रसखान व्यक्तित्व और कृतित्व

rasakhan vishay soochi

jivani    vyaktitv evan krititv    sahityik visheshataean    kavitaean    bhasha    bhakti-bhavana    prakriti varnan    darshan

rasakhan vyaktitv aur krititv |200px|center poora nam saiyyad ibrahim (rasakhan) janm sanh 1533 se 1558 bich (lagabhag) janm bhoomi pihani, haradoee zila, uttar pradesh karm bhoomi mahavan (mathura) karm-kshetr krishna bhakti kavy mukhy rachanaean 'sujan rasakhan' aur 'premavatika' vishay sagun krishnabhakti bhasha sadharan braj bhasha vishesh yogadan prakriti varnan, krishnabhakti nagarikata bharatiy any janakari bharatendu harishchandr ne jin muslim haribhaktoan ke liye kaha tha, "in musalaman harijanan par kotin hindoo varie" unamean "rasakhan" ka nam sarvopari hai. inhean bhi dekhean kavi soochi, sahityakar soochi

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hindi sahity mean krishna bhakt tatha ritikalin kaviyoan mean rasakhan ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. 'rasakhan' ko ras ki khan kaha jata hai. inake kavy mean bhakti, shrriangar ras donoan pradhanata se milate haian. rasakhan krishna bhakt haian aur prabhu ke sagun aur nirgun nirakar roop ke prati shraddhalu haian.

rasakhan vyaktitv aur krititv

[[chitr:raskhan-1.jpg|rasakhan ki samadhi, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]] hindi sahity ke madhyakalin krishna-bhakt kaviyoan mean rasakhan ki krishna-bhakti nishchay hi sarahaniy, lokapriy aur nirvivad hai. krishna-bhakti aur kavy-sauandary ki drishti se 'sujan rasakhan' aur 'premavatika' ke rachayita rasakhan hindi sahity jagath ke ek jajvalyaman nakshatr ke roop mean bharat ke jan-jan ke hriday ko aj bhi bhavanatmak ekata ke agradoot ke roop mean prakash pradan karate haian.

do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta ke anusar

varta sahity mean sabase mahattvapoorn pustak 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' hai. is varta ke anusar rasakhan dilli mean rahate the. ek banie ke putr ke prati asakt the. is asakti ki charcha hone lagi. kuchh vaishnavoan ne rasakhan se kaha ki yadi itana prem tum bhagavan se karo to uddhar ho jae. rasakhan ne poochha ki bhagavan kahaan hai? vaishnavoan ne unako krishna bhagavan ka ek chitr de diya. rasakhan chitr ko lekar bhagavan ki talash mean braj pahuanche. anek mandiroan mean darshan karane ke uparaant apane aradhy ki khoj mean ye govind kund par ja baithe aur shrinath ji ke mandir ko takataki lagakar dekhane lage. arati ke pashchath shrinath ji inaka dhyan karake dravibhoot ho geaur chitr vala svaroop banakar darshan dene aye. rasakhan unhean apana mahaboob janakar pak dane dau de. shrinath ji aantardhan hokar gokul padhare aur shri gosaeean ji ko sanpoorn ghatana sunaee. usake bad shri gosaeean ji ne rasakhan ko darshan die aur apane mandir mean bulava liya.rasakhan darshan karake bahut prasann hue. vahian rahakar lila gan karane lage. is varta ke anusar unhean gopi bhav ki siddhi huee. is varta se yah pata chalata hai ki rasakhan ka sanbandh svami vitthalanath ji se raha. varta mean varnit kuchh ghatanaoan ke sanket rasakhan ke kavy mean bhi milate haian. rasakhan ne bhi premavatika mean chhavi darshan ki charcha ki hai. 'sujan rasakhan' mean lila varnan bhi milata hai. varta ke anusar ye lila ke darshankarake hi kavitt, savaiyoan aur dohoan ki rachana karate the aur inhean gopi bhav bhi siddh hua tha.

nav bhaktamal ke anusar

isake rachayita shriradhacharan gosvami ne rasakhan ke sanbandh mean likha hai. is varnan mean tatha 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' mean mukhy aantar yahi hai ki 'nav bhakt-mal' ke karta ke anusar darshan n pane par vyangy rachana kar rasakhan ne bhagavan se kuchh upalanbhapoorn vachan kahe. 'bhaktamal' ki tika ke anusar rahim ne aisi hi paristhiti mean vyangyapoorn dohe rache the. anumanat: gosvami ji ne yahi bat rasakhan ke sanbandh mean bhi kah dali.

moolagosaeeancharit ke anusar

sanvath 1687 mean rachit baba venimadhav das krit 'moolagusaeeancharit' mean bhi rasakhan ka ullekh milata hai. usamean likha hai ki 'ramacharitamanas' ki rachana do varsh, sat mas aur chhabbis divas mean sanvat 1633 mean samapt huee. sabase pahale mithila ke rooparany svami ne ayodhya mean isaka shravan kiya. phir sandile ke haradoee zila ke svami jandalal ke shishy 'dayal das' athava dalaladas ne usaki ek prati likhi aur apane sthan par lautakar tin varsh tak yamuna tat par manas ko apane guru aur rasakhan ko sunaya. mool granth ka yah aansh is prakar hai:

mithila ke susant sujane hate. mithiladhip bhav page rahate॥
suchi nam roopasan svami juto. tihi ausar audh mean ayau hutau॥
prathamai yah manas teee sune. tihi ke adhikari gusaeean gune॥
svaminand (su) lal ko sishay puni. tis nam dalal sudas guni॥
likhi ke soir pothi svatham gayo. guru ke dhiang jay sunay dayo॥
jamana tat par tray vatsa lo. rasakhan jaee sunavat bhau॥

is ullekh ke anusar sanvat 1634 se 1636 paryant tin varsh tak rasakhan ne 'ramacharitamanas' ki katha suni. rasakhan ne ram sanbandhi kisi pad ki rachana n karate hue bhi manas avashy suna hoga; kyoanki unaka drishtikon udar tha. ve sabako saman bhav se dekhate the. shrikrishna ke atirikt unhoanne shiv, ganga adi par chhand likhe. yadi unhoanne ram ke sanbandh mean kavy rachana nahian ki to unake sanbandh mean yah dharana bana lena tark sangat nahian hai ki ve ram kavy ko sunana bhi pansad nahian kareange arthat unhoanne ramacharitamanas ki katha chav se suni hogi. moolagosaeean charit ke anusar rasakhan tin varsh tak yamuna tat par ramacharitamanas ki katha sunate rahe.

shivasianh saroj ke anusar

shivasianh saroj ne apane itihas-granth mean likha hai ki 'rasakhan kavi' saiyad ibrahim pihani vale sanvat 1630 mean hue. ye musalaman kavi the. shri vrindavan mean jakar krishnachandr ki bhakti mean aise doobe ki phir musalamani dharm tyag kar mala kanthi dharan kie hue vrindavan ki raj mean mil ge. unaki kavita nipat lalit madhuri se bhari huee hai. inaki katha 'bhaktamal' mean padhane yogy hai.

mishrabandhu vinod ke anusar

inako bahut log saiyad ibrahim pihani vale samajhate haian. parantu vah mahashay vastav mean dilli ke pathan the. jaisa ki 'do sau bavan vaishnavan' ki varta mean likha hai. rasakhan ne apana samay anuchit vyavaharoan mean bhi vyatit kiya tha, at: unaki kavita ka adikal bhi 25 varsh ki avastha se praranbh hona anuman-siddh nahian hai. vithalesh ji ka maran kal sanvat 1643 hai, so sanvat 1640 ke lagabhag unaka shishy hona jan p data hai. at: janmakal ham 1615 ke lagabhag samajhate haian. unaki avastha 70 varsh ki manane se unaka maran kal sanvat 1685 manana p dega.'

hindi-sahity ka pratham itihas

abraham jarj griyarsan ne likha hai saiyad ibrahim upanam rasakhan kavi, haradoee zile ke aantargat pihani ke rahane vale, janm kal 1573 ee.. yah pahale musalaman the. bad mean vaishnav hokar braj mean rahane lage the. inaka varnan 'bhaktamal' mean hai. inake ek shishy kadir bakhsh hue.

hindi-sahiy ka itihas

achary ramachandr shukl ne hindi-sahity ke itihas mean rasakhan ke sanbandh mean likha hai- dilli ke ek pathan saradar the. inhoanne 'premavatika' mean apane ko shahi vansh ka kaha hai. sanbhav hai pathan badashahoan ki kul paranpara se inaka sanbandh raha ho. ye b de bhari krishna bhakt aur gosvami vitthalanath ji ke b de kripapatr shishy the. inaka rachana kal sanvat 1640 ke uparaant hi mana ja sakata hai kyoanki gosaeean vitthalanath ji ka golokavas sanvat 1643 mean hua tha. 'premavatika' ka rachanakal sanvat 1671 hai.

hindi-sahity

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

[[chitr:raskhan-2.jpg|rasakhan ke dohe, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px|left]] achary hazariprasad dvivedi ne apane itihas mean do rasakhan bataye haian. sabamean pramukh hai badashah vansh ki thasak chho dane vale sujan rasakhani. is nam ke do musalaman bhakt kavi batae jate haian.

