राष्ट्रकूट साम्राज्य
[[chitr:Ellora-Caves-Aurangabad-Maharashtra-4.jpg|thumb|elora ki gufaean, aurangabad]] jab uttari bharat mean pal aur pratihar vanshoan ka shasan tha, dakkan mean rashtookoot rajy karate the. is vansh ne bharat ko kee yoddha aur kushal prashasak die haian. is samrajy ki nianv 'dantidurg' ne dali. dantidurg ne 750 ee. mean chalukyoan ke shasan ko samapt kar aj ke sholapur ke nikat apani rajadhani 'manyakhet' athava 'manakhe d' ki nianv rakhi. shighr hi maharashtr ke uttar ke sabhi kshetroan par rashtrakootoan ka adhipaty ho gaya. gujarat aur malava ke prabhutv ke lie inhoanne pratiharoan se bhi loha liya. yadyapi in hamaloan ke karan rashtrakoot apane samrajy ka vistar ganga ghati tak nahian kar sake tathapi inamean unhean bahut b di matra mean dhan rashi mili aur unaki khyati badhi. vangi (vartaman aandhr pradesh) ke poorvi chalukyoan aur dakshin mean kaanchi ke pallavoan tatha maduree ke paandyoan ke sath bhi rashtrakootoan ka barabar sangharsh chalata raha. rashtrakootoan ke sabase shaktishali shasak sambhavatah indr tritiy (915-927) tatha krishna tritiy (929-965) the. mahipal ki parajay aur kannauj ke patan ke bad 915 mean indr tritiy apane samay ka sabase shaktishali raja tha. isi samay bharat ane vale yatri al masoodi ke anusar 'ballabharaj ya balhar bharat ka sabase mahanh raja tha aur adhikatar bharatiy shasak usake prabhutv ko svikar karate the aur usake rajadootoan ko adar dete the. usake pas bahut b di sena aur asankhy hathi the.'
krishna tritiy
krishna tritiy ne malava ke paramaroan tatha veangi ke chalukyoan se loha liya. usane tanjavur ke chol rajaoan, jinhoanne kaanchi ke pallavoan ko parajit kiya tha, ke viruddh bhi abhiyan chhe da. krishna tritiy ne chol naresh parantak pratham ko parajit kar chol samrajy ke uttari bhag par qabza kar liya. isake pashchath vah rameshvaram tak gaya jahaan usane ek 'vijay stambh' tatha ek mandir ka nirman kiya. apani vijay aur abhiyanoan ki saphalata ke pratik ke roop mean krishna tritiy ne sakal dakshin dishadhipati ki upadhi grahan ki. krishna tritiy apani vijayoan ke bavajood ek buddhiman prashasak nahian kaha ja sakata kyoanki usane apane sabhi p dosiyoan ke viruddh l daee chhe dakar unhean apana shatru bana liya jisaka parinam usake uttaradhikariyoan ko bhugatana p da. krishna tritiy ki mrityu ke pashchath uttaradhikar ke lie usake putroan mean sangharsh chhi d gaya tatha aantarik matabhed aur gahare ho ge. malava ke paramaroan ne is sthiti ka poori tarah se labh uthaya aur rashtrakootoan par chadhaee kar di. paramar naresh siyak ne 972 mean rashtrakootoan ki rajadhani malakhe d par dhava bola aur use tahas-nahas kar dala. isi avadhi mean any rashtrakoot ke samantoan ne bhi bagavat kar di aur apani-apani svatantrata ki ghoshana kar di. isake sath hi rashtrakoot samrajy ka ant ho gaya.
dharmik udarata
dakkan mean rashtrakoot samrajy do sau varshoan, arthat dasavian shatabdi tak qayam raha. rashtrakoot samrat dharmik mamaloan mean udar aur sahishnu the aur unhoanne n keval shaiv aur vaishnav varanh jain matavalanbiyoan ko bhi sanrakshan pradan kiya. elora ke prasiddh shiv guha mandir ka nirman ek rashtrakoot naresh krishna pratham ne hi nauvian shatabdi mean kiya tha. kaha jata hai ki usake uttaradhikari amoghavarsh ne jain dharm ko svikar kar liya tha. par vah any vargoan ko bhi sanrakshan pradan karata tha. rashtrakootoan ne n keval muslim vyapariyoan ko apane rajy mean basane ki chhoot di varanh islam ke prachar ki anumati bhi di. kaha jata hai ki rashtrakoot samrajy ke kee tatavarti nagaroan mean musalamanoan ke apane neta tatha kee b di-b di masjidean bhi thi. rashtrakootoan ki sahishnuta ki is niti se usake videsh vyapar mean vriddhi huee aur unaki samriddhi bhi badhi.
rashtrakoot naresh kala tatha sahity ke bhi sanrakshak the. unake darabar mean n keval rajashekhar jaise sanskrit ke vidvanh the varanh aise bhi sahityakar the jo prakrit aur apabhransh mean likhate the. jinase adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ki utpatti huee hai. apabhransh ke mahanh kavi svayanbhoo tatha unaka putr sambhavatah rashtrakoot darabar ke hi sadasy the. kaha jata hai ki nauvian shatabdi ke rashtrakoot naresh amoghavarsh ne kann d mean kavy shastr par pratham pustak likhi.
rajanitik sangathan
in samrajyoan ka prashasan uttar mean gupt aur harsh tatha dakkan mean chalukyoan ke prashasan ke adhar par vyavasthit tha. pahale ki tarah satta tatha sabhi gatividhiyoan ka kendr samrat tha. vah pramukh prashasak ke sath-sath pramukh senadhyaksh bhi tha. vah b de hi shanadar darabar mean baithata tha. darabar se lage praangan mean usake paidal aur ghu dasavar sipahi rahate the. yuddh ke dauran qabze mean kie ge gho doan aur hathiyoan ka usake samane se juloos nikala jata tha. samanti saradar, unaka pramukh, rajapoot tatha kee uchchadhikari usake darabar ki shobha badhate the aur usake ajnapalan ke lie tatpar rahate the. nyay ka kam bhi raja ke hath mean hi tha. rajadarabar n keval rajanitik karyavaiyoan ka varanh nyay aur saanskritik jivan ka bhi kendr tha. rajadarabar mean kushal sangitajn tatha nartakiyaan bhi rahati thian. vishesh avasaroan par ranivas ki mahilaean bhi rajadarabar mean ati thian. arab lekhakoan ke anusar rashtrakoot samrajy mean aisi mahilaean parda nahian karati thian.
vanshagat pad
raja ka pad samanyatah vanshagat tha. lekin kam se kam ek avasar par, bangal mean pal vansh ke gopal ke mamale mean, raja un saradaroan dvara nirvachit kiya gaya tha jo bangal ke vibhinn bhagoan mean raj karate the. aisa mana jata hai ki raja vyaktigat roop se aur usaka pad, donoan hi daivi haian. kuchh dharmashastroan ke anusar raja eeshvar ke avatar ke roop mean mana jata tha aur yah bhi mana jata tha ki usamean vibhinn devataoan ki visheshataean haian. isi yug mean rachit puran ki ek kahani mean bataya gaya hai ki brahma ne raja ke sharir ki rachana indr ke pramukh, agni ki virata, yam ki nishthurata aur chandrama ke saubhagy ko lekar ki.
raja ke prati poorn nishtha aur ajnakarita par samasamayik vaicharikoan dvara zor dalane ka shayad ek karan us yug ki asthirata aur asuraksha rahi ho. un dinoan rajaoan tatha unake saradaroan ke bich yuddh am bat si thi. raja apane rajyoan mean shanti aur vyavastha sthapit karane ka prayatn to karate the, par unaki shakti ka kshetr simit tha. ek samasamayik lekhak medhatithi ka kahana hai ki un dinoan kisi bhi vyakti ko choroan aur dakuoan se apane bachav ke lie hathiyaroan ko lekar chalane ka adhikar tha. usaka yah bhi vichar tha ki anyayi raja ka virodh karana anuchit nahian hai. isase pata chalata hai ki puranoan mean kahi gee raja ki sarvashakti aur poorn adhikar ki bat sabhi ko many nahian thi.
uttaradhikar niyam
uttaradhikar ke niyam bhi k de aur nishchit nahian the. adhikatar to raja ka sabase b da l daka hi usake bad sianhasan par baithata tha. par aise bhi kee udaharan haian jab use apane chhote bhaiyoan se sangharsh karana p da aur vah isamean har bhi gaya. isi prakar dhruv aur govind chaturth ne apane b de bhaiyoan ko sianhasan se utar diya tha. kabhi-kabhi karmi raja apane sabase b de l dake athava apane priy kisi aur putr ko yuvaraj athava apane uttaradhikari ke roop mean manonit kar deta tha. aisi sthiti mean yuvaraj rajadhani mean rahakar hi raja ko prashasan ke kam mean sahayata karata tha. kabhi-kabhi rajakumaroan ko prantiy shasakoan ke roop mean niyukt kiya jata tha. sarakari padoan par rajakumariyoan ki niyukti shayad hi kabhi hoti thi, par aisa ek udaharan hamean rashtrakootoan ki rajakumari chandrabhallavi mean milata hai jo amoghavarsh pratham ki putri thi aur jise kuchh samay ke lie rayachoor doab ka prashasak banaya gaya tha. [[chitr:Ellora-Caves-Aurangabad-Maharashtra-2.jpg|thumb|elora ki gufaean, aurangabad]] samanyatah rajaoan ko salah dene ke lie kuchh mantri hote the. inaka nirvachan amataur par uchchavargiy parivaroan mean se raja svayan karata tha. inaka bhi pad kee bar vanshagat hota tha. isi prakar kaha jata hai ki brahmanoan ke ek parivar se char mukhyamantri hue jinhoanne ek ke bad ek pal vansh ke dharmapal aur usake uttaradhikariyoan ki seva ki. aisa hone par mantri bahut shaktishali bhi ban jate the. yadyapi aisa lagata hai ki kendriy sarakar ke kee vibhag rahe hoange phir bhi yah pata nahian chal saka hai ki kitane vibhag hote the athava unaka kary kis prakar hota tha. abhilekhoan aur sahityik kritiyoan se lagata hai ki lagabhag har rajy mean videsh mantri, kar mantri, koshadhyaksh, senadhyaksh, mukhy nyayadhish aur purohit hote the. ek vyakti ek se adhik pad sambhal sakata tha aur sambhavatah mantriyoan mean se kisi ek ko pramukhata di jati thi. jis par rajy auroan se adhik nirbhar karata tha. purohit ko chho dakar baki sabhi mantriyoan se asha ki jati thi ki avashyakata p dane par ve yuddh mean sena ka netritv karean. sambhavatah ant:pur ke lie bhi kuchh adhikari niyukt the. kyoanki raja sabhi karyavidhiyoan aur shaktiyoan ka kendr tha, usake ant:pur ke kuchh adhikari bhi bahut mahattv rakhate the.
samrajy ki sthirata
samrajy ki sthirata aur usake vistar mean sena ka bahut mahattv tha. bahut se arab yatriyoan ne pal, pratihar aur rashtrakoot nareshoan ke bare mean likha hai ki unake pas b di-b di paidal aur ashv senaean thi aur b di sankhya mean yuddh mean kam ane vale hathi the. hathiyoan ko shakti ka pratik mana jata tha aur unaka bahut mahattv tha. sabase adhik hathi pal rajaoan ke pas the. rashtrakoot tatha pratihar raja arab tatha pashchim eshiya se samudr ke raste tatha madhy eshiya se bhoomi marg se b di sankhya mean gho doan ka ayat karate the. kaha jata hai ki desh bhar mean sabase achchhi ashv sena pratiharoan ke pas thi. rathoan ka prachalan is samay tak samapt ho gaya tha. isalie hamean isaki koee charcha nahian milati. kuchh rajaoan, visheshakar rashtrakootoan ke pas b di sankhya mean qile the. inamean vishesh senaean aur unake apane senadhyaksh the. paidal sena mean sthayi sainikoan ke alava samanti saradaroan dvara die ge sainik bhi hote the. sthayi sainik prayah vanshagat hote the aur sena mean bharat ke har kshetr ke sipahi hote the. udaharanarth paloan ki paidal sena mean malava, khasa (asam), lat (dakshin gujarat) tatha karnatak ke sipahi the. pal aur sambhavatah rashtrakoot rajaoan ke pas apani nau senaean thian par hamean unaki shakti athava sangathan ke bare mean pata nahian chalata.
samrajy ke aantargat ve kshetr ate the jin par raja ka sidha adhikar tha. isake alava aise bhi kshetr the jin par samanti saradaroan ka prashasan tha. aise kshetr aantarik mamaloan mean svatantr the. par in saradaroan ko raja ko nishchit kar aur sipahiyoan ko dan dena p data tha. ye raja ke prati nishtha ke lie vachanabaddh bhi the. raja ke prati vidroh n bh dak uthe, isaki raksha ke lie kabhi-kabhi raja samanti saradaroan ke putroan ko apane darabar mean rakhata tha. in saradaroan ko vishesh avasaroan par raja ke darabar mean hazir hona p data tha aur kabhi-kabhi apani putriyoan ka vivah raja athava usake putroan se karana p data tha. par ye samanti parivar hamesha svatantr hone ki akaanksha rakhate the aur is karan unamean aur raja ke bich yuddh hona ek am si bat thi. isi prakar rashtrakoot rajaoan ko veangi(andhr) aur karnatak ke apane samanti saradaroan ke sath kee bar l dana p da aur pratiharoan ko malava ke paramaroan aur budelakhand ke chandeloan ke viruddh sangharsh karana p da.
rajy ke aang
pal aur pratihar nareshoan ka jin kshetroan par sidha adhikar tha ve 'bhukti' (prantoan) tatha 'vishay ya mandal' (ziloan) mean vibhakt the. prant ke shasakoan ko 'uparik' tatha zila mukhyadhish ko 'vishayapati' kahate the. uparik ka kary bhoomi kar ko ugahana aur sena ki madad se shanti aur vyavastha banae rakhana tha. vishayapati ka bhi apane kshetr mean yahi kam tha. hamean yah pata nahian chal saka hai ki vishayapati ki niyukti kendriy sarakar dvara hoti thi ya prantiy shasakoan ke dvara tatha isake kam ki dekhabhal ki zimmedari kis par thi. aisa pratit hota hai ki kuchh vishayapatiyoan ne apane pad ko vanshagat bana liya tha. inake alava kee chhote saradar bhi the jinhean 'samant' athava 'bhogapati' kahate the aur jo kuchh gramoan ki dekhabhal karate the. aise gramoan ki sankhya 84 thi. yadyapi isase kam ya adhik bhi ho sakati thi. in saradaroan ke pas apane darabar the aur ye apane se b de saradaroan aur rajaoan ki nakal karane ki cheshta karate the. vishayapati aur usase chhote saradar kee bar apasi gathabandhan ka prayatn karate the aur bad mean donoan ke lie hi 'samant' shabd ka istemal kiya jane laga.
rashtrakootoan ke samrajy mean unake dvara sidhi prashasit bhoomi 'rashtr' (prant), 'vishay' aur 'bhukti' mean vibhakt thi. rashtr ke pramukh ko 'rashtrapati' kahate the aur usake kary vahi the jo pal aur pratihar samrajyoan mean uparik ke lie nirdharit the. vishap kisi adhunik zile ke saman tha aur bhukti usase chhota ekaansh tha. pal aur pratihar samrajyoan mean vishay se chhote ekaansh ko 'pattala' kaha jata tha. in chhote ekaanshoan ki kary vidhi ke bare mean poora pata nahian hai par aisa lagata hai ki inaka mukhy uddeshy lagan vasool karana tatha shanti aur vyavastha ko banae rakhana raha hoga. aisa lagata hai ki sabhi adhikariyoan ko vetan ke roop mean kar mukt bhoomi ka anudan diya jata tha. isase unake tatha vanshagat saradaroan aur chhote samantoan ke bich aantar kam ho gaya tha.
gram prashasan
in kshetriy ikaiyoan ke niche gram tha jo prashasan ki drishti se mool ikaee tha. gaanv ka prashasan vahaan ke mukhiya aur khajaanchi ke hathoan mean tha. jinake pad vanshagat hote the. mukhiya par gaanv ki shanti aur vyavastha banae rakhane ki zimmedari thi. usaki sahayata ke lie usake pas ek sthaniy sena bhi thi. usaka kary asan nahian tha kyoanki choroan aur dakuoan ke khataroan ke alava ye mukhiya apas mean l date rahate the aur apane virodhi mukhiya ke gramoan mean lootapat karate rahate the. isi karan kee gramoan mean qile the. mukhiya par yah bhi zimmedari thi ki vah paisoan athava padarthoan ke roop mean lagan vasool kare aur rajakosh athava raj bhandare mean jama kare. gaanv ki khajaanchi bhoomi ke adhikar aur lagan ka hisab rakh kar mukhiya ki sahayata karata tha. use bhi vetan ke roop mean kar mukt zamin milati thi.
kee bar mukhiya ki sahayata gaanv ke b de bujurg bhi karate the jinhean 'gram mahajan' ya 'gram mahattar' kaha jata tha. kaha jata hai ki rashtrakoot samrajy mean, visheshakar karnatak ke gaanvoan ke skooloan, talaboan, mandiroan aur s dakoan ki dekhabhal aur unake prabandh ke lie gram samitiyaan hoti thi. upasamitiyaan mukhiyoan ke sath sahayog karati thian aur unhean lagan ka ek hissa milata tha. ye samitiyaan vad-vivad aur jhag doan ke sadharan mamaloan ka nipatara bhi karati thi. aisi hi samitiyaan nagaroan mean bhi thian aur inamean vyapar sanghoan ke pramukh bhi shamil hote the. nagar aur usake nikatavarti kshetroan mean qanoon aur vyavastha qayam rakhane ki zimmedari koshtapal athava kotaval par thi jisaka havala hamean kee kahaniyoan mean milata hai.
vanshagat kar-adhikari
is yug ki ek mahattvapoorn bat dakkan mean vanshagat kar-adhikariyoan ka uday tha. jinhean 'nad-gavund' athava 'desh-gramakoot' kahate haian. aisa lagata hai ki unaka kary vahi tha jo bad mean maharashtr mean 'deshamukhoan' aur 'deshapaandoan' ke supurd tha. dakshin mean in adhikariyoan tatha uttar bharat mean chhote saradaroan ke vikas se samaj athava rajaniti par bahut prabhav p da. jaise-jaise in vanshagat adhikariyoan ke adhikar badhate ge, gram samitiyaan kamazor p dati geean. kendriy shasak ke lie un par niyantran rakhana kathin ho gaya. jab ham sarakar ke samantavadi hone ki charcha karate haian to hamara arth isi prakriya ko iangit karana hota hai.
dharmik svatantrata
is yug ki ek aur mahattvapoorn bat rajy aur dharm ke bich sambandh hai. is yug ke kee shasak shaiv aur vaishnav aur kee bauddh aur jain dharm ko manane vale the. ve brahmanoan, bauddh biharoan aur jain mandiroan ko udaratapoorvak dan dete the, lekin ve kisi bhi vyakti ke prati usake dharmik vicharoan ke lie bhedabhav nahian rakhate the aur sabhi matavalanbiyoan ko sanrakshan pradan karate the. rashtrakoot nareshoan ne bhi musalamanoan tak ka svagat kiya aur unhean apane dharm prachar ki svikriti di. sadharanatah koee bhi raja dharmashastroan ke niyamoan tatha any paramparaoan mean hastakshep nahian karata tha aur in mamaloan mean vah purohit ki salah par chalata tha. lekin isase yah nahian samajha jana chahie ki purohit rajy ke karyoan mean hastakshep karata tha athava raja par usaka kisi prakar ka dabav tha. is yug ke dharmashastroan ke mahanh vyakhyakar medhatithi ka kahana hai ki raja ke adhikar vyanjit karane vale srot ved sahit dharmashastroan ke alava 'arthashastr' bhi hai. usaka 'rajadharm' arthashastr mean nihit siddhaantoan ke anusar hona chahie. isaka vastavik arth yah tha ki raja ko rajaniti aur dharm ko bilkul alag-alag rakhana chahie aur dharm ko raja ka vyaktigat kartavy samajha jana chahie. is prakar us yug ke shasakoan par n to purohitoan aur n hi unake dvara pratipadit dharm-qanoon ka koee prabhav tha. is arth mean ham kah sakate haian ki us yug mean rajy moolatah dharm nirapeksh the.
rashtrakoot samrajy ka patan
rashtrakootoan ka yah utkarsh der tak qayam nahian raha. krishna tritiy ki vijayoan ka svaroop prayah vahi tha, jo yashodharma aur harshavardhan ki vijayoan ka tha. vah kisi sthayi samrajy ki sthapana nahian kar saka. jab tak krishna tritiy jaisa suyogy aur pratapi raja manyakhet ke rajasianhasan par raha, rashtrakootoan ki shakti akshunn bani rahi. par usake marate hi rashtrakoot samrajy chhinn-bhinn ho gaya. krishna tritiy ka uttaradhikari khottig nityavarsh tha. usake shasan kal mean malava ke paramar raja siyak harsh (shasan kal 974 ee. poo. tak) ne rashtrakoot rajy par akraman kiya, aur manyakhet ko buri tarah se loota. khottig nityavarsh ka uttaradhikari kark tha. kalyani ke chaluky raja tailap dvitiy ne rashtrakootoan ki nirbalata se labh uthakar kark ko parajit kiya, aur usake rajy ko apane adhikar mean kar liya. kark rashtrakoot vansh ka antim raja tha, aur usake sath hi is vansh ka bhi ant ho gaya. isake bad dakshinapath par ek bar phir chaluky vansh ka adhipaty sthapit hua.
isamean koee sandeh nahian, ki rashtrakoot raja b de pratapi the. unaki kirti bharat se bahar bhi door-door tak phaili huee thi. isilie anek arab yatriyoan ne bhi unaka vrittant likha hai. 851 mean suleman namak lekhak ne amoghavarsh ka bagadad ke khalifa, konstentinopal ke roman samrat aur chin ke samrat ke samakaksh bataya tha. yah thik hai, ki govind tritiy jaise rashtrakoot rajaoan ki ganana us yug ke sabase shaktishali samratoan mean ki jati hai. rashtrakoot raja sindh ke arab shasakoan ke sath maitri rakhate the, kyoanki bhinnamal aur kannauj ke shaktishali gurjar pratihar rajaoan se donoan ko saman roop se bhay tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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