राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संदर्भ में देवनागरी -जीवन नायक
| chitr:Icon-edit.gif | yah lekh svatantr lekhan shreni ka lekh hai. is lekh mean prayukt samagri, jaise ki tathy, aank de, vichar, chitr adi ka, sanpoorn uttaradayitv is lekh ke lekhak/lekhakoan ka hai bharatakosh ka nahian. |
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- lekhak- shri jivan nayak
bharatavasiyoan ko lekhanakala ka jnan kis kal mean hua yah sunishchit nahian hai, kiantu yah nirvivad hai ki ashok kalin bharat (ee. poo. tisari shati) mean vividh lipiyaan prachalit thian. h dappa (dakshini panjab) aur mohan jod do (uttari siandh) mean huee khudaee ke phalasvaroop siandhu sabhyata ke bare mean prapt janakari se us prachalit dharana ki pushti nahian hoti bharatiy lekhan paddhati ka sootrapat ashok ke rajyakal mean hi hua tha. ashok ke shilalekhoan se pahale bhi brahmi mean utkirn anek shilalekh mile haian. phalatah brahmi lipi ke prachalan ka samay sudoor atit mean chala jata hai. phir bhi yah to pramanit hi hai ki brahmi lipi sanh 1837 mean likhi aur samajhi jane lagi thi.
vishvas kiya jata hai ki brahmi lipi brahma se udbhoot huee jo samast vakh aur varn samamnay ke mool srot haian. paranparagat vishvas hai ki taandav nrity ke samay nataraj ke damaroo se nikale 14 maheshvar sootroan se hi sanpoorn vakh nissrit hua. yah bhi kaha jata hai ki ye sootr dhanyatmak adhar par vargikrit the. bad mean, buddh ke poorv janme panini ne, dhvaniyoan ko sthan, karan aur prayatn ke anusar vyavasthit roop se prastut kiya.
brahmi prachinatam bharatiy lipi hai aur usaka upayog moolatah sanskrit ke lekhan ke liye kiya gaya tha. ashok ke shilalekhoan mean prakrit mean likhe brahmi ke vividh roop drishtigochar hote haian. apane vikas kram mean brahm lipi anek sanshodhanoan se alankrit huee.
vartaman bharatiy lipiyoan ka vikas brahmi lipi se hi mana jata hai. uttar-pashchim bharat mean brahmi ke vikasit roop ko sharada kaha jata tha. kashmiri aur gurumukhi lipiyoan ke vikas me sharada ka yog svikar kiya jata hai. brahmi ka doosara roop gupt lipi hai jo sare uttar bharat mean prachalit rahi aur jisase nagari (athava devanagari), rajasthani, gujarati marathi, u diya bangala, maithili aur asamiyaan ki lipiyaan vikasit hueean. brahmi ke hi ek parivartit roop, pallav se dakshin ki char mahanh lekhan pranaliyaan bhi vikasit hueean. ab yah bat svikar ki jane lagi hai ki devanagari kisi samay bharat ki rashtriy lipi thi aur 8vian se 10vian shatabdi ke bich usame upekshit poornata a chuki thi.
sthan, karan aur prayatn ke adhar par panini ke varn samamnay ki vyavastha is prakar hai- kanthy, talavy, moordhany, danty oshthy, aantarmukhi, talavy-kanthy, anunasik aur ooshm.
gupt lipi se aantar batane ke lie devanagari shabd ka upayog 9vian shatabdi mean prachalit hua tha. devanagari ka shabdik arth hai dev lipi ya vah jo devataoan ki nagari ki ho. yah nagari prachin patilaputr, thi jo aj patana (bihar) hai. kaha jata hai ki patilaputr nagar ya shahar ke nate uttarottar prasiddhi prapt karata ja raha tha. aisi sthiti mean is nagari se jo kuchh bhi sanbaddh tha vah nagar ya nagari tha. isilie nagari lipi uttar ki lipi ke nam se jani gee. dakshin mean prachalit devanagari ka prachinatam roop 8vian shatabdi ka hai. ise nandi nagari kaha jata hai. vakatak aur rashtrakoot rajaoan ki rajadhani nandinagar rahi hai. yah ajakal ka naanded (maharashtr) hai. devanagari aur nandinagari ab kramashah uttar aur dakshin ki lipiyoan ke lie vyavahar mean ane vale nam haian.
bharat ke sanvidhan ki 8vian anusoochi me 15 bhashaean ullikhit haian. urdoo tatha siandhi bhashaoan ki lipiyaan pharasi lipi ki hi parivartit roop hai; shesh 13 bhashaoan ki lipiyaan brahmi ki uttar ya dakshin shaili se hi vikasit huee haian. ab siandhi ke lie bhi devanagari ka prayog chal p da hai. isake atirikt bharat ke bahar nepal mean nepali ke lie devanagari ka vyavahar hota hai.
vibhinn bharatiy bhashaoan ke bich samanata aur ekasootrata ko manate hue svatatrata ke bad yah vichar samane aya ki poore desh ke lie ek samany bhasha ka madhyam avashyak hoga. yahi karan hai ki vartaman shatabdi ke praranbh se hi bharatiy chiantakoan ne samast bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie saman lipi ki avashyakata par jor diya tha. is prakar ki vicharadhara ka poshan karane vale desh ke ahindi bhashi kshetroan ke pratishthit vyakti hi the. eeshvarachandr vidyasagar ne sanh 1850 mean yah vichar vyakt kiya ki nagari lipi ka vyavahar atirikt lipi ke roop mean kiya jana chahie. 1857 mean sthapit kalakatta, banbee aur madras vishvavidyalayoan mean sanskrit ke lie devanagari lipi ko svikar liya gaya tha. phalasvaroop devanagari sanpoorn desh mean sanskrit ke lie vyavahar mean ane lagi thi.
poore desh ke lie ek samany lipi ki mahatta nyayamoorti sharadacharan mitr ne bhi svikar ki thi. unhoanne apane is vichar ke poshan ke lie 20vian shati ke praranbh mean ‘ek lipi vistar parishad’ namak sanstha ke tatvadhan me aur ‘devanagar’ namak patrika ke madhyam se yah andolan chalaya tha. 1905 mean nagari pracharini sabha, varanasi mean bhashan dete hue lokamany tilak ne is bat par jor diya tha ki devanagari ko samast bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie ek samany lipi ke roop mean svikar kar liya jana chahie. unhoanne us samay yah ghoshana ki thi ki yoorop mean prachalit sari lipiyoan ki tulana mean devanagari varnamala kahian adhik parishkrit hai. nyayamoorti vi. krishnaasvami ayyar apane samay ke vikhyat nayayashastri the. sanskrit ke vidvanh hone ke atirikth ve apane yug ke jane mane sahityakar bhi the. unhoanne 1810 mean ilahabad mean ayojit ek parishad me bhashan dete hue kaha tha ki ve poore desh ke lie ek samany bhasha ke pakshadhar haian. sath hi aisi bhasha ke lie apekshit lipi ke roop mean devanagari lipi ko usaki vaijnanikata aur lokapriyata ke karan sahaj hi svikar kiya ja sakata hai.
poore desh ke lie ek samany lipi (devanagari) ki avashyakata par gaandhiji ka mantavy sarvavidit hai. madras mean 1937 me ayojit bharatiy sahity parishad mean bhashan karate hue gaandhi ji ne yah vichar vyakt kiya tha ki devanagari ke siva any kisi bhi lipi mean n to vah dhvanyatmak kshamata hai aur n vaisi poornata. unhoanne yah bhi kaha tha ki ek se adhik lipiyoan ko janane ka bojha dhona vyarth hai aur isase sahaj hi bacha ja sakata hai.
devanagari lipi ka vyavahar rajasthan se lekar bihar tak aur himachal pradesh se lekar maharashtr tak hai. maharashtr ko chho dakar is vishal kshetr ki sahityik bhasha hindi hi hai. hindi ke sath usaki vividh lipiyaan bhi devanagari ke madhyam se likhi jati haian. marathi bhasha ke lie prayog mean ane vali devanagari ka nam balabodh hai. gujarati lipi devanagari ka kshipr (ghasit) roop hai. shiksha sahity aur sarvajanik jivan mean hindi ka vyavahar karane vale sabhi log devanagari lipi janate haian. aise logoan ki sankhya jo apani matribhasha ke devanagari lipi ka upayog karate haian, un logoan se kahian adhik hai jo any kisi bharatiy lipi ka vyavahar karate haian. devanagari lipi uttar aur dakshin ki lipiyoan ke bich setu ka hi kam nahian karati, balki bharatiy ary tatha dravi d bhasha parivaroan ko bhi jo dati hai.
svavatantrata ke bad bharat sarakar ne hindi ke prachar aur vikas ki anek yojanaean hath mean lian thian. yah avashyak samajha gaya tha ki hindi vartani aur varnamala ka manak svaroop sthir kar diya jae taki taiparatar aur telipriantar ki kuanjiyoan ke nirdharan mean sahayata mile aur vibhinn bharatiy bhashaoan ki vishisht dhvaniyoan ko vyakt karane ke lie devanagari mean upayukt pratikoan ka samavesh kiya ja sake. parinamasvaroop devanagari lipi mean sudhar ki avashyakata jan p di, usake varnoan ke manak svaroop sthir karana zaroori ho gaya taki taiparaitiang aur mudran ki avashyakataean poori ki ja sakean.
devanagari lipi ke sudhar ka prashn sarakar aur sansthaoan ke atirikt anek vidvanoan ka bