रडार
thumb|radar radar (aangrezi:Radar) ek vaijnanik upakaran hai. radar ka avishkar telar v liyo yang (yoo.es.e.) ne varsh 1922 mean kiya tha. yah yantr antariksh mean ane-jane vale vayuyanoan ke sansoochan aur unaki sthiti jnat karane ke kam ata hai. radar, ek yantr hai jisaki sahayata se rediyo tarangoan ka upayog door ki vastuoan ka pata lagane mean tatha unaki sthiti, arthath disha aur doori, jnat karane ke lie kiya jata hai. aankhoan se jitani door dikhaee p d sakata hai, radar dvara usase kahian adhik doori ki chijoan ki sthiti ka sahi pata lagaya ja sakata hai. kohara, dhuandh, varsha, himapat, dhuana athava aandhera, inamean se koee bhi isamean badhak nahian hote. kiantu radar aankh ki poori barabari nahian kar sakata, kyoanki isase vastu ke rang tatha banavat ka sookshm byora nahian jana ja sakata, keval akriti ka abhas hota hai. prishthabhoomi se visham tatha b di vastuoan ka, jaise samudr par tairate jahaj, ooanche u date vayuyan, dvip, sagaratat ityadi ka, radar dvara b di achchhi tarah se pata lagaya ja sakata hai. sanh 1886 mean rediyo tarangoan ke avishkarta, hainarikh herts ne thos vastuoan se in tarangoan ka paravartan hona siddh kiya tha. rediyo spand (pulse) ke paravartan dvara parasan, arthath doori ka pata lagane, ka kary sanh 1925 mean kiya ja chuka tha aur sanh 1939 tak radar ke siddhaant ka prayog karane vale kee saphal upakaranoan ka nirman ho chuka tha, kiantu dvitiy vishvayuddh mean hi radar ka pramukh roop se upayog aranbh hua.
sthiti nirdharan ki paddhati
radar se rediyo tarangean bheji jati haian aur door ki vastu se paravartit hokar unake vapas ane mean lagane vale samay ko napa jata hai. rediyo tarangoan ki gati 1,86,999 mil prati sekand hai, isalie samay jnat hone par paravartak vastu ki doori saralata se jnat ho jati hai. radar mean lage uchch dishaparak aiantena (antenna) se paravartak, arthath lakshy vastu, ki disha ka thik thik pata chal jata hai. doori aur disha maloom ho jane se vastu ki yatharth sthiti jnat ho jati hai. radar ka preshitr (transmitter) niyamit aantaral par rediyo oorja ke kshanik, kiantu tivr, spand bhejata rahata hai. preshit spandoan ke aantaraloan ke bich ke samay mean radar ka grahi (receiver), yadi bahari kisi vastu se paravartit hokar tarangean avean to unaki grahan karata hai. paravartan hokar vapas ane ka samay vidyuth paripathoan dvara sahi sahi maloom ho jata hai aur samay ke anupat mean aankit soochak se doori turant maloom ho jati hai. ek maikrosekand (sekand ka dasalakhavaan bhag) ke samay se 164 gaj aur 19.75 maikrosekand se 1 mil ki doori samajhi jati hai. kuchh radar 199 mil door tak ki vastuoan ka pata laga lete haian. achchhe yantroan se doori napane mean 15 gaj se adhik ki bhool nahian hoti aur doori ke kam ya adhik hone par is nap ki yatharthata par koee prabhav nahian p data. lakshy vastu ki disha athava usaki ooanchaee ka kon ek aansh ke 9.96 bhag tak parishuddh napa ja sakata hai. radar ke grahi yantr ki rrinay-kiran-nali (cathod ray tube) mean vastu ki sthiti spasht dikhaee p dati hai.
disha ka jnan
lakshy ka pata lagane ke lie aiantena ko ghumate, ya age pichhe karate haian. jab aiantena lakshy ki disha mean hota haian, tab lakshy ka pratiroop trrinagr-kiran-nali ke phalak par prakat hota hai. is pratiroop ko pip (Pip) kahate haian. pip sabase adhik spasht tabhi hota hai, jab aiantena sidhe lakshy ki disha mean hota hai. radar ke aiantena atyuchch dishaparak hote haian. ye rediyotarangoan ko sakari kiranapuanjoan mean ekagr karate haian tatha yantr mean lage vishesh prakar ke paravartak in kiranapuanjoan ko saghan banate haian. radar ke kary ke lie ati laghu tarang dairdhy vali, arthath atyuchch avrittiyoan ki, tarangoan ka upayog hota hai. in sookshm tarangoan ke utpadan ke lie bhaltikaiviti maignetr aaun (Multicavity Magnetron) namak upakaran avashyak hai, jisake bina adhunik radar ka kary sanbhav nahian hai. thumb|300px
radar ke avayav
pratyek radar ke avayav haian-
- m aauduletar (modulator) se rediyo-avritti dolitr (radio frequency oscillator) ko die jane vali vidyuth shakti ke avashyak visphot prapt hote haian;
- rediyo-avritti dolitr uchch avritti vali shakti ke un spandoan ko utpann karata hai jinase radar ke sanket banate haian
- aiantena dvara ye spand akash mean bheje jate haian aur aiantena hi unhean vapasi mean grahan karata hai
- grahi vapas anevali rediyo tarangoan ka pata pata hai
- soochak (indicator) radar parichalak ko rediyo tarangoan dvara ekatrit ki gee soochanaean deta hai.
tulyakalan (synchronisation) tatha paras ki map ke anivary krity m aauduletar tatha soochak dvara sanpann hote haian. yoan to jis vishesh kary ke lie radar yantr ka upayog kiya jane vala hai, usake anuroop isake pramukh avayavoan ko bhi badalana avashyak hota hai.
radar ke upayog
radar ke karan yuddh mean sahasa akraman pray: asanbhav ho gaya hai. isake dvara jahajoan vayuyanoan aur r aauketoan ke ane ki poorvasoochana mil jati hai. dhuandh, aandhera adi isamean koee badha nahian dal sakate aur adrishy vastuoan ki doori, disha adi jnat ho jati haian. vayuyanoan par bhi radar yantroan se agantuk vayuyanoan ka pata chalata rahata hai tatha in yantroan ki sahayata se akramanakari viman lakshy tak jane aur apane sthan tak vapas ane mean saphal hote haian. keandriy niyantrak sthan se radar ke dvara 299 mil ke vyas mean chaturdikh, oopar aur niche, akash mean kya ho raha hai, isaka pata lagaya ja sakata hai. ratri ya din mean samudr ke oopar nikali panadubbi naukaoan ka, ya ate jate jahajoan ka, pata chal jata hai tatha dushman ke jahajoan par topoan ka sahi nishana lagane mean bhi isase sahayata milati hai.
shaanti ke samay mean bhi radar ke anek upayog haian. isane nauka, jahaj, ya vayuyan chalan ko adhik surakshit bana diya hai, kyoanki isake dvara chalakoan ko door sthit paha doan, himashailoan athava any rukavatoan ka pata chal jata hai. radar se vayuyanoan ko prithvi tal se apani sahi ooanchaee jnat hoti rahati hai tatha ratri mean havaee addoan par utarane mean b di sahooliyat hoti hai. 19 janavari, 1946 ee. ko sanyukt rajy amarika ke sainik sanket dal (Army Signal Corps) ne radar dvara sarvapratham chandrama se sanpark sthapit kiya. rediyo sanket ko chandrama tak ane jane mean 4,59,999 mil ki yatra karani p di aur 2.4 sekand samay laga. yah prayog mahatv ka tha aur asha ki jati hai ki isase jyotish vijnan ke kshetr mean ne takanikoan ka pradurbhav hoga.[1]
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