1. ek to saiyad ibrahim pihani vale
2. doosare gosaee vitthalanath ji ke kripapatr shishy sujan rasakhan. doosare adhik prasiddh haian. sanbhavat: yah pathan the isilie apane ko badashah vansh ka likha hai.
   

hindi ke musalaman kaviyoan ka prem-kavy

gurudev prasad varma ne 'hindi ke musalaman kaviyoan ka prem kavy' namak pustak mean likha hai ki apake janm sanvat ke bare mean matabhed hai. yah prasiddh hai ki rasakhan ne shri vallabhachary ke putr shri vitthalanath ji se diksha li. vitthalanath ki mrityu sanvat 1642 vikrami mean huee, at: diksha isake poorv hi li hogi. yadi diksha grahan ka samay sanvat 1640 mana jay aur us samay unaki avastha 25 varsh mani jay to anuchit n hoga. is prakar janm sanvat 1615 vikrami ke as-pas mana ja sakata hai. janashruti hai ki rasakhan ke hriday mean bhagavadh-vishayak rati ka avirbhav 'bhagavat' ke farasi kar unhean dhyan hua ki usi se kyoan n man lagaya jay, jis par itani gopiyaan apane pran arpan karati haian. yah vichar kar ye vrindavan chale gaye. is pustak mean bhi any pustakoan se milate-julate tathyoan ka niroopan kiya gaya hai.

e histri aph hindi litarechar

eph. ee. ke. ne apani is pustak mean rasakhan ke vishay mean kaha hai ki yah pahale musalaman the aur inaka nam saiyad ibrahim tha. ye krishna ke bhakt hue haian. inhoanne krishna ki prashansa mean kavy-rachana ki jo ati sundar evan madhur hai. unake ek shishy kadir bakhsh the. unhoanne bhi hindi mean kavy-rachana ki.

naya daur (urdoo)

agast 1960 mean 'sarasvati sharan kaiph' ke lekh 'hindi ke musalaman shair' mean unhoanne rasakhan ke sanbandh mean likha hai ki rasakhan ka asali nam maloom nahian. ye dilli ke ek pathan saradar ke l dake the. javani mean yah ek baniye ke l dake par ashik ho gaye aur isake pichhe divanavar ghoomane lage. ek roz unhoanne bazar mean kisi ko kahate suna ki bhagavan krishna se aisi hi muhabbat karani chahie jaisi rasakhan ko baniye ke l dake se hai. is jumale (vaky) ne rasakhan ke roohani shoor (atma ko) jaga diya aur ye vrindavan ko chal kh de hue. vahaan jakar gosaeean vitthalanath ke chele ho ge aur roohaniyat ke is darje par pahuanch ge ki unaka zikr (charcha) mashahoor mazahabi kitab 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' mean a gaya.

rasakhan: jivan aur krititv

devendr pratap upadhyay ne apani is pustak mean kaha hai ki rasakhan ka janm sanvat 1630, jivan se virag sanvat 1664, prem vatika ki rachana sanvat 1672 aur mrityu sanvat 1690 ke lagabhag mana jay to adhik sangat hoga. is prastav mean yah smaraniy hai ki sanvat 1962-64 mean hi jahaangir aur khusaro ka bhayanak sangharsh bhi hota hai. krishna-kavy mean giti-kavy ka mahattvapoorn sthan hai. sanvat 1600 se pahale lagabhag sabhi bhaktoan ne pad-rachana ko apanaya. vidyapati ke kavy mean hamean isaka sootrapat milata hai. kabir ne bhi pad rachana ki. mira se lekar ashtachhap ke kaviyoan ne bhi is paddhati ko apanaya. sanvat 1600 ke bad hi kavitt savaiyoan ki parampara arambh hoti hai. isalie rasakhan ka rachana kal sanvat 1600 se poorv nahian mana ja sakata. 'premavatika' ke kuchh dohoan se rasakhan ke jivan par prakash p data hai.rasakhan ke samay mean dilli mean raj-satta ke lie gadar evan yuddh hua jise dekhakar rasakhan ne badashah vansh ki thasak chho d di arthat darabar se ya shahanshahe vaqt se unake jo sanbandh the usako tyag kar braj aye tatha govardhan parvat ko apana nivas sthan banaya, shri krishna ke yugal svaroop ki or yah akarshit hue. rasakhan ne mohani stri ke man tatha manini se sanbandh-vichchhed kar liya. krishna-chhavi ka darshan karake ve vastut: 'rasakhan' ho gaye. is prakar unhoanne apani chittavrittiyoan ka udattikaran kiya. sanvat 1672 mean unhoanne apane man ke ullas ko vyakt karane ke lie 'premavatika' ki rachana ki. yah kriti krishna ke padapadmoan mean samarpit hai jo shreshth rasikoan ke lie usi prakar anandaprad hai jis prakar kamal bhramaroan ke lie. rasakhan ke in dohoan ke adhar par pray: sabhi lekhakoan ne rasakhan ko badashah vansh ka bataya hai.

• chandrashekhar pande ne kaha hai-

[[chitr:raskhan-3.jpg|rasakhan ki samadhi, mahavan, mathura|thumb|250px]]

dekhi gadar hit sahibi, dilli nagar masan.
chhinahian badashah bansh ki, thasak chhauri rasakhan॥

rasakhan ke is dohe se pata chalata hai ki yah badashah vansh ke the.

• devendr pratap upadhyay ne bhi kaha hai ki badashah vansh ki thasak unhoanne chho d di. dilli nagar ko tyaga aur govardhan dham mean akar krishna radha ki sharan li. kiantu mere vichar se inaka sanbandh shahi vansh se vishesh n tha, yah keval darabar mean kisi pad par asin the. mugal badashahoan ke rajasatta ke lie hue yuddh se inhean glani huee. badashah vansh ki thasak chho dakar ye vahaan se chale ae. sujan-rasakhan ke kuchh padoan se bhi rasakhan ke sanbandh mean kuchh pata lagata hai par is or vidvanoan ne dhyan nahian diya hai.

des bides ke dekhe naresan rijh ki kooo n boojh karaigau.
tatean tinhean taji jani girayo gun sau gun augun gaanthi paraigau॥
baansurivaro b dau rijhavar hai syam ju naisuk dhar dharaigau.
la dalo chhail vahi to ahir ko pir hamare hiye ki haraigau॥

is pad se pata chalata hai ki rasakhan ne kee rajaoan se sanbandh sthapit karana chaha kiantu kisi ne unase rijhakar bat nahian ki arthat un par kisi ki anukampa nahian huee. rasakhan ne praja, prajapati, darabar adi shabdoan ka prayog bhi kiya hai. rajadarabar ka vaibhav vilas rasakhan ke achetan man mean avashy raha hoga jo bad mean kavita ke madhyam se ni:srit hua. ant mean unhoanne kah dala ki yah sab hone par yadi krishna se sneh n ho to vyarth hai-

kanchan-mandir ooanche banai kai manik lai sada jhalakaiyat.
prat hi tean sagari nagari nag motin ki tulani tulaiyat.
jadyapi din prajan prajapati ki prabhuta madhava lalachaiyat.<
aise bhe tau kaha rasakhani jo saanvare gvar soan neh n laiyat॥

kaladhaut ke dham bhi rasakhan ki smriti mean ate haian. unhean ve kuril kuanjoan par var kar santosh kar lete haian. rasakhan ne kis sundar dhang se shahi shan ke darshan karaye hai-

lal lasai pagiya sab ke, sab ke pat koti sugandhani bhine.
aangani aang saje sab hian rasakhani anek jarau navine॥

lal pagiya, jaratari pagiya, sagandhit vastr, aang jaraoo abhooshanoan, motiyoan ki malaean, in sabaka sanbandh saradar amiroan se hota hai. yah upakaran rasakhan ke jivan ke is tathy ka udghatan karate haian ki unaka darabar se sanbandh avashy raha. kisi sankatakal mean rasakhan ne yah vichar kar santosh kiya-

kahe ko soch karai rasakhani kaha karihai rabinand bicharo.
ta khan ja khan rakhiyai makhan-chakhan haro so rakhanaharo.

aisa bhi pratit hota hai ki kisi ne inaki chugali shahe vaqt se ki. usase khij kar nirbhikatapoorvak rasakhan ne yah doha kaha—

kaha karai rasakhani ko kooo chugul labar
jau pai rakhanahar hai makhan-chakhan har॥

janm sanvat

rasakhan ke janm-sanvat ke vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed paya jata hai. anek vidvanoan mean inaka janm sanvat 1615 mana hai.

• shivasianh saroj aur unhian ke adhar par veandrapratap upadhyay ne rasakhan ka janm sanvath 1630 vikrami mana hai. yadi rasakhan ka janm-sanvat 1615 man liya jae to inake braj mean ane ka samay kya hoga? isaka anuman lagana kathin ho jaega. rasakhan ne svayan batalaya hai ki gadar ke karan dilli nagar shmashan ban gaya tab ve use chho d kar braj chale ge. aitihasik sakshy ke adhar par pata chalata hai ki uparyukt gadar sanvat 1613 mean hua tha. isase spasht nishkarsh nikalata hai ki unaka janm sanvat 1613 se pahale ho chuka tha aur ve itane vayask ho chuke the ki gadar ke bad hi braj chale ge. isalie sanvat 1615 mean unaka janm manana uchit nahian pratit hota. rasakhan ka janm sanvat 1590 mean manana adhik samichin pratit hota hai.
• bhavanishankar yajnik ji ne bhi yahi mana hai. anek tathyoan ke dvara unhoanne apane is mat ki pushti bhi ki hai. aitihasik granthoan ke adhar par bhi yahi tathy samane ata hai. at: yah mat adhik tarkasangat pratit hota hai.

janm sthan

rasakhan ke janm-sthan ke vishay mean bhi anek mat haian.

• rasakhan ne sanbhavat: pihani athava dilli ko hi janm lekar pavitr kiya hoga. dilli shabd ka prayog keval ek bar unake kavy mean milata hai jisase yah siddh hota hai ki rajasatta ke lie hue yuddh ke karan dilli nagar ko shmashan-bhoomi ke roop mean dekhakar rasakhan vahaan se mathura chale ge. is adhar par vidvanoan ne dilli ko rasakhan ka janm-sthan bataya hai. rasakhan dilli mean avashy rahe kintu dilli ko unaka janm-sthan manana bina kisi sabal praman ke uchit nahian pratit hota.
• vishvanath prasad mishr ka mat hai ki pihani pathanoan ki basti hai. kintu yah kahate samay ve bhool ge haian ki saiyad pathan nahian ho sakate aur pathan saiyad nahian. isalie ki saiyad aur pathan musalamanoan ki char prasiddh upajatiyoan mean se haian. saiyad to rasoole islam hajarat muhammad ki al aulad ki sidhi chali ati paramparagat pidhi ko kahate haian. pathan apani virata ke lie prasiddh haian. unake nam ke sath 'khan' shabd ka prayog hota raha hai. yah 'khan' shabd virata ka paryayavachi ban gaya. virata ke kary karane par khan ki upadhi di jane lagi. yadi kisi saiyad ne kisi yuddh mean sahas dikhaya ya dushman ko parast kar diya to usako khan ki upadhi mil jati thian. is upadhi ki prapti b de garv ke sath svikar ki jati thi. saiyad log bhi upadhi prapt hone par apane nam ke bad khan ya khaan likhane lage. zila haradoee saiyadoan ki basti hai. vahaan saiyadoan ko khan ki upadhi mili isaka sakshi bilagram (zila haradoee) ka itihas hai. vahaan ke saiyad parampara se aee khan ki upadhi ko aj bhi nibah rahe haian.
• sherashah soori ka pichha karane par humayooan ko kannauj ke qazisaiyad abdul gaphoor ne ashray diya. isase prasann hokar apani kritajnata ka prakashan karate hue use humayooan ne haradoee zile ki tahasil shahabad paragana piandarava mean 5000 bighe ka jangal aur paanch gaanv die. pihani ki basti ke mool mean ye hi gaanv haian. yah svabhavik hi hai ki in gaanvoan ke sath humayooan ne saiyad abdul gaphoor ko khan ki upadhi bhi di. saiyad abdul gaphoor pihani mean rahane lage. sanbhavat: saiyad ibrahim inake hi vansh ke the. humayooan ki mrityu ke bad akabar ki bhi is sthan ke prati vritti barabar bani rahi aur saiyad ibrahim rasakhan parivar sahit akar dilli rahane lage hoan to koee ashchary ki bat nahian. isi se 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' ke lekhak ne yah kah diya 'shri gusaee' ji ke sevak rasakhan pathan dilli mean rahate, tinaki varta.... kintu 'do sau bavan vaishnavan ki varta' mean yah nahian likha ki rasakhan ka janm bhi dilli mean hua.
• at: ham shivasianh saroj tatha hindi sahity ke pratham itihas tatha uparyukt aitihasik tathyoan evan any pusht pramanoan ke adhar par rasakhan ki janm-bhoomi pihani zila haradoee manate haian. pihani, bilagram adi aise sthan haian jahaan hindi ke uttam koti ke musalaman kavi paida hue. rasakhan bhi usake apavad nahian haian.

nam tatha upanam

rasakhan ke nam ke sambandh mean bhi anek mat haian. pramanik samagri ke abhav mean rasakhan ke nam ke sambandh mean vidvanoan ne anek kalpanaean kian jo sarvatha niradhar pratit hoti hai.

• achary hazariprasad dvivedi ji ne bhi apani pustak 'hindi sahity' mean do rasakhan likhe haian- ek ka nam saiyad ibrahim aur doosare ka nam sujan rasakhan hai. vastav mean sujan rasakhan nam ka koee kavi nahian. 'sujan rasakhan' to rasakhan ki ek rachana ka nam hai. aisa pratit hota hai ki bhool se hi achary ji ne kriti ka kritikar ke roop mean ullekh kar diya hai kyoanki sujan rasakhan kavi ka ullekh hamean anyatr kahian nahian mila. 'rasakhan' ka asali nam saiyad ibrahim tha aur khan unaki paramparagat upadhi thi.
• shri deveandrapratap upadhyay ne likha hai ki sulabh samagri ke anusar spasht hai ki kavi ka asali nam saiyad ibrahim tha. doosara nam rasakhan to hindoo hone ke bad jab kavi ne kavy-rachana prarambh ki tab prachalit hua. jab vah premadev ki chhavi likhakar miyaan se rasakhani hue to unamean muslim nam ki boo tak n rah gee aur bhakti ke kshetr mean akar ke poorn rasakhan hi ho ge. shri deveandrapratap upadhyay ne yahaan bhavukata se kam liya hai. yah manyata tarkasangat nahian hai ki rasakhan apana dharm parivartan karake musalaman se hindoo ho ge. vastavikata yah hai ki bhagavan ke prati param prem (bhakti) utpann ho jane par unaki drishti mean sampradayik dharm ka koee mahattv hi nahian raha. aisa pratit hota hai ki rasakhan ki nimnaankit panktiyoan ne alochakoan ko unake dharm-parivartan ke vishay mean kalpana karane ke lie prerit kiya hai-
  

prem dev ki chhavihi lakhi bhaye miyaan rasakhan. unhoanne bhaye miyaan rasakhan ka arth kiya hai'- miyaan (musalaman) saiyad ibrahim khan rasakhan (hindoo bhakt) ho ge. kintu is prakar ke arth niroopan ke paksh mean koee akaty praman nahian diya ja sakata. 'miyaan' se musalaman aur 'rasakhan' se hindoo ka tatpary nikalana svamanisha se ki gee udbhavana bhi kahi ja sakati hai. uparokt pankti ka uchit arth yah hai ki premadev ki chhavi dekhakar bhaye miyaan rasakhan- arthat rasakhan miyaan ho ge. miyaan shabd ka arth pati ke atirikt nek, bhala sajjan bhi hai. miyaan kahakar prem-bhav se chhotoan aur b doan ko sambodhit kiya jata hai. isaka arth yah hua ki rasakhan mean jo saansarik buraiyaan (banie ke l dake ki sangati, strimoh) thian ve premadev ki chhavi dekhakar door ho geean aur ve sajjan ho ge. doosara arth yah bhi ho sakata hai ki miyaan saiyad ibrahim rasan ho ge, to bhi rasakhan shabd ka arth rasakhani arthat ras ki khan nahian hai. is pankti mean rasakhan ne 'rasakhani nahian 'rasakhan' shabd ka prayog kiya hai.

• navalagadh ke rajakumar sangramasianh ji dvara prapt rasakhan ke chitr par nagari lipi ke sath-sath farasi lipi mean bhi ek sthan par 'rasakhan' tatha doosare sthan par 'rasakhaan' hi likha hai. isase bhi yahi siddh hota hai ki rasakhan ko rasakhani (ras ki khan) nahian banana tha keval apana takhallus (upanam) rasakhan rakhakar kavita karana hi unaka uddeshy raha. yadi upanam ki parampara ko liya jay to usake darshan hamean prachin sanskrit, prakrit apabhransh adi mean nahian hote.
• d aau. haradev bahari ka mat is vishay mean ullekhaniy hai. purane hastalekhoan ki ek b di samasya yah hai ki lekhak ke vishay mean asani se anuman nahian lagaya ja sakata, kyoanki lekhak apana nam kahian bhi nahian dete. yah visheshakar sanskrit, prakrit, apabhransh aur purani hindi ke kavy mean milata hai. bharatiy parampara atmagopan ki hai, khusaro aur soophi kavi adhikatar apane nam ka prayog kiya karate the. kabir ne lagabhag har pad mean apana nam likha aur yah parampara vahian se chal p di. prarambh mean kavi apana nam sankshep mean hi diya karate the. jaise malik muhammad jayasi ke lie 'muhammad' kabiradas ke lie 'kabir', abdul rahim khanakhana ke lie 'rahim'. ise farasi parampara kahie ya muslim sanskriti ka prabhav; us kal ke tatha bad ke hindi kaviyoan ne bhi is parampara ko apanaya. is parampara ka palan rasakhan ne bhi apane poorvajoan ki bhaanti kiya. unhoanne is parampara ko apanate hue 'khan' ke sath 'ras' shabd ko lekar maulikata ke darshan karae aur rasakhan arthat ras se bhare ya rasile khan hokar, ras mean tallin hokar kavy-rachana ki. ras ki unake jivan mean kami n thi. pahale laukik ras ka asvadan karate rahe phir alaukik ras mean lin ho kavy-rachana karane lage. ek sthan par unake kavy mean 'rasakhaan' shabd ka prayog bhi milata hai.

nain dalalani chauhatean man-manik piy hath.
'rasakhaan' dhol bajaikai bechyau hiy jiy sath.

yah kuchh kahana ki unamean muslim nam ki boo tak n rah gee, dhaandhalebazi tatha bhavukata ke siva aur kuchh nahian hai. is sugandh (musmim boo) ke darshan keval unake namoan mean hi nahian unake kavy mean bhi milate haian. rasakhani ka prayog rasakhan ne adhikaansh sthaloan par pad poorti ke lie kiya hai. unaka nam saiyad ibrahim tatha upanam rasakhan tha.

balyakal aur shiksha

rasakhan ek jagiradar pita ke putr the. isalie inaka lalan-palan b de la d-pyar ke sath hua. yadi aisa n hota to unake kavy mean ek vishesh prakar ki katuta paee jati. sampann parivar mean utpann hone ke karan unhean uchch shiksha di gee hogi. unaki vidvatta ke darshan unake kavy ki sadhikar abhivyakti mean hote haian. ye farasi, hindi evan sanskrit ke jnata the. 'shrimadbhagavat' ke farasi anuvad sunane ki ghatana se unake farasi jnan ka pata chalata hai. sanskrit aur hindi bhasha ke jnan ka sakshi unaka kavy hai. rasakhan ke makatab adi mean jakar padhane ki charcha nahian milati. samriddhishali hone ke karan inake pita ne inaki shiksha ke lie mulla aur pandit adi niyukt kie hoange aur ve unase ghar par hi padhate hoange. rasakhan ko balyakal se kathinaiyoan ka samana nahian karana p da. unhoanne apana bachapan sukhapoorvak bitaya.

mathura agaman

• yah to nishchit hi hai ki rasakhan dilli mean rajasatta ke lie hue yuddh ko dekhakar shrivan aye. yah gadar kab p da, is vishay mean vidvanoan mean matabhed hai. chandrashekhar paande likhate haian ki unhoanne ek dohe mean likha hai- dekhi gadar hit sahibi, 'dilli nagar masan', kintu inake samay dilli mean aisa koee rajaviplav nahian hua tha jisamean dilli nagar shmashan ho gaya ho. sanbhav hai shadyantrakari dilli mean hi mare ge hoan aur rasakhan ke kisi parichit par bhi aanch pahuanchi ho, at: rasakhan ne ise gadar likh diya ho aur dilli ko shmashan bataya ho.
• vishvanath prasad ji, parashuram chaturvedi ke anusar is ghatana ke lie yuddh tatha vidroh daman ki sanjna dena adhik uchit hai. vastav mean ise gadar kahana thik nahian. gadar shabd arabi ka hai. arabi mean isaka arth bevaphaee hai, aur urdoo mean bagavat, hangama aur balava adi. yah ghatana is arth par poori nahian utarati. yah yuddh aitihasik drishti se itani mahattvapoorn ghatana nahian hai ki ise gadar man liya jae. dilli mean to kadachit ek bhi goli nahian chali. kisi bhi itihasakar ne is ghatana ko gadar ki sanjna nahian di, phir rasakhan ise dilli ka gadar kyoan kahate.
• achary chandrabali paandey ke anusar rasakhan ke masan shabd ka sanbandh tatsamayik kisi gadar se nahian hai varanh svayan dilli nagar se hai. yah avashyak nahian ki gaddar log dilli nagar mean hi gadar machakar use masanavat bana dean, tabhi rasakhan use masan kahean. sach to yah hai ki dilli nagar jaisa rajavanshoan ka masan koee doosara nagar nahian. kauravoan se lekar pathanoan tak n jane kitane rajavansh dilli nagar mean nasht ho chuke the. at: rasakhan ka dilli nagar ko masan kahana thik hi tha. achary chandrabali paande ne bina kisi adhar ke keval kalpana ke bal par hi dilli ko masan bana diya. dilli ki bhavyata ko dekhakar usake masan hone ki kalpana karana kalpana hi pratit hoti hai.
• is ghatana ko gadar manane mean ek apatti yah bhi hai ki yadi rasakhan ne sanvat 1638 ki ghatana ko dekhakar dilli chho di to isase poorv sanvat 1634 se 1636 tak 'ramacharitamanas' ki katha kaise suni. is ghatana ko gadar manane vale sabhi vidvanoan ne rasakhan ka janm samay sanvat 1615 mana hai, jisake anusar rasakhan ki avastha us samay 18 varsh ki hoti hai. 18 varsh ke l dake se yah asha karana ki vah kisi ghatana se prabhavit hokar is prakar ki rachana karega, keval kori kalpana hi kahi ja sakati hai.
• deveandrapratap upadhyay ne aur adhik paandity ka praman is ghatana ko jahaangir se mila kar diya hai. unake anusar 1671 sanvat, jo premavatika ka rachana kal haian, vah nishchay hi jahaangir ka shasan kal tha. is samay kavi ko yadi kisi badashah ki thasak ho sakati hai to badashahi mugal vansh ki hi. vah gadar ya sahibi ki l daee bhi badashahi gharane tak hi simit thi. chahe vah akabar ya unake putr jahaangir ki l daee ho ya jahaangir ya khusaroan ki. isamean pahali l daee sanvat 1658 mean huee, doosari sanvat 1662-64 mean.gadar usi ghatana ko kaha jaega jisaka prabhav sanpoorn desh par p de, sath hi rajadhani mean bhi upadrav mache, janata bhi usake kuprabhav se n bach sake. rasakhan ne jis gadar ka varnan kiya hai vah sanvath 1612 aur 1613 ka hai.
• 23 janavari sanh 1556 ee. mean apane pustakalay ki sidhi se girane ke karan humayooan ki achanak mrityu ho gee aur akabar 14 faravari sanh 1556 ee. (sanvat 1613 vikrami) ko gaddi par baitha. usane pathanoan ko khade d-khade dakar ashakt kar diya. kuchh hi varshoan mean sabaka daman kar sooravansh ka nam mita diya. sikandarashah soor akabar se sandhi karake shesh jivan bangal mean bitane laga aur vahian tin varsh pashchath unaki mrityu ho gee.
• mahamoodashah adil ko, jo chunaragadh mean tha, bangal ke mahamood khaan ke putr khijir ne apane pita ke vadh ka badala lene ke lie soorajagadh mean parast kar marava dala. ibrahim khaan hemoo se bar-bar parajit hokar bundelakhand aur phir u disa bhag gaya aur kuchh varshoan mean mar gaya. humayooan ki mrityu ka samachar milate hi hemoo panipat ke maidan mean sena se l dane gaya aur 5 navambar 1556 ee. ko bairam khaan dvara mara gaya. is itihas prasiddh yuddh ko rasakhan ne gadar ka nam diya. thik usi samay sanvat 1612 mean dilli mean bhishan akal p da, jisake karan janata ki b di durdasha huee. desh mean arajakata phail gee. yuddh aur durbhiksh ne janata mean hahakar macha diya. manushy b di sankhya mean marane lage.
• prasiddh itihasakar abdul kadir badayooanni ne apani pustak munatakhibuttabarikh mean durbhiksh aur yuddh pi dit janata ka v da hriday-vidarak varnan kiya hai- is samay (sanvat 1613 vikrami) mean ek bhayankar akal p da, jo agara, bayana aur dilli mean vishesh roop se prachand tha. ek ser jvari (Jwar) ka mooly dhaee take (sikka vishesh) tak ho gaya tha. is ooanche bhav par bhi vah aprapt tha. bahutoan ne vivash hokar marane ke lie udyat ho apane gharoan ke dvar band kar liye jisamean das-bis ya unase bhi adhik prani marane lage. anek logoan ko n kafan mila n qabr. hindoo janata bhi isi prakar mari. manushy kaantedar babool adi vrikshoan ke bij, jangali ghas aur pashuoan ki khal par, jo dhani varg dvara bechi jati thi, nirvah karate the. kuchh dinoan mean unake hath-pairoan mean soojan ane par mrityu ho jati thi. maianne svayan apani aankhoan se dekha hai ki manushy nar-maans-bhakshi ho ge the. durbhiksh pi dit janata ki mukhakriti itani bhayankar ho gee thi ki unaki or dekhana kathin tha. varsha ki kami, durbhiksh aur ann ka abhav tatha do varsh ke lagatar yuddh ke karan samast desh maroosthal ho gaya. krishi ke lie krishak nahian bache the. luteroan ne bhi nagaroan ko khoob loota.
• is durbhiksh ki charcha bashirooddin ahamad ne bhi ki hai. unake anusar afaganoan mean jo bahami (apasi) kashakash (vaimanasy) aur beiantazami rahi isamean hemoo ek jangi aur baikabal (tejasvi) raja ban gaya. pralay a rahi thi. dhaee rupaya ser makee ka bhav tha au vah bhi hath n ati thi. hemoo ki yogyata aur soojh-boojh ne is dasha mean bhi sena ke bhojan ka prabandh rakha. kintu jab eeshvar apana kop dikhata hai to charoan or se manav ko gher leta hai. adali afagan to agara se lashkar lekar nikal gaya. idhar-udhar vah apane shatruoan ko dabata phirata tha. kile mean ek afagan saradar bhojan aur yuddh-prabandh ke lie aya. vah ek din savere dipak liye hue hujaroan (kothariyoan) ko dekh raha tha ki kahian chirag ka gul jh d p da. kothe barood ke the, ya pahale unamean barood rah chuki thi, pal bhar mean adha qila u d gaya. patthar ki silean, maharabean u d-u dakar dariya par kahian ki kahian ja p dian. hazaroan adami aur janavar u d ge.
• panipat ke yuddh mean hemoo ko harakar akabar ne agara ko rajadhani banaya aur is karan dilli bilkul viran ho gee. rasakhan se akal aur yuddhoan se pi dit dilli ko dekha n gaya. is durdasha ko unhoanne 'gadar' ki sanjna de di. isake bad hi rasakhan dilli chho dakar mathura ae.

mrityu

is mahanh sahityakar ki mrityu sanvat 1671 ke bad huee. inaka mrityu-sthan mathura-vrindavan ko manana p dega. unhoanne svayan bhi kaha hai-

prem niketan shribanahian aee gobardhan dham. lahayau saran chit chahi kai, jugal-saroop lalam॥

is dohe ke anusar rasakhan govardhan dham ke nikat rahane lage. vahaan unaki mrityu ho gee. unake marane ke bad mahavan mean unaki samadhi banaee gee jo rasakhan ki chhatri ke nam se aj bhi prasiddh hai. rasakhan ka janm sanvat 1590 mean pihani mean hua. balyavastha mean inhoanne vahaan se dilli prasthan kiya. vahaan sanvat 1613-1614 mean hue bhishan akal aur gadar ko dekhakar ye braj chale ge. sanvat 1634 se 1637 tak ramacharitamanas ka path suna. sanbhavat: vahian se unhean kavy ki prerana mili. unhoanne krishna ko adhar bana braj mean nivas kar kavyamandakini ko pravahit kiya. vahian ki dharati ne unhean apani agosh mean le liya. sanvat 1671 ke bad unaki mrityu ho gee.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh