रत्न

ratn
ratn|200px|center
vivaran	ratn akarshak khanij ka ek tuk da hota hai jo kataee aur p aaulish karane ke bad gahane aur any alankaran banane ke lie prayog kiya jata hai.
utpatti	khanij ratn khanoan se, jaivik ratn samudr se aur vanaspatik ratn parvatoan se prapt hote haian.
prakar	tin (khanij ratn, jaivik ratn aur vanaspatik ratn)
dharmik manyata	'agni puran' ke anusar - mahabali asuraraj vritrasur ne devalok par akraman kiya. tab bhagavan vishnu ki salah par indr ne maharshi dadhichi se vajr banane hetu unaki haddiyoan ka dan maanga. phir isi vajr se devataoan ne vritrasur ka sanhar kiya. astr (vajr) nirman ke samay dadhichi ki asthiyoan ke, jo sookshm aansh prithvi par gire, unase tamam ratnoan ki khanean ban geean.
navaratn	gomed, nilam, panna, pukharaj, maniky, mooanga, moti, lahasuniya aur hira
rasayanik tattv	in ratnoan mean mukhyatah karban, beriyam, beriliyam, elyoominiyam, kailshiyam, jasta, tin, taanba, haidrojan, loha, ph aausphoras, maianganiz, gandhak, potaishiyam, sodiyam, jiankoniyam adi tattv upasthit hote haian.
any janakari	prachin granthoan ke anusar uchch koti mean 84 prakar ke ratn ate haian. inamean se bahut se ratn ab aprapy haian tatha bahut se ne-ne ratnoan ka avishkar bhi hua hai. vartaman samay mean prachin granthoan mean varnit ratnoan ki soochiyaan pramanik nahian rah gee hai.

ratn (aangrezi:Gemstone) akarshak khanij ka ek tuk da hota hai jo kataee aur p aaulish karane ke bad gahane aur any alankaran banane ke lie prayog kiya jata hai. bahut se ratn thos khanij ke hote haian, lekin kuchh naram khanij ke bhi hote haian. ratn qimati patthar ko kaha jata hai. apani suandarata ki vajah se yah qimati hote haian. ratn apani chamak aur any bhautik gunoan ke sauandary ki vajah se gahane mean upayog kiya jata hai. grediang, katane aur p aaulish se ratnoan ko ek naya roop aur rang diya jata hai aur isi roop aur rang ki vajah se yah ratn gahanoan ko aur bhi akarshak banate haian. ratn ka rang hi usaki sabase spasht aur akarshak visheshata hai. ratnoan ko garm kar ke usake rang ki spashtata badhaee jati hai.

ratn koee bhi ho apane apamean prabhavashali hota hai. manushy anadikal se hi ratnoan ki taraph akarshit raha hai, vartaman mean bhi hai tatha bhavishy mean bhi rahega. ratn sharir ki shobha abhooshanoan ke roop mean to badhate hi haian aur kuchh logoan ka manana hai ki ratn apani daiviy shakti ke prabhav ke karan rogoan ka nivaran bhi karate haian. in ratnoan se jahaan svayan ko sajane-sanvarane ki spardha logoan mean paee jati hai vahian sanpannata ke pratik ye anamol ratn apane akarshan tatha utkrishtata se sabako vashibhoot kar vishv vyapi se bakhane jate haian. ratn aur javaharat ke nam se jane hue ye khanij padarth vishv ki bahumooly rashi haian, jo yugoan se aganit manoan ko mohate hue apani mahatta banae hue haian.

ratn kya haian?

ratn kise kahate haian? yah ek buniyadi saval hai. isake bina ham ratn dvara ashubh nidan evan chikitsa ke bare mean soch nahian sakate. isalie sabase pahale isase janana zaroori hai. yooan to ratn ek qism ke patthar hi hote haian, lekin sabhi patthar ratn nahian kahe jate. patthar aur ratn mean kuchh farq hota hai. yadi is farq ko behatar dhang se samajh liya jae to ham ratn ko pattharoan se chhaantakar nikal sakate haian. unaki shinakht kar sakate haian aur phir apane dainik jivan mean unaka behatar prayog kar sakate haian. yadi aisa n karake ham bina soche-samajhe ratnoan ka istemal karate haian to ulta asar p data hai. aisi sthiti mean hamean nuqasan bhi uthana p d sakata hai. [[chitr:Pearl.jpg|thumb|250px|left|moti]] isalie ratnoan ka upayog jaanch-parakhakar tatha soch-vicharakar karana chahie. kuchh patthar ya padarthoan ke gun, charitr evan visheshataean aisi hoti haian ki unhean dekhate hi ratn kah diya jata hai, jaise-hira, maniky, vaidoory, nilam, pukharaj, panna adi ko log ratn ke nam se pukarate haian. vaise vastav mean ye sare patthar hi haian, lekin beshaqimati patthar. isalie aangrezi mean inhean prisiyas ston (bahumooly patthar) kahate haian. 'ratn' ka vishesh arth shreshthatv bhi hai. isi vajah se kisi khas vyakti ko usake mahattvapoorn kary ke lie 'ratn' shabd se vibhooshit kiya jata hai. prachinakal se hi ratn ka arth-bhoogarbh ya samudr tal se prapt hone vale hira, moti, maniky adi samajha jata raha hai. ratn bhagy-parivartan mean shighratishighr apana prabhav dikhata hai. darasal, prithvi ke andar lakhoan varshoan tak p de rahane ke karan usamean prithvi ka chumbakatv tatha tezatv a jata hai. prithvi ke jis kshetr mean jis grah ka asar adhik hota hai, us kshetr ke asapas us grah se sambandhit ratn adhik matra mean pae jate haian. vastav mean prithvi grahoan ke sanyog se apane andar ratnoan ka nirman karati hai. at: ise 'ratnag' bhi kaha jata hai.

