टोडरमल

raja todaramal mugal kal mean samrat akabar ke navaratnoan mean se ek the. todaramal khatri jati ke the aur unaka vastavik nam 'all tandan' tha. raja todaramal ka janm sthan avadh prant ke sitapur zile ke antargat tarapur namak gram hai yadyapi kuchh itihasajn lahaur ke pas chooman gaanv ko inaka janmasthan batalate haian, par vahaan ke bhagnavashesh aise aishvary ka pata dete haian jo inake mata–pita ke pas nahian tha. inake pita inhean bachapan mean hi chho dakar svarg sidhare the aur inaki vidhava mata ne kisi prakar se inaka palan-poshan kiya tha. kuchh b de hone par mata ki ajna se yah dilli ae aur saubhagy se vahaan par unaki naukari lag gee.

char hazari manasab

vah samajhadar lekhak aur vir sammatidata the. akabar ki kripa^[1] se b di unnati karake char hazari manasab aur amiri aur saradari ki padavi tak pahuanch ge.

atharahavean varsh mean ^[2]akabar ke rajy ke 9vean varsh sanh 1564 ee. mean todaramal ne mujaffar khaan ki adhinata mean kary arambh kiya tha

gujarat ka yuddh

17vean varsh sanh 1572 ee. mean gujarat ki chadhaee par yah akabar ke sath mean ge the aur badashah ne todaramal ko soorat ka durg dekhakar yah nishchay karane bheja tha ki yah durg toot sakata hai ya abhedy hai. ^[3] gujarat prant mean badashah ke ane se vidrohiyoan ke upadrav se saf ho gaya tha. raja kosh ki vibhag ki jaanch karane ke lie todaramal ko chho d ge the ki nyayaparata ke sath jo kuchh nishchit karean, usi prakar ki vetan–soochi kam mean laee jae.

bangal mean niyukti

19vean varsh (san 1574 ee.) mean todaramal patana vijay ke anantar jhanda aur danka milane se sammanit hokar munim khaan khanakhanaan ki sahayata ke lie bangal mean niyukt hue. yadyapi senapatitv aur ajna khanakhanaan ke hath mean thi, par sainy sanchalan, sainikoan ko utsah dilane, sahas poorn dhave karane aur vidrohiyoan tatha shatruoan ko dand dene mean raja todaramal ne b di virata dikhalaee.

daood khaan kirrani ke yuddh mean (jab khane alam haraval mean mara gaya aur khanakhana kee ghav khakar bhag gaya tab bhi) raja todaramal dridhata se data raha aur bahut prayatn karake aise parajay ko vijay mean parinat kar diya. thik yuddh mean (ki shatru vijay hone ke ghamand mean the) khane alam aur khanakhanaan ke bure samachar lae, jis par raja todaramal ne big d kar kaha ki,

"yadi khane alam mar gaya to kya shok, aur khanakhanaan mar gaya to kya dar? badashah ka iqabal to hamare sath mean hai."

isake anantar vahaan ka prabandh thik hone par badashah ke pas pahuanchakar pahale ki tarah mali aur desh ke karyoan mean lag gaya.^[4]

bangal ki soobedari

tab khanajahaan ne bangal ki soobedari paee tab raja todaramal bhi usake sath niyukt hue. is bar todaramal ke saubhagy se vah prant hath se jakar phir adhikar mean chala aya aur inhoanne daood ko pak dakar mar dala. 21vean varsh mean us prant ki loot ko (jisamean tin char sau bhari hathi the) badashah ke samane lae ^[5].

gujarat prant ka prabandh

gujarat prant ka prabandh thik nahian tha aur vazir khaan ki dhilaee se vahaan par g dab di aur ashanti thi. isalie raja todaramal ko us prant ka prabandh karane ke lie niyukt kiya gaya. yah buddhimani, karyadakshata, virata aur sahas ke sath sultanapur aur nadarabar se b dauda aur champaner tak ka prabandh thik karake ahamadabad ae aur vazir khaan ke sath nyay karane mean tatpar hue. ekaek mehar ali ke bahakave se mirza mujaffar husain ka balava mach gaya. vazir khaan ne chaha ki durg mean ja baithe; par raja todaramal ne sahas karake use yuddh karane par utsahit kiya aur 22vean varsh mean dhvadar^[6] ke pas yuddh ki taiyari ki. vazir khaan ne sainikoan ko bhagane se l d marana chaha aur pas hi tha ki vah kam a jata, par raja todaramal (ki baean bhag ka saradar tha) apane vipakshi ko bhaga kar sahayata ko pahuancha aur ek bar hi ghamandiyoan ke yuddh ka tana–bana toot gaya. mirza joonagadh ki or bhaga. usi varsh bhagyavan raja todaramal darabar mean pahuanchakar apane mantritv ke kam mean lag gaya.

shanti ki sthapana

jab isi varsh badashah ka ajamer se panjab jana hua, tab chalachali mean ek din raja todaramal ki moortiyaan (jab tak unaki pooja ek mukhy chal par nahian kar leta tha, doosara kam nahian karata tha) kho geean. usane sona aur khan–pan chho d diya. badashah ne bahut kuchh samajha kar isase apani mitrata pradarshit^[7] ki. vahaan se (mantrisabha ka kary karata tha) is b de kary ke uttaradayitv aur kapati chugalakhoroan ke badhane ka vichar karake, isako todaramal ne svikar nahian kiya.

pradhan amaty

26vean varsh ke arambh (san 990 hil) mean raja todaramal pradhan amaty niyat hua jo arth mean vaqile kul ke saman hai aur kul kary usi ki sammati se hone laga. raja todaramal ne kosh aur rajy ke karyoan ko ne dhang se chalaya aur kuchh ne niyam bhi banavae jo badashahi ajna se kam mean lae jane lage. unaka vivaran akabaraname mean diya hai^[8]. 29vean varsh mean usaka grih badashah ke jane se prakashit hua jinaki pratishtha ke lie raja ne mahaphil sajaee thi.

lahaur ke rakshak

32 vean varsh (san0 1644 vi0, sanh 1587 ee.) mean kisi kapati 'khatri bachche' ne jo usase jalata tha, ratri ke samay savari mean talavar pheanki. sath valoan ne use vahian par mar dala. jab raja birabal parvaty pradesh svad mean mare ge, tab raja todaramal kuanar manasianh ke sath yoosufajee jati ko dand dene par niyukt hue. jab 34vean varsh mean badashah hare–bhare kashmir ko chale, tab todaramal muhammad kuli khaan barlas aur raja bhagavantadas kachhavaha ke sath lahaur ke rakshak niyukt hue. isi varsh (jab badashah kashamir se kabul chale tab) inhoanne prarthana patr likha ki vriddhavastha aur rogoan ne hamean daba liya hai aur mrityu ka samay pas a gaya hai. isilie yadi chhutti paooan to sabase hath utha looan aur ganga ji ke tat par jakar pran tyagane ke lie parameshvar ko yad karooan. prarthana ke anusar chhutti mil gee aur lahaur se haridvar ko chal die. sath hi doosara ajnapatr pahuancha ki eeshvar ke poojan se nirbaloan ki seva nahian ho sakati; isase achchha hai ki manushyoan ka kam sambhalo. nirupay hone se laut kar 34vean varsh sanh 998 hiddh ke arambh ke gyarahavean din mar ge.

allami phahami abul fazal inake bare mean likhate haian - "yah sachchaee, satyata, karyadakshata, karyoan mean nirlobhata, virata, kadaroan ko utsah dilane, kary kushalata, kam lene aur hindusthan ke saradaroan mean advitiy tha. par dveshi aur badala lene vala tha. usake hriday ke khet mean tho di kathorata utpann ho gee thi. dooradarshi buddhiman aise svabhav ko bure svabhavoan mean ginate haian. mukhyatah rajakiy karyoan mean jahaan sansari logoan ka kam use sauanpa gaya ho. samrat ke vaqil niyat hue the. yadi usaki buddhitani ke mukh par dharmik kattarapan ka rang n hota to aisa ayogy svabhav n rakhata. sach yah hai ki dharmik kattarapan, hath aur dvesh n rakhata aur apani batoan ka paksh n leta to mahatmaoan mean se hota. tab bhi sansar ke aur logoan ko dekhate hue vah santosh, nirlobhata (usaka bazar lobh se mila hua hai) parishram karane, kam karane aur anupam kya advitiy tha. usaki mrityu se niahsvarth kary sampadan ko hani pahuanchi. charoan or se kamoan ke a jane par vah ghabarata nahian tha. thik hai ki aisa sachcha purush hath se nikal gaya. vah vishvas (sansar mean kam dikhalaee deta hai) kis jadoo se milata hai aur kis tilasm se prapt ho sakata hai.

niyam aur prabandh

alamagir badashah kahate the ki shahajahaan ke mukh se suna hai ki ek din akabar badashah usase kahate the ki todaramal kosh aur rajy ke kamoan mean tivr buddhi tha aur adhik janakari rakhata tha. par usaka hath aur apani batoan par a dana achchha nahian lagata tha. abul fazal bhi usase bura manata tha. jab ek bar usane shikayat ki tab akabar ne kaha ki kripapatr ko nahian chhu da sakata. raja todaramal ke banae hue niyam nagaroan aur sena ke prabandh mean sarvada kam mean lae jate haian aur bahudha badashahi daftar unhian par sthit haian.

arthik sudhar

hindustan mean sultanoan aur prachin rajaoan ke samay se chhatha bhag kar ke roop mean liya jata tha. raja todaramal ne bhoomi ke kee vibhag paha di, p dati, oosar aur banjar adi kie. upajaoo aur an–upajaoo khetoan ko nap karake (jise rakabah kahate haian) tatha usaki nap bigha, bisva aur latha se lekar har prakar ke ann par prati bigha naqad aur kuchh par ann ka, jise bantaee kahate haian, lagaya. pahale sainikoan ke vetan paisoan mean die jate the, isase todaramal ne rupaye ko (us samay chalis paise ko chalata tha) chalis dam ka nishchit kar pratyek sthan ki ay ka hisab lagakar manushyoan mean vetan ke badale mean baant diya, jise jagir kahate haian.

ne sikkoan ka prayog

mahal ko (jisaka kar rajakosh mean jata hai, khalasa nam dekar) jisaki ay ek karo d dam thi, (jo barah mahine ke thike par diya jata tha. ek lakh dam ka dhaee hazar rupaya hota tha. fasaloan ki upaj par bhi bahut kuchh dhyan rakha jata tha.) ek yogy manushy ke prabandh mean dekar usaka karo di nam rakha. ugahane ke lie ek sau paanch rupaya thik rakha. pahale paise ke sivay aur koee sikka nahian tha aur saradaroan, rajadootoan aur kaviyoan ko puraskar dene ke lie paise bhar chaandi mean taanba mila kar sikka banate the aur chaandi ka tanaka nam dekar kam mean late the. raja todaramal ne bemilavat ke gyarah mashe sone ki asharafi aur sadhe gyarah mashe chaandi ka rupaya dhalavaya. is nee bat ka pata isi se adhik lagata hai ki us par sanvat diya hai.

farasi bhasha ka jnan

vastutah akabar badashah ka svabhav har ek kam ki ichchha rakhata tha aur gunoan tatha karigariyoan ko thik karata tha. usake suprakashit samay mean (santoan deshoan ke buddhiman aur vidvanh ekatr the) har ek buddhiman saradar apani buddhi aur vidya ki pahuanch se apane adhinasth karyoan mean kisi nee bat aur labhakari ka anveshan karata tha to vah badashahi kripa ka patr hota tha. yahaan tak ki karigar aur vidvanh log apane–apane kary mean unnati kar ke puraskar pate the^[9]. jab badashah svayan buddhiman hota hai, tab aur vidvanoan ko bhi vaisa hi bana leta hai. todar mal ne rajasv abhilekhoan ko suddhadh karane ki disha mean ullekhaniy kary kiya.

raja todaramal bhoolekh prashikshan sansthan

raja todaramal akabar ke rajasv aur vittamantri the. inhoanne bhoomi-paimaish ke lie vishv ki pratham mapan-pranali taiyar ki thi. janapad haradoee mean uttar pradesh rajy ke rajasv adhikariyoan ke liye babanaye gaye ekamatr rajasv prashikshan sansthan ka nam inake nam par raja todaramal bhoolekh prashikshan sansthan rakha gaya hai jahaan aeeees, aeepies, pisies, pipies ke alava rajasv karmiyoan ko bhoolekh sanbandhi prashikshan diya jata hai.

kavi todaramal

todaramal ne shahi daftaroan mean hindi ke sthan par farasi ka prachar kiya jisase hianduoan ka jhukav farasi ki shiksha ki or hua. ye pray: niti sanbandhi pady kahate the. inaki koee pustak to nahian milati, phutakal kavitt idhar udhar milate haian. ek kavitt niche diya jata hai -

jar ko vichar kahaan, ganika ko laj kahaan,
gadaha ko pan kahaan, aauandhare ko arasi.
niguni ko gun kahaan, dan kahaan darid ko.
seva kahaan soom ki arandan ki dar si
madapi ko suchi kahaan, saanch kahaan lanpat ko,
nich ko bachan kahaan syar ki pukar si.
todar sukavi aise hathi tau n tare tarai,
bhavai kahaan soodhi bat bhavai kahaan pharasi^[10]

raja todaramal ki santan

raja todaramal ke kee l dake^[11] the aur sabase b de ka nam dharoo tha. akabar ke samay mean sat sau savar ka manasab mila tha. thatta ke yuddh mean khanakhanaan ke sath b di virata dikhalakar mara gaya. kahate haian ki gho doan ki nal sone aur chaandi ki bandhavata tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ akabar ki seva mean ane se pahale todaramal sherashah ki naukari kar chuke the. 'tarikhe–khanejahaan lodi' mean likha hai ki sherashah ne todaramal ko durg rohatas banavane par niyukt kiya tha; par gakkhar jati eka karake kisi ke bhi kam mean badha dalati rahi. todaramal ne jab yah vrittant sherashah se kaha, tab usane uttar diya ki dhan ke lobhi badashahoan ki ajna poori nahian kar sakate. is par unhoanne ek–ek patthar hone ki ek–ek asharafi mazadoori laga di jis par itani bhi d huee ki ap se ap mazadoori apane bhav par a lagi. jab durg taiyar ho gaya tab sherashah ne unaki bahut prashansa ki thi.
↑ akabar ke rajy ke 9vean varsh sanh 1564 ee. mean todaramal ne mujaffar khaan ki adhinata mean kary arambh kiya tha tatha isake doosare varsh alikuli khaan khanejamaan ke vidroh karane par yah mir mueejulamulk ke sahayatarth lashkar khaan mirabakhsh ke sath lekar ge the. yuddh mean badashahi sena parast huee aur khanejamaan ka bhaee bahadur khaan vijayi hua. - 'badayooanni' bhag 2, pri0 80-81 aur 'tabafate-akabari', ili0 d aau., bhag 5, pri0 303-4).
↑ badayooni bhag 2, pri0 144 mean likhata hai ki inaki ray mean vah ajey nahian tha aur usake jitane ke lie badashah ke vahaan jane ki bhi avashyakata nahian thi. atharahavean varsh ke arambh mean todaramal panjab bheje ge ki vahaan ke prabandh mean apane anubhav se soobedar husain kuli khaan khanejahaan ki sahayata pahuanchavean. isake bad se masirulumara mean todaramal ka jivanavrint arambh hota hai.
↑ tabakate akabari (ili0 dau0, bha0 5, pri0 372-390) vistrit vivaran diya hua hai.
↑ tabakat mean likha hai ki 22vean varsh ke ant mean 500 hathi lekar darabar mean ae the. ili0 d aau., bhag 5, pri0 402 .
↑ ahamadabad se barah kos par gholaka sthan mean yuddh hua tha.
↑ 26vean varsh mean jab mujaffar khaan ki k daee se badashahi saradar bhi vidrohiyoan se mil ge tatha usaki mrityu par bihar tatha bangal ke bahut bhag par adhikar bhi kar liya, jab todaramal vahaan par shanti sthapit karane ke lie bheje ge. masoom kabooli, kakashal saradaroan tatha mirja shahafuddin husain ne 30,000 sena ke sath inhean muanger mean gher liya. humayooan ki farmali aur tarkhan divanah balavaiyoan se mil ge. saman ki bhi kami thi. par sab kasht sahane karate hue tatha badashahi saradaroan ko, jo ki vidrohi ho ge the, shant kar milate hue todaramal ne ant mean vahaan par shanti sthapit ki. - blokamain, aine akabari, prishth sankhya- 351-2, ili0 d aau., bha0 5, pri0 414-421)
↑ yah aanshatah akabar name se liya gaya hai. (akabaranama, ili0 d aau., bha0 6, prishth sankhya 61-65)
↑ pahale tahasil ke kagaz patr hindi mean rahate the aur hindoo lekhakagan hi likhate–padhate the; par inhian todaramal ke prastav par sab kam farasi mean hone laga aur tab hinduoan ne bhi farasi bhasha ka adhyayan kiya. kuchh hi dinoan mean aisi yogyata prapt kar li ki ve musalamanoan ke farasi bhasha ke ustad ban baithe the
↑ achary, ramachandr shukl “prakaran 5”, hindi sahity ka itihas (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: kamal prakashan, nee dilli, prishth san. 144.
↑ isake ek doosare l dake ka nam govardhan tha, jise badashah ne avar bahadur ka pichha karane bheja tha, jo bangal se parast hokar jaunapur chala aya tha. jab usane use l daee mean hara diya, tab vah paha doan mean bhag gaya. (masirul umara, aangrezi pri0 267)

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] r ki seva mean ane se pahale todaramal sherashah ki naukari kar chuke the. 'tarikhe–khanejahaan lodi' mean likha hai ki sherashah ne todaramal ko durg rohatas banavane par niyukt kiya tha; par gakkhar jati eka karake kisi ke bhi kam mean badha dalati rahi. todaramal ne jab yah vrittant sherashah se kaha, tab usane uttar diya ki dhan ke lobhi badashahoan ki ajna poori nahian kar sakate. is par unhoanne ek–ek patthar hone ki ek–ek asharafi mazadoori laga di jis par itani bhi d huee ki ap se ap mazadoori apane bhav par a lagi. jab durg taiyar ho gaya tab sherashah ne unaki bahut prashansa ki thi.

[2] r ke rajy ke 9vean varsh sanh 1564 ee. mean todaramal ne mujaffar khaan ki adhinata mean kary arambh kiya tha tatha isake doosare varsh alikuli khaan khanejamaan ke vidroh karane par yah mir mueejulamulk ke sahayatarth lashkar khaan mirabakhsh ke sath lekar ge the. yuddh mean badashahi sena parast huee aur khanejamaan ka bhaee bahadur khaan vijayi hua. - 'badayooanni' bhag 2, pri0 80-81 aur 'tabafate-akabari', ili0 d aau., bhag 5, pri0 303-4).

[3] yooni bhag 2, pri0 144 mean likhata hai ki inaki ray mean vah ajey nahian tha aur usake jitane ke lie badashah ke vahaan jane ki bhi avashyakata nahian thi. atharahavean varsh ke arambh mean todaramal panjab bheje ge ki vahaan ke prabandh mean apane anubhav se soobedar husain kuli khaan khanejahaan ki sahayata pahuanchavean. isake bad se masirulumara mean todaramal ka jivanavrint arambh hota hai.

[4] tabakate akabari (ili0 dau0, bha0 5, pri0 372-390) vistrit vivaran diya hua hai.

[5] tabakat mean likha hai ki 22vean varsh ke ant mean 500 hathi lekar darabar mean ae the. ili0 d aau., bhag 5, pri0 402 .

[6] se barah kos par gholaka sthan mean yuddh hua tha.

[7] 26vean varsh mean jab mujaffar khaan ki k daee se badashahi saradar bhi vidrohiyoan se mil ge tatha usaki mrityu par bihar tatha bangal ke bahut bhag par adhikar bhi kar liya, jab todaramal vahaan par shanti sthapit karane ke lie bheje ge. masoom kabooli, kakashal saradaroan tatha mirja shahafuddin husain ne 30,000 sena ke sath inhean muanger mean gher liya. humayooan ki farmali aur tarkhan divanah balavaiyoan se mil ge. saman ki bhi kami thi. par sab kasht sahane karate hue tatha badashahi saradaroan ko, jo ki vidrohi ho ge the, shant kar milate hue todaramal ne ant mean vahaan par shanti sthapit ki. - blokamain, aine akabari, prishth sankhya- 351-2, ili0 d aau., bha0 5, pri0 414-421)

[8] yah aanshatah akabar name se liya gaya hai. (akabaranama, ili0 d aau., bha0 6, prishth sankhya 61-65)

[9] tahasil ke kagaz patr hindi mean rahate the aur hindoo lekhakagan hi likhate–padhate the; par inhian todaramal ke prastav par sab kam farasi mean hone laga aur tab hinduoan ne bhi farasi bhasha ka adhyayan kiya. kuchh hi dinoan mean aisi yogyata prapt kar li ki ve musalamanoan ke farasi bhasha ke ustad ban baithe the

[10] ry, ramachandr shukl “prakaran 5”, hindi sahity ka itihas (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: kamal prakashan, nee dilli, prishth san. 144.

[11] sake ek doosare l dake ka nam govardhan tha, jise badashah ne avar bahadur ka pichha karane bheja tha, jo bangal se parast hokar jaunapur chala aya tha. jab usane use l daee mean hara diya, tab vah paha doan mean bhag gaya. (masirul umara, aangrezi pri0 267)

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