday dvara isaka virodh bhi hua aur phalasvaroop 1642 ee. mean naty kala par rok lag gee. dhire-dhire darabariyoan aur janata ka agrah prabal hua, aur rok hatani p di. marlo, sheksapiyar tatha j aaunasan adi ke vishvavishrut natak pun: prakash mean ae. glob thietar elizabeth kalin rangamanch ka pratinidhi hai. isamean purani dharmashalaoan ka svaroop parilakshit hota hai, jahaan pahale natak khele jate the. praangan ke bich mean rangamanch hota tha aur charoan or tatha chhajjoan mean darshakoan ke baithane ka sthan rahata tha.

jab sare yoorop ke rangamanch lokatantr ki or agrasar ho rahe the, sanyukt rajy amerika, mean apani hi kism ke jivan ka svatantr vikas ho raha tha. charlsatan, philadelfiya, nyooy aaurk, aur bostan ke rangamanchoan par landan ka prabhav bilakul nahian p da. phir bhi amariki rangamanchoan mean koee ullekhaniy visheshata nahian thian. unake samany rangamanch ghumantoo kanpaniyoan ke se hi hote the. kiantu 18 vian shati ke aant tak anek utkrisht kati ke thietar ban ge, jinamean filadelfiya ka chestanat strit thietar (1794 ee.) aur nyooy aaurk ka park thietar (1798 ee.) ullekhaniy haian. inamean suandar prekshagrih bane, aur kuchh yooropiy prabhav bhi a gaya. tadanantar 20-25 varsh mean hi amaraki rangamanch yooropiy rangamanch ke samakaksh, balki usase bhi utkrisht ho gaya.

adhunik rangamanch

thumb|250px|panjabi poshak mean rangamanch par natak karate kalakar adhunik rangamanch ka vastavik vikas 19vian shati ke uttarardh se aranbh hua aur vinyas tatha akalpan mean prati varsh ne-ne sudhar hote rahe haian; yahaan tak ki 10 varsh pahale ke thietar purane p d jate rahe haian, aur 20 varsh pahale ke avikasit aur aprachalit samajhe jane lage haian. nirman ki drishti se lohe ke dhaanchoanvali rachana, vijnan ki pragati, vidyuth prakash ki sanbhavanaean aur nirman sanbandhi niyamoan ka anivary palan hi mukhyat: is pragati ke mool karan haian. samajik aur arthik dasha mean parivartan hone se bhi kuchh sudhar hua hai. abhi kuchh hi varsh pahale ke thietar, jinamean anivaryat: khanbhe, chhajje aur dirghaean hua karati thian, ab prachin mane jate haian.

adhunik rangashala mean ek tal pharsh se niche hota hai, jise vaditr kaksh kahate haian. oopar ek dhaloo balakani hoti hai. kabhi kabhi is balakani aur pharsh ke bich mean ek chhoti balakani aur hoti hai. prekshagrih mean baithe pratyek darshak ko rangamanch tak sidhe dekhane ki suvidha honi chahie, isalie usamean upayukt dhal ka vishesh dhyan rakha jata hai. dhvani upachar bhi uchch star ka hona chahie. samay ki kami ke karan ajakal natak bahudha adhik lanbe nahian hote, aur ek doosare ke bad kram se anek khel hote haian. isalie darshakoan ke ane jane ke lie sidhiyaan, galiyare, tikataghar adi suvidhajanak sthanoan par hone chahie, jisase avyavastha n phaile.

1890 ee. tak rangamanch se chitrakari ko door karane ki koee kalpana bhi n kar sakata tha, kiantu adhunik rangamanchoan mean rang, kap doan, pardoan, aur prakash tak hi simit rah gaya hai. rangamanch ki rangachhuhi aur sajja poornataya lupt ho gee hai. sadagi aur ganbhirata ne usaka sthan le liya hai, taki darshakoan ka dhyan bant n jae. vidyut prakash ke niyantran dvara rangamanch mean vah prabhav utpann kiya jata hai jo kabhi chitrit pardoan dvara kiya jata tha. prakash se hi vividh drishyoan ka, unaki doori aur nikatata ka aur unake prakat aur lupt hone ka abhas karaya jata hai.

vibhinn drishyoan ke parivartan mean abhinetaoan ke ane jane mean jo samay lagata hai, usamean darshakoan ka dhyan akarshit rakhane ke lie kuchh avakash git adi karane ki avashyakata hoti thi, jinaka khel se pray: koee sanbandh n hota tha. ab paribhrami rangamanch banane lage haian, jinamean ek drishy samapt hote hi, rangamanch ghoom jata hai, aur doosara drishy jo usamean anyatr pahale se hi saza taiyar rahati hai, samane a jata hai. isamean kuchh kshan hi lagate haian. abhi sanh‌ 1962 mean jabalapur (madhy pradesh) mean ek paribhrami rangamanch taiyar hua hai. aise rangamanch ab pray: sabhi pragatishil deshoan mean banane lage haian. [[chitr:Krishna-Birth-Place-Mathura-3.jpg|thumb|250px|left|rasalila, krishna janmabhoomi, mathura]]

chitrapat aur rangamanch

chitrapat (sinema) ke a jane se rangamanch ka sthan bahut sankirn ho gaya hai. vishal prekshagrihoan mean, keval ek chhota sa rangamanch jis par kabhi-kabhi avashyakata p dane par chhote mote nrity, ya ekaanki adi khele ja sakean, bana dena paryapt samajha jata hai. prishthabhoomi par rajatapat rahata hai: avashyakatanusar ek do parde bhi lagae ja sakate haian. vaditr ke lie rangamanch ke samane ek gadhe mean tho da sa sthan rahata hai. darshakoan ke lie adhik sthan hone ke karan upayukt sanvatan, dhvaniniyantran, evan any vyavasthaoan ki or adhik dhyan diya jata hai. ab to paanch chhah hazar darshakoan ke lie sthan vale, b di sukhaprad kursiyoan se yukt prekshagrih sabhi b de nagaroan mean banate haian.

sinema ka akarshan adhik hone par bhi, natakoan ke lie upayukt rangamanch banane ka pashchaty deshoan mean kafi prayas ho raha hai. manoranjan ki drishti se kam, shiksha ki drishti se inaki upayogita adhik samajhi gee hai. shaikshanik rangamanch mean amarika sansar mean agrani hai. amariki shaikshanik rangamanch ki shakhaean bahut se vishvavidyalayoan mean khuli haian.

bharat mean bhi sinema ka prachar din-b-din badh raha hai. kiantu yahaan dehat adhik hone ke karan rangamanch ke lie ab bhi paryapt kshetr hai aur protsahan milane par yah samajik jivan ka mahattvapoorn aang bana rahega. is drishti se rangamanch ke prati keandriy sarakar aur rajy sarakaroan ki anubhooti badhati rahi hai aur ve sakriy sahayata bhi deti haian. keandriy sarakar ne sangit natak akadami ko marphat sanh‌ 53 se 58 ee. tak 10.5 lakh rupaya anudan ke roop mean vividh sansthaoan ko diya hai. banbee rajy ne rangamanchoan ke lie 33.3 pratishat manoranjan kar samapt kar diya hai. rangamanch ke vikas ka anuman govaliya taiank (banbee) mean gokuladas thietar, aur bi dala thietar jaisi adhunik aur vatanukoolit rangashalaoan ke nirman se lagata hai; yadyapi unake manch aur prishthamanch mean samuchit suvidhaoan ka ayojan nahian kiya gaya.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

• hindi vishvakosh khand- 10 (prishth- 2)
• ray goviandachandr: bharat naty shastr mean natyashalaoan ke roop;
• bharatiy rangamanch ke kshitij, (vaijnanik anusandhan aur saanskritik kary mantralay, bharat sarakar);
• ar.ke. yajnik: di iandiyan thietar;
• mulkaraj anand: di iandiyan thietar;
• elaradais nikol: di devalapameant aauv di thietar;
• richard likr aaupht: sivik thietar dizain.

bahari k diyaan

• rangamanch natak - parampara aur prayog
• sarthak rangamanch
• kala aur sanskriti