rasayanik tattv

ratn vastav mean khanij padarth haian, jo prakriti ki god mean bhinn-bhinn roopoan mean pae jate haian. darasal, ye bhinn-bhinn tatvoan ke apas mean milane arthath kriya-pratikriya ke phalasvaroop banate haian. in ratnoan mean mukhyatah karban, beriyam, beriliyam, elyoominiyam, kailshiyam, jasta, tin, taanba, haidrojan, loha, ph aausphoras, maianganiz, gandhak, potaishiyam, sodiyam, jiankoniyam adi tattv upasthit hote haian.

itihas

• ratnoan ka itihas atyant hi prachin hai. bharat ki tarah any deshoan mean bhi inake janm sambandhi anaginat kathaean prachalit haian. hamare desh mean is tarah ki jo kathaean vikhyat haian, ve puranoan se li gee haian. puranoan mean ratnoan ki utpatti se sambandhit anek kathaean haian. 'agnipuran' ke anusar - mahabali asuraraj vritrasur ne devalok par akraman kiya. tab bhagavan vishnu ki salah par indr ne maharshi dadhichi se vajr banane hetu unaki haddiyoan ka dan maanga. phir isi vajr se devataoan ne vritrasur ka sanhar kiya. astr (vajr) nirman ke samay dadhichi ki asthiyoan ke, jo sookshm aansh prithvi par gire, unase tamam ratnoan ki khanean ban geean.
• isi tarah ek doosari katha hai. usake anusar - samudr manthan ke samay jab amrit kalash prakat hua to asur us amrit ko lekar bhag ge. devataoan ne unaka pichha kiya. apas mean chhina-jhapati huee aur is prakriya mean amrit ki kuchh booandean chhalak kar prithvi par ja girian. kalaantar mean amrit ki ye booandean anaginat ratnoan mean parivartit ho geean.
• ek tisari katha raja bali ki hai. jab vaman roopi shri vishnu ne bali se sadhe tin pag prithvi maangi to usane ise dena svikar kar liya. tab bhagavan vishnu ne virat svaroop dharan kar tin pagoan mean tinoan lokoan ko nap liya aur adhe pag ke lie usake sharir ki maang ki thi. raja bali ne apana sampoorn sharir vaman ko samarpit kar diya. bhagavan vishnu ke charanasparsh se bali ratnamay aur vajravath ho gaya. isake bad indr ne use apane vajr se prithvi par mar giraya. prithvi par khand- khand hokar girate hi bali ke sharir ke sabhi aangoan se alag-alag rang, roop v gun ke ratn prakat hue. bhagavan shiv ne un ratnoan ko apane char trishooloan par sthapit karake phir un par nau grahoan evan bahar rashiyoan ka prabhutv sthapit kiya. isake bad unhean prithvi par char dishaaauan mean gira diya. phalasvaroop prithvi par vibhinn ratnoan ki khanean utpann hueean.

in kathaoan ko bare mean ap jo kahean- kapol kalpana, mithak ya kuchh aur... lekin is bat se ap iankar nahian kar sakate ki prachinakal mean logoan ko in ratnoan ke roop, gun v upayog ke bare mean kamobesh jnan tha. keval itana hi nahian, ve in ratnoan ka utpadan prakritik v kritrim taur par karane lage the. is sachchaee ko aj ke adhunik itihasakar bhi manate haian. shodh kary mean lage vaijnanik bhi is bat se sahamat haian.

granthoan ke anusar

prachin granthoan ke anusar uchch koti mean 84 prakar ke ratn ate haian. inamean se bahut se ratn ab aprapy haian tatha bahut se ne-ne ratnoan ka avishkar bhi hua hai. ratnoan mean mukhyatah nau hi ratn zyada pahane jate haian. vartaman samay mean prachin granthoan mean varnit ratnoan ki soochiyaan pramanik nahian rah gee hai. ratnoan ke namoan ki soochi nimn prakar hai -

ratnoan ki soochi
ajooba ratn	ahava ratn	abari ratn	amaliya ratn	alemani ratn	upal ratn	udaoo ratn	ekvamerin ratn
karpishamani ratn	kataila ratn	kasauti ratn	kaansala ratn	kurand ratn	kraisoberil ratn	gud di ratn	godanti ratn
gomed ratn	gauri ratn	chakamak ratn	chandrakaant ratn	chitto ratn	chumbak ratn	jajemani ratn	jabarajadd ratn
zahar mohara ratn	jharana ratn	tedhi ratn	door ratn	tiliyar ratn	turamali ratn	turasava ratn	trinamani ratn
daantala ratn	dane phirag ratn	darachana ratn	durrenajaf ratn	dhunala ratn	naram ratn	nilam ratn	nilopal ratn
panaghan ratn	paras ratn	pukharaj ratn	panna ratn	pairop ratn	fate zahar ratn	firoza ratn	basaro ratn
baansi ratn	beruanj ratn	mak di ratn	maragaj ratn	makshik ratn	maniky ratn	masar mani ratn	mooanga ratn
moovenajaph ratn	moti ratn	raktamani ratn	raktashm ratn	rataratua ratn	lahasuniya ratn	lal di ratn	las ratn
loodhiya ratn	shesh mani ratn	shailamani ratn	shobhamani ratn	sangamaramar ratn	sangamoosa ratn	sangasitara ratn	sangiya ratn
sangesimak ratn	sangehadid ratn	sindooriya ratn	siphari ratn	siangali ratn	sijari ratn	sunahala ratn	surama ratn
sooryakant ratn	selakh di ratn	sonamakkhi ratn	spainel ratn	sphatik ratn	hakik ratn	hajarate ood ratn	hajarate ber ratn
haritamani ratn	haritopal ratn	hira ratn

ratnoan ki visheshata

[[chitr:Topaz.jpg|thumb|250px|pukharaj ke vibhinn rang]] yadi sankshipt mean ratn ki visheshata zahir karani hai to ham kah sakate haian ki jisamean adabhut sauandary v lavany ho, vah ratn hai. lekin ratn ki yah paribhasha bhi adhoori hai, kyoanki keval sauandary v lavany hi kisi pamthar ko ratn ki sanjna se vibhooshit nahian karata. ratn use hi kaheange, jisaka sauandary v lavany atyadhik tikaoopan ke gun se bharapoor ho, arthath jisaka sauandary v lavany lambe samay tak baraqarar rahe. sath hi sath sthir bhi rahe. in donoan gunoan ke mel se ratnoan mean ek divyata ati hai, usake prati ek svabhavik shraddha man mean um dati hai. isake alava jin pattharoan ko ratn kaha jata hai, unamean do gun aur hote haian. pahala gun hai, aise pattharoan ka kam paya jana. isi vajah se inhean durlabh patthar bhi kaha jata hai. at: log inhean adar aur pramukhata dete haian. doosara gun hai, jis patthar ka adhik chalan ho, maang ho aur faishan ho, use bhi ratn ki sanjna di jati hai.

udaharan svaroop, sanh 1920 se 1922 tak yoorop v kuchh any deshoan mean ambar athava trinamani ki khoob maang thi. vartaman mean tare ki tarah chamakane vale hire athava barah kiranean chho dane vale nilam ki maang bahut hai. darasal, samay aur badalati abhiruchi ke anusar ratnoan ki maang bhi parivartit hoti rahati hai. ratn ki aangoothi ya l aauket pahane se vyapar mean unnati, naukari mean padonnati, rajaniti mean saphalata, kort-kachahari mean saphalata, shatru nash, karz se mukti, vaivahik ‍talamel mean badha ko door kar anukool banana, santan kasht, vidya mean rukavatean, videsh, arthik unnati adi mean saphal‍ta milati hai. manaviy utthan-patan mean inaki adbhut bhoomika ko aankana asan nahian hai; tabhi to bharatiy kohanoor hira apani damak evan prabhav se vishv star par shreshthata banae hue hai.

chamak

manushy jab koee vastu dekhata hai to sabase pahale usaki drishti us vastu ke bahy parat par p dati hai. usake atirikt parat par yakayak drishti ka jana asvabhavik hai. ratnoan ke bahari parat athava satah par ek vishesh tarah ki chamak vidyaman rahati hai, jise manushy pahali nazar mean hi dekh leta hai. ratnoan ki yah chamak athava jyoti mukhy roop se is bat par nirbhar karati hai ki us par p dane vali prakash ki kiranoan ko kitanoan aanshoan v matra mean vapas lautata hai. kahane ka matalab yah hai ki usase takarakar ya phir usake andar pravesh karake kitane pratishat prakash ki kiranean vapas lautati haian. ratnoan se takarakar ya pravesh karake jo kiranean lautati haian, ve gun ke adhar par kee tarah ki hoti haian-

tutiya chamak-

yah chamak pray: pratyek ratnoan ke bahari satah par hi dikhaee deti hai.

dhatvik chamak

yah chamak dhatvik hoti hai, arthath kisi dhatu par prakash ki kiranean p dane ke bad usase nikalane vali kiranean hoti haian. pital, sona, ispat, taanba, chaandi, pletinam adi dhatu par prakash p data hai, to usamean jaisi chamak hoti hai, thik usi tarah ki kiranean kisi ratn par prakash p dane par nikalati haian. isilie ise dhatvik chamak kahate haian.

moti ki chamak

moti ki apani ek vishesh chamak hoti hai. isilie jauhari ise moti ki chamak ya mukta-jyoti kahate haian. ise prachy chamak bhi kaha jata hai.

ral chamak

yah chamak kuchh lalima lie hue hoti hai. vastut: yah ratn jaisi hi chamak hai. isilie ise ral chamak ya raj jyoti kahate haian.

reshami chamak

yah chamak resham-si chikani aur mulayam hoti hai. ratnoan par jab prakash ki kiranean p dati haian to usase nikalane vali chamak resham ki tarah mulayam-si dikhati haian. at: reshami ise chamak kahate haian. aisi chamak sabhi ratnoan mean nahian hoti hai. inake atirikt bhi kee prakar ki chamak hoti haian-jaise hirak jyoti, mand jyoti aur kachar jyoti. ye bhi ratnoan mean paee jati haian. lekin ye sabhi ratnoan mean prakat nahian hoti haian.

kathorata

khanij vaijnanik bahumooly ratnoan ki kathorata mapane ke lie pahale jin vibhinn tariqoan ka istemal karate the, unamean kharoanch takanik pramukh thi. isake anusar yadi do pattharoan ki kathorata ki jaanch karani ho to unamean paraspar kharoanch lagaee jati thi. jis patthar dvara doosare patthar par asani se kharoanch a jati, use kam kathor aur jis par kharoanch n p de, use sarvottam kathor ki sanjna di jati thi. parantu aj ratnoan ki kathorata ki jaanch kampyootar dvara ki jati hai. is prakriya se ratnoan par kharoanch p dane ya unake avamoolyan ka bhay nahian rahata hai. ratnoan ko tarashane aur katane ke dauran hi bina kisi nuqasan ke unaki kathorata jaanch li jati hai. [[chitr:Sapphire.jpg|thumb|left|nilam]] viyana ke ek bhookhanij vaijnanik fredarik mohas ne ratnoan ki kathorata mapane ke lie kuchh manadand aur kathorata ki matra aankane ke adhar-aank bhi nirdharit kie the, jo kharoanch takanik par adharit the. mohas ne kathorata ke adhar par 10 vibhinn ratn chunakar unaki paraspar tulana ki. inamean pratyek ratn apane se nimn shreni ke patthar par kharoanch dal sakata tha tatha apani uchch shreni vale ratn se khuracha ja sakata tha. do saman kathorata vale ratn ek-doosare par kharoanch nahian dal sakate the. is prakar ki kathorata ki jaanch ke lie 1 se 10 aank tak ka mohas kathorata paimana nirdharit kiya gaya. in aankoan ke bich ki apasi doori saman hona avashyak nahian hai.

mohas ke is siddhant ke anusar-pratyek ratn aur qimati uparatn ki kathorata ko mapa ja sakata hai. isamean sabase nazuk ratn ko 1 ve 2 nambar par rakha gaya hai. aise ratn apekshakrit kamazor hote haian. is siddhant ke anusar 3 se 6 tak ki shreni vale ratn madhyam kathor tatha 6 se oopar ki shreni ke ratn kathor mane jate haian. atyant kathor ratnoan ki sima 8 se 10 mani gayi hai. durbhagyavash kathorata ka yah parimap sunaroan aur abhooshan nirmataoan ki kasauti par khara nahian utara, kyoanki matr kathorata hi nahian balki kathorata ko sudridh banane vale any rasayanik tattv bhi ratn mean hone chahie, jo unhean lambe samay tak ekaroopata evan kathorata pradan karate rahean.

is prakar kharoanch pranali ka manadand 7 aank se niche vale ratnoan ki kathorata ke lie khara nahian utara. kyoanki 7 aank se niche vale ratn dhool-mitti jamane se toot jate ya vikrit ho jate the. in ratnoan mean kaanch ya sphatik ke kan mile hote the. aise ratnoan se bane abhooshanoan ke rakh-rakhav mean yah nirdesh diya jata tha ki abhooshanoan ko dhool se bachaya jae ya kisi band dibbe mean rakha jae, taki kisi nukili chiz se unake tootane ka bhay n rahe. sath hi kharoanch parikshan ke lie kisi ratn ke achchhe dharatal par tezadhar vale nukile auzar upayog kie jaean.

yadi ratn mean rasayanik tattv kam ya zyada matra mean hoan ya ratn ki sanrachana mean kaanch athava sphatik ke kan asaman matra mean mishrit hoan to bhi usaki kathorata mean kami a jati hai. kuchh ratn alag-alag dishaoan ya vibhinn bhagoan mean bhinn shreni ki apani kathorata vyakt karate haian.

mohas siddhant ke anusar agar kyanait namak ratn par lambaee vale dharatal par kharoanch dali jae to usaki kathorata 4.5 aur chau daee mean 6 ya 7 nikalati hai. is prakar age-pichhe ke dharataloan par vibhinn kathorata vale ratn ko dohari pratirodhak shakti vala kahate haian. hire ki kathorata mean bhi antar hota hai.

ratn ke vyapariyoan ko yah achchhi tarah jnat hona chahie ki katiang ya tarash ke dauran kis ratn ki kathorata vibhinn dharataloan par kya hai? matr kharoanch ya ekadh vidhiyoan se parikshan n karake tikhe aur nukile auzaroan se bhi kathor se kathoratam ratn ki shreni aanki ja sakati hai. mohas siddhant keval yahi batata hai ki kaun sa patthar doosare patthar par kharoanch laga sakata hai. isase halki ya gahari kharoanch ki koee charcha nahian hai. kathorata ki jaanch tabhi karani chahie, jab koee any sadhan upalabdh n ho, kyoanki yah parikshan trutipoorn bhi ho sakata hai. kathorata kram mean do aank ke madhy ki doori asaman bhi ho sakati hai.

ratn ki paribhasha

[[chitr:Emerald.jpg|thumb|250px|panna]] uparokt vishleshan se ab ham ratn ko paribhashit kar sakate haian. nicho d ke roop mean yah kaha ja sakata hai ki jis patthar se abhooshan ki shobha badhakar duguni ho tatha usaki lavanyata akarshan paida kare, ratn kaha jaega. is shreni mean ham moti ko le sakate haian. lekin yah ratn durlabh nahian hai. isamean utana tikaoopan bhi nahian hai, kyoanki moti mulayam hota hai. isake alava yah koee patthar bhi nahian hai. yah to samudr mean paya jane vala ek padarth hai. phir bhi apane sauandary v lavanyata ke karan ise ratnoan ki shreni mean rakha jata hai. in ratnoan ki khoobasoorati yooan to kee batoan par adharit hoti hai, lekin inaka saundary prakash ki kiranoan ke chhalava se atyadhik badh jata hai. prakash ki kiranoan ka yah chhalava ajibo-garib hota hai. jab ye kiranean kisi ratn par p dati haian to kuchh ratnoan se takarakar dekhane vale ki aankhoan ki or laut ati haian. kuchh ghusakar par chali jati haian aur kuchh ghusakar phir vapas lautati haian. is tarah kiranoan ke puanjoan ka ek manabhavan khel akarshak puanjoan ke roop mean dikhaee p data hai, jo barabar man ko moh leta hai. prakash ki yah kiran puanj hamean svachchh-dhaval dikhaee p dati hai, lekin isaki safedi mean sat rang hote haian. inhian sat rangoan ka mishran hota hai yah safedi. darasal, jab koee prakash ki kiran kisi ratn ke bhitar jakar vapas lautati hai to vah sat rangoan mean bant jati hai. aisi sthiti mean lagata hai ki vah ratn satarangi kiranoan se dhaki huee adabhut vastu hai. svabhavikat: yahi drishy manushy ko apani or akrisht kar leta hai. isi akarshan se manushy mean ratn prapti ki ichchha janm leti hai. ratnoan ke gun ko prakashiy gun kahate haian.

ratnoan ki utpatti

prakriti mean khanij ratnoan ke alava jaivik v vanaspatik ratn bhi pae jate haian, jo inaki kriya-pratikriyaoan ke phalasvaroop utpann hote haian. moti evan mooanga jaivik ratn haian jabaki trinamani aur jed vanaspatik ratn. khanij ratn khanoan se prapt hote haian, lekin jaivik ratn samudroan mean pae jate haian. vanaspatik ratn parvatoan se prapt hota haian. doosari or kritrim ratnoan ke nirman ka prachalan bhi prachinakal se hai, lekin aj is kshetr mean bhari unnati huee hai. vartaman mean kritrim ratnoan ka utpadan vyapak paimane par ho raha hai. sach kahean to prakritik v shuddh ratnoan ki apeksha kee guna adhik kritrim ratn ab bazar mean pat ge haian, jinhean pahachanane ke mamale mean b de-b de anubhavi jauhari v ratn visheshajn bhi dhokha kha jate haian. thumb|250px|left|ratn aant mean nishkarsh ke taur par yah kaha ja sakata hai ki prakriti ki god mean p de ratnoan ka astitv manav se pahale tha, jo ek lambi prakriya ke dauran samane ae. inhoanne prakriti ki garbh mean rahakar n jane kitane ghat-pratighat, uthal-puthal, kriya-pratikriya adi sahe aur khud ko aisa bana liya ki un par inaka koee asar hi n ho. phalatah ye manav ke lie atyant hi upayogi siddh hue. jyotish ke kshetr mean inake upayog ka muqabala koee nahian kar sakata-aisa kahana asangat nahian lagata. kyoanki inamean vibhinn prakar ki paristhitiyoan ko sahane ki abhootapurv shakti nihit hoti hai.

ratnoan ki pahachan

pratyek ratn mean rangoan ka 'phiangar print' hota hai. ise shoshak spektram kahate haian. yah 'phiangar print' pratyek ratn mean bhinn-bhinn hota hai jo ratn ki pahachan sthapit karata hai. ise aankhoan se yooan hi nahian dekha ja sakata. isalie ratnashastri ise 'spektroskop' yantr se dekhate haian. yah yantr ratn se nikalane vali roshani ko isake rangoan ke spektram mean vibhajit kar deta hai. yah pratyek ratn mean alag-alag hota hai. isalie ratn ki pahachan asani se hoti hai. kuchh ratnoan par kritrim prakash p dane se usaka asali rang aur abha badal jati hai, jaise-pukharaj soory ki roshani mean jitani achchhi prakritik abha dega, vaisi bijali ke laimp ke niche nahian de sakata. lekin maniky aur panne ki abha kritrim prakash mean duguni ho jati hai. sabase vismayakari asar elekjendrait par hota hai, jo soory ki roshani mean hara aur vidyut prakash mean lal dikhaee deta hai. hire ke atirikt any sabhi ratnoan mean prakritik evan kritrim prakash ka ek anootha prabhav aur antar dekhane ko milata hai, jo prayogashalaoan mean parikshan ke dauran vishesh roop se parilakshit hota hai. alag-alag shreni ke ratnoan mean jo prakashiy chamak hoti hai, thik vaisi hi rang kagaz par darshana bahut mushkil hai. inake vastavik rang ke jitane bhi bhed aur antar dikhaee p date haian, ham utane rangoan ka chitran nahian kar sakate. kisi bhi ratn mean koee bhi rang ekasar saman matra mean nahian hota. hazaroan prakar ke ratnoan ke rang bhi hazaroan haian. rang vijnan aur ratnoan ke vyapari in sabhi rangoan ke samatuly prakritik rangoan ki simit shreni se hi inaki shuddhata ki jaanch karate haian.

ratnoan ke prakar evan bhed

thumb|250px|ratn ratnoan ko tin shreniyoan mean baanta gaya hai. isaka adhar inake prapti sthan v deshantar bhinnata ko banaya gaya hai-

1. pashan ratn- chattanoan, shilakhandoan evan kuchh nadiyoan se prapt ratn jaise- hira, maniky, nilam, akik, ityadi pashan ratn kahalate haian.
2. pranij ratn- jaliy jivoan v any praniyoan se prapt ratn jaise- hathi daant, moti sip tatha nagamani adi is shreni mean ate haian.
3. vanaspati ratn- isamean kaharuva jaise- ashmihoot ratnoan ki ganana ki jati hai.

ratnoan mean rangoan ka prabhav

ratnoan ke bahm roop ko abhamandit karane mean rangoan ka bahut b da yogadan hai. agar rang-roop mean ratn dyutiman n hoan to unaki koee kisam nahian rah jati. kee prakar ke ratn asali-moolyavan ratnoan se milate-julate haian, parantu rang mean zara-sa bhed hone se unaki asaliyat khul jati hai. ratnoan mean rang ka prabhav rangahani dalane par nazar ata hai. rangoan ko sokh lene tatha use pratibimbit karane ki kshamata par hi ratn ka rang adharit hota hai. safed rang indradhanushi rangoan se bana hai. jab yah ratn par p data hai to spektram ke kuchh rang ratn dvara sokh lie jate haian. jo rang ratn dvara nahian sokha jata, vah ya to ratn se nikal jata hai ya pratibimbit hota hai. pratibimit rang hi ratn ko rangin abha deta hai. kuchh ratn keval ek hi rang ke hote haian, jaise-mailakait sadaiv hara hota hai. yadi koee ratn lal nazar ata hai to usase keval lal rang hi pratibimbit hota hai, jabaki any sabhi rang ratn dvara atmasath kar lie jate haian.

ratnoan ke sanrachana tatha akar

adhikaansh ratn khanij roop mean pae jate haian. inaki rachana dharati ke garbh mean kuchh vishesh bhautik tatha rasayanik parivartanoan ke phalasvaroop hoti hai. ratnoan ki utpatti ka karan tap tatha dab hota hai. kuchh khanij dharati ke garbh mean kalantar mean ae lave se tatha kuchh any dharati ke bhitar jata eedhan ya gaisoan se nirmit hote haian. kuchh aise bhi ratn haian jo paradarshi ya vartaman khanijoan par p dane vale dharati ke tapaman aur dabav ke karan apani alag sanrachana bana lete haian. kuchh ratn chattanoan se alag hokar jharanoan tatha jalasrotoan adi ke sath bahakar nadiyoan ki talahati mean jama ho jate haian. jal mean bahate rahane se inaki satah chikani ho jati hai. ye gol ya andakar ho jate haian. khanij ratnoan ke alava jaivik prakriya se prapt hone vale ratn moti haian. ye sip dvara nirmit hote haian. sip ke bhitar rahane vale ghoghean ko apane andar (sip mean) kisi vijatiy tattv ke pravesh kar jane se kasht hota hai. phalat: vah ek vishesh prakar ka dravy us tattv ke charoan or lapet deta hai. aisi sthiti mean yah dravy gol akar mean moti ban jata hai. isi siddhant ke adhar par kritrim motiyoan ka nirman hota hai. mooange ka nirman 'polips' namak samudri jiv ki asthiyoan se hota hai. trinamani ya kaharuva ki utpatti pe doan se nikale rejin ke jivashm ke roop mean parivartit hone se hoti hai. yah ek vanaspatik utpatti hai. [[chitr:Diamond.jpg|thumb|250px|left|hira]] ratn adhikatar chattanoan mean j de hue prapt hote haian. chattanoan ki rachana anek prakar ke khanij tatvoan ke mishran se hoti hai. chattanean tin prakar ki hoti haian-

roopantirit chattanean-

ye agnij tatha talachhati chattanoan ka hi ek roop hai. ye bhoogarbh mean garmi tatha dabav se parivartit hokar ne khanij tatvoan ke sath nee chattanoan ka nirman karati haian. aisi prakriya mean unake bhitar ratnoan ki rachana hoti hai. udaharanarth-garmi tatha dabav se laimaston se parivartit hokar sangamaramar mean se maniky ratn mil sakata hai.

agnij chattanean-

ye pighali huee chattanoan ka pun: thos roop le chuki chattanean haian. pighali huee chattanean dharati ke garbh se oopar ati haian. yah bhi mana jata hai ki aisi chattanean jvalamukhi ke dvara lave ke roop mean nikalati haian. dhimi gati se thandi hone tatha thos roop lene vali chattanoan ke manibh b de akar ke hote haian. unamean ratniy pattharoan ka nirman saralatapoorvak hota hai.

talachhati chattanean-

ye chattanean mausam ke prabhav svaroop tuk doan ke jama ho jane se nirmit hoti haian. bitate samay ke sath ye chattani tuk de pun: kathor chattanoan ka roop le lete haian. ye adhikatar paratoan mean nirmit hoti haian. astraliya mean aisi adhikatar chattanoan mean opal namak ratn paya jata hai. firoja tatha kuchh any ratn bhi adhikatar aisi chattanoan ki dararoan mean milate haian. ye chattanoan mean apana nishchith akar banakar manibh ke roop mean chipake rahate haian. hailait tatha jipsam adi bhi aisi hi chattanoan mean milata hai.

kristalavijnan 'Crystallography' ke anusar manibh ke roop vale ratn chattanoan ka bhag n hokar keval unase chipake rahate haian. inaka apana akar bhi hota hai. in manibhoan ko chh: prakar ki paddhatiyoan mean vibhajit kiya gaya hai. manibhoan ke roop mean prapt hone vale ratn inhian paddhatiyoan ke anusar samooche vishv mean ek nishchith akar mean prapt hote haian. ye paddhatiyaan haian-ghan paddhati, chatushphalak paddhati, shadbhujiy paddhati, samachaturbhuj paddhati, ekapadi paddhati tatha tripadi paddhati.

ratnoan par prakash tatha rangoan ka prabhav

bahut se ratnoan par tivr prakash ya rang ka prabhav aisa dikhaee deta hai ki jinaka sambandh n to unaki rasayanik banavat se hota hai aur n hi unamean upasthit ashuddhiyoan se, jo rangiy abha yukt hoti haian. ye rang prabhav matr roshani ke vartanaank mean avarodh ke karan paida hote haian. ye nimn prakar ke hote haian- [[chitr:Sapphire-1.jpg|thumb|250px|nilam]]

indradhanushipan-

agar ratnoan ke andar dararoan aur bemel laharoan mean roshani dali jae to vah kee konoan mean phail jati hai. isake parinamasvaroop ratn ke prabhavamandal mean indradhanush jaisi abha bikhar jati hai.

doodhiyapan-

is prakar ki chamak moonaston shreni ke un ratnoan mean nazar ati hai, jinako kaivikon kat mean tarasha jata hai.

billauripan-

jab kisi ratn ko kaivikon kat mean tarasha jata hai to ratn ke bhitar se paravartit hota prakash billi ki aankh jaisa pratit hota hai.

jhilamilapan-

isamean ratnoan ki thos prishthabhoomi par jhilamilane vala bahurangi prakash nazar ane lagata hai.

jagamagahat-

jin ratnoan mean bhautik ya rasayanik prakriya ke phalasvaroop zara si roshani ke prabhav se dher sari jagamagahat paida ho jae, unako ujjval prakash ke vartanaank shreni ka ratn mana gaya hai. parantu isamean jagamagahat tap utsarjan sammilit nahian hai. infra-red kiranean dalane par ratnoan ko jaanchane-parakhane se jo parinam nikalate haian, ve siddhant roop se pratidipti kahalate haian. is prakriya se ratn ki roshani ya jagamagahat dekhi jati hai.

opal rangi-

amataur se nili sookshm tarangoan ke paravartan ke karan samany opal ratnoan mean nili ya muktabh abha dikhaee deti hai.

bahurangi-

aise rangoan ki chhata opal shreni ke ratnoan se prasphutit hoti hai. patthar ko ghumane ya hilane-dulane se bahut sare rangoan ki varn abha prabhavamandal mean bikhar jati hai.

dogalapan-

dhatvik chamak khasataur se lebredorait aur spektrolait shreni ke ratnoan mean paee jati hai. in ratnoan ki pradhan varn abha hare v nile rang mean hoti hai. parantu usaka samoocha drishy-patal rang-biranga hona zaroori hai.

nav ratn

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

samany taur par grahoan-nakshatroan ke anusar jyotish mean matr navaratnoan ko hi liya jata hai. in ratnoan ke upalabdh n hone par inake uparatn ya saman prabhavakari ratnoan ka prayog kiya jata hai. bharatiy manyata ke anusar kul 84 ratn pae jate haian, jinamean maniky, hira, moti, nilam, panna, mooanga, gomed, tatha vaidoory (lahasuniya) ko navaratn mana gaya hai. ye ratn hi samast sauramandal ke pratinidhi mane jate haian. yahian karan hai ki inhean dharan karane se shighr phal ki prapti hoti hai.

navagrah aur ratn	grahoan ke anusar ratnoan ki anukoolata
grah sanbandhit ratn upayukt dhatu sury maniky svarn chandr moti chaandi mangal mooanga svarn budh panna svarn,kaansa brihaspati pukharaj chaandi shukr hira chaandi shani nilam loha, sisa rahu gomed chaandi, sona, taanba, loha, kaansa ketu lahasuniya chaandi, sona, taanba, loha, kaansa	lagn sashi svami grah anukool mesh mangal mooanga vrishabh shukr hira mithun budh panna kark chandr moti sianh soory maniky kanya budh panna tula shukr hira vrishchik mangal mooanga dhanu guru pukharaj makar shani nilam kuanbh shani nilam min guru pukharaj

maniky

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:Ruby-Gemstone.jpg|thumb|250px|maniky ratn]] maniky soory grah ka ratn hai. maniky ko aangrezi mean 'roobi' kahate haian. yah gulabi ki tarah gulabi surkh shyam varn ka ek bahumooly ratn hai aur yah kale rang ka bhi paya jata hai. ise soory-ratn ki sanjna di gee hai. arabi mean isako 'lal badakhshaan' kahate haian. yah kuruandam samooh ka ratn hai. gulabi rang ka maniky shreshth mana gaya hai.

panna

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

panna budh grah ka ratn hai. panna ko aangrezi mean 'emerald' kahate haian jo kee rangoan mean paya jata hai. yah hara rang lie safed lochadar ya nim ki patti jaise rang ka paradarshak hota hai. navaratn mean panna bhi hota hai. hare rang ka panna sarvashreshth mana jata hai. panna atyant naram patthar hota hai tatha atyant moolyavan pattharoan mean se ek hai. rang, roop, chamak, vajan, paradarshita ke anusar isaka mooly nirdharit hota hai.

hira

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

hira shukr grah ka ratn hai. aangrezi mean hira ko 'dayamand' kahate haian. hira ek prakar ka bahumooly ratn hai jo bahut chamakadar aur bahut kathor hota hai. yah bhi kee rangoan mean paya jata hai, jaise- safed, pila, gulabi, nila, lal, kala adi. ise nau ratnoan mean sarvashreshth mana jata hai. hira ratn atyant mahanga v dikhane mean sundar hota hai. safed hira sarvottam hai aur hira sabhi prakar ke ratnoan mean shreshth hai. hire ko hire ke kanoan ke dvara p aaulish karake khoobasoorat banaya jata hai.

nilam

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

nilam shani grah ka ratn hai. nilam ka aangrezi nam 'saiphayar' hai. nilam ratn gahare nile aur halke nile rang ka hota hai. yah bhi kee rangoan mean paya jata hai; masalan- mor ki gardan jaisa, halka nila, pila adi. mor ki gardan jaise rang vala nilam uttam shreni ka mana jata hai. nilam paradarshi, chamakadar aur lochadar ratn hai. navaratn mean nilam bhi hota hai. shani ka ratn nilam elyoominiyam aur aauksijan ke mel se banata hai. ise kuruandam samooh ka ratn mana jata hai.

moti

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

moti chandr grah ka ratn hai. moti ko aangrezi mean 'parl' kahate haian. moti safed, kala, asamani, pila, lala adi kee rangoan mean paya jata hai. moti samudr se sipoan se prapt kiya jata hai. moti ek bahumooly ratn jo samudr ki sipi mean se nikalata hai aur chhoota, gol tatha safed hota hai. moti ko urdoo mean maravarid aur sanskrit mean mukta kahate haian.

lahasuniya

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

lahasuniya ketu grah ka ratn hai. lahasuniya ratn mean billi ki aankh ki tarah ka soot hota hai. isamean pilapanh, syahi ya safedi rang ki jhaeean bhi hoti hai. lahasuniya ratn ko vaidoory bhi kaha jata hai.

mooanga

[[chitr:Topaz-Ring.jpg|thumb|250px|pukharaj ki aangoothi]]

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

mooanga mangal grah ka ratn hai. mooanga ko aangrezi mean 'koral' kaha jata hai, jo amataur par siandoori lal rang ka hota hai. mooanga lal, siandoor varn, gulabi, safed aur krishna varn mean bhi prapy hai. mooanga ka prapti sthan samudr hai. vastav mean mooanga ek kism ki samudri j d hai aur mooanga samudri jivoan ke kathor kankaloan se nirmit ek prakar ka nikshep hai. mooanga ka doosara nam praval bhi hai. ise sanskrit mean vidrum aur farasi mean marajaan kahate haian.

gomed

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

gomed rahu grah ka ratn hai. gomed ka aangrezi nam 'jirak aaun' hai. samanyatah isaka rang lal dhuean ke saman hota hai. rakt-shyam aur pit abhayukt katthee rang ka gomed uttm mana jata hai. navaratn mean gomed bhi hota hai. gomed ratn paradarshak hota hai. gomed ko sanskrit mean gomedak kahate haian.

pukharaj

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

pukharaj guru grah ka ratn hai. pukharaj ko aangrezi mean 'topaj' kah jata haian. pukharaj ek moolyavan ratn hai. pukharaj ratn sabhi ratnoan ka raja hai. yah amoonan pila, safed, tatha nile rangoan ka hota hai. vaise kahavat hai ki phooloan ke jitane rang hote haian, pukharaj bhi utane hi rang ke pae jate haian. pukharaj ratn elyuminiyam aur phlorin sahit siliket khanij hota hai. sanskrit bhasha mean pukharaj ko pushparag kaha jata hai. amalatas ke phooloan ki tarah pile rang ka pukharaj sarvashreshth mana jata hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh