रबर

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is lekh ka punarikshan evan sampadan hona avashyak hai. ap isamean sahayata kar sakate haian. "sujhav"

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rabar ka phool|thumb|250px rabar ki krishi ka prarambh sanh 1900 mean marakkis aauph selisabari ke prayatnoan se hua tha. isi varsh dakshin amerika se pararabar ke bij manga kar keral mean periyar nadi ke kinare lagaye gaye the. isaki uttam krishi ke lie 250 se 320 seangre. tak ka uchch tapaman, atyadhik varsha, lal, laitarait, chikani evan domat mitti tatha adhik manav-shram ki avashyakata hoti hai. isaki krishi ki upayukt dashaoan ki upalabdhata ke karan yah dakshin bharat mean paida kiya jata hai. isake pramukh utpadak rajy haian - keral, tamilanadu tatha karnatak. isake atirikt andaman-nikobar dvip samooh mean bhi kuchh rabar paida kiya jata he. 2007-2008 mean desh mean kul 9 lakh tan rab d ka utpadan hua. desh mean rabar bord ka mukhyalay kottayam (keral) mean sthit haian.

prakritik rabar

prakritik rabar pe doan aur lataoan ke ras, ya rabar kshir se banata hai. yooph aaurbiesiee kul tatha artikesiee, eposainesiee kul tatha kanpoziti kul ki gvayule ityadi ke b de b de vrikshoan, kuchh lataoan aur jha diyoan ke rabarakshir se rabar prapt hota hai. sabase adhik rabar haiviya brajiliensis se prapt hota hai. yah amarika ke amezan nadi ke jangaloan mean ugata tha aur ab bharatake travanakor, kochin, maisoor, malabar, kurg, salem aur shrilanka mean ugaya jata hai. paanch varsh ke ho jane par pe d se rabarakshir nikalana shuroo hota hai aur lagabhag 40 varshoan tak nikalata rahata hai. thumb|left|rabar kshir ek ek d mean lagabhag 150 pe d lagae jate haian aur unase 150 se 500 pauand tak rabar prapt hota hai. ek pe d se prati varsh pray: 6 pauand tak rabar prapt hota hai. ek doosara pe d phaikas ilaistika, rabar vat, hai, jo poorv eshiya mean upajata hai. isi pe d se asam, myaanmar, malaya aur any nikatavarti dvipoan mean rabar prapt hota hai. inake atirikt mainhoti glaziyovi se amezan ghatiyoan aur taigenika mean, kaistila alei se amezan, meksiko aur madhy amarika mean, phiksiya ilaistika se kaimeroons mean aur laidolphiya se kaangoan mean rabar prapt hota hai. inake atirikt any kee pe doan aur lataoan se bhi rabar prapt hota hai. ya ho sakata hai.

rabarakshir

pe doan ke dh d ke chhevane, ya katane, se rabarakshir nikalata hai. rabarakshir ko ikattha karate haian. rabarakshir mean shushk rabar ki matra lagabhag 32 pratishat rahati hai. rabarakshir pani se halka hata hai. isaka vishisht ghanatv 0.978 se 0.987 hota hai. rabarakshir mean rabar ke atirikt rezin, sharkara, protin, khanij lavan aur eanzaim rahate haian. pe d se nikalane ke bad rabarakshir ka parikshan avashyak hai, anyatha rabarakshir ka skandan hone se jo rabar prapt hota hai vah utkrisht koti ka nahian hota. parirakshan ke lie 0.5 se 1.0 pratishat amoniya, ph aaurmelin tatha sodiyam, ya potaishiyam haidraksaid ka prayog hota hai. inamean amoniya sarvashreshth hota hai. rabarakshir kol aauyad sa vyavahar karata hai. isaka piech 7 hota hai aur amoniya se 8 se 11 ho jata hai.

rabar prapti ke lie rabarakshir ka skandan hota hai. skandan ki purani riti hai rabarakshir ko mitti ke gaddhe mean ga d dena. pani bahakar mitti mean mil jata hai aur thos rabar gaddhe mean rah jata hai. doosari rati hai pe d ke dh d par hi rabarakshir ko skandan ke lie chho d dena. pani sookhakar nikal jata hai aur rabar rah jata hai. tisari rati hai dhuaan se rabarakshir ka skandan karana. kath ke patr mean rabarakshir ko rakhakar dhuean ke ghar mean rakh dete haian. rabarakshir pila aur dridh ho jata hai. usapar doosara star jamakar 'para rabar' prapt kar sakate haian. adhunik riti mean skandan ke lie rasayanak, aml, amliy lavan, samany lavan, ailkoh aaul ityadi upayukt hote haian. aisitik aml, ph aaurmik aml aur haidrophlorik aml uttam pae ge haian. apakeandritr se bhi skandan hota hai. vidyuth‌ pravah bhi skandan karata hai.

kritrim rabar

rabar kshir|thumb rasayanashalaoan mean anusandhan ke phalasvaroop aj kritrim rabar bhi banane laga hai. kuchh gunoan mean kritrim rabar prakritik rabar se utkrisht hota hai. yadi kritrim rabar ka utpadan mooly adhik n hota to isamean koee sandeh nahian ki prakritik rabar ka aj namonishan n rahata. anek desh aj kritrim rabar taiyar kar rahe haian. bharat mean bhi kritrim rabar taiyar karane ke karakhane isalie khol rakhe haian ki yuddhakal mean yadi unhean prakritik rabar n milega, to kritrim rabar hi taiyar kar apana kam chalaeange. kuchh vishesh kamoan ke lie to kritrim rabar prakritik rabar se adhik upayogi siddh hue haian.

kritrim rabar ka nirman apekshaya adhunik hai. pratham vishvayuddh ke samay hi jarmani mean pahale pahal isaka nirman b de paimane par shuroo hua tha. kritrim rabar elastamor, ilastin, ithen aauyad, thayoplast, ilastoplast ityadi namoan se jane jate haian. inake nirman mean anek asantript haidrokarban aisoprin, vyootadin, kloroprin, piparilin, saiklopeantadin, stairin, tatha any asantript haidrokarban aisoprin, vyootadin, kloroprin, piparilin, saiklopeantadin, stairin, tatha any asantript yaugik methakrilik aml, methail methakrilet vishesh ullekhaniy haian. ye rasayanak anek srotoan se prapt hue haian. kuchh rasayanak petroliyam se bhi prapt hue haian. rabar banane mean inaka bahulakikaran hota hai. bahulakikaran ki anek ritiyaan maloom haian aur unaka upayog ho raha hai. kritrim rabar ka bhi prakritik rabar sa hi valknikaran hota hai. vyootadin se prapt kritrim rabar vyoona-es, paravyoonan aur paravyoonanekstra kahe jate haian. vyoona-es ka bana tayar paryapt tikaoo hota hai.

shuddh rabar ki pahachan

shuddh rabar mean n gandh hoti hai aur n rang. yah pratyasth aur paradarshak hota hai. isaka ghanatv 0.915 se 0.930 ke bich hota hai. isaka apavartanaank 1.5219 hai. baiktiriyoan ki kriya ke karan rang pila ho jata aur nile dhabbe p d jate haian. dahan ki ooshma prati gram 10,700 kailar hai. isaki chalakata b di kam, 0.00032 hai. isaka vaidyuth‌ gun uttam hota hai. valkanikaran aur jirnan se yah gun ghat jata hai. shuddh rabar kathinata se prapt hata hai. yah jald aauksikrit hokar jirn ho jata hai. anek karbanik vilayakoan, naiphth, beanzin, t aaulooeen, karban baisalphaid, karban tetrakloraid, klaropharm, petroliyam tatha eethar mean ghul jata hai. eethar mean ghulakar 'jel rabar' banata hai. isaka vilayan b da shyan hota hai. garam karane par 120° sean. par yah komal hone lagata hai. ooanche tap par yah vighatit hota hai. bhanjak asavan se yah petrol sa drav banata hai. rabar ozon se b di jaldi akraant hokar jirn ho jata hai.

kachche rabar mean bhautik ya yaantrik bal nahian hata. prakash aur oochch tap se isaka hras hata hai. rabar ko adhik upayogi banane ke lie usamean kuchh milana avashyak hota hai. rabar mean komalakarak, sunamyakar, poorak, varnak, tvarak, atiaauksikarak, gandhak ityadi milae jate haian. komalakarakoan ke roop mean vitumin, painakolatar, mom, stiyarik aml aur khanij pairaphin, kyumeron, rezin ityadi, poorakoan ke roop mean jiank aauksaid, lauh aauksaid, lithophon, beriyam salphet, kizalagar, kailsiyam karbonet, talk, maignishiyam karbonet, kajal ityadi prayukt hote haian. varnakoan ke roop mean khanij varnak aur karbanik ranjak donoan prayukt ho sakate haian. sookhati huee rabar|250px|thumb rabar ka valkanikaran mahatv ka prakram hai. isase shuddh rabar ke anek doshoan ka nirakaran ho jata hai, jisase rabar ko upayogita badh jati hai. valkanikaran ke lie kachche rabar ko gandhak ke sath lagabhag 140° sean. par tin se char ghante tak garam karate haian. gandhak ke sath tvarak ko mila dene se valkanikaran shighr sanpann ho jata aur rabar mean kuchh adhik upayogi gun bhi a jate haian. tvarak ki atyant alp matra lagati hai. kuchh tvarakoan se to samany tap par hi valkanikaran ho jata hai. valkanikaran se bhautik gunoan ke sath sath rabar ke rasayanik gunoan mean bhi parivartan ho jata hai. valkanikaran mean 0.15 pratishat se 32 pratishat gandhak istemal ho sakata hai. valkanikrit rabar ka gun valkanikaran ke dhang par bahut kuchh nirbhar karata hai. valkanikrit rabar par pani ka koee asar nahian hota. yah chipachipa nahian hota. vitanakshapata aur dairdhy badh jata hai. vilayakoan, ooshma, vidaran aur apagharshan ke prati pratirodh badh jata hai. vaidyut gun bahut kuchh badal jata hai. valkanikaran pres mean, ya bhap ki upasthiti mean, ya shushk tap par sanpann hata hai. valkanikaran mean gandhak rabar ke sath rasayanat: sanyukt hota hai.

upayog

rabar ka adimasthan amarika hai. amarika ki ek adi jati 'maya' thi, jisamean rabar ke geand prachalit the. kolanbas ne sanh‌ 1493 ee. mean vahaan ke adivasiyoan ko rabar ke bane gedoan se khelate dekha tha. aisa maloom hota hai ki dakshin poorv eshiya ke adivasi bhi rabar se parichit the aur usase tokariyaan, gh de aur isi prakar ki vyavahar ki any chizean taiyar karate the. dhire dhire rabar ka prachar sare sansar mean ho gaya aur aj rabar adhunik sabhyata ka ek mahattvapoorn pratik mana jata hai. rabar ke bane samanoan ki sankhya aur upayogita aj itani badh gee hai ki usake abhav mean kam chalana asanbhav samajha jata hai. rabar ka upayog shaanti aur yuddhakal mean, ghareloo aur audyogik karmoan mean saman roop se hota hai. sansar ke samast rabar ke utpadan ka pray: 78 pratishat ga diyoan ke tayaroan aur tyooboan ke banane mean tatha shesh jootoan ke tale aur e diyaan, bijali ke tar, khilaune, barasati kap de, chadarean, khel ke saman, botaloan aur baraph ke thailoan, sarajari ke saman ityadi, hajaroan chijoan ke banane mean lagata hai. ab to rabar ki s dake bhi banane lagi haian, jo paryapt tikaoo siddh huee hai. rabar ka vyavasay aj dinoandin badh raha hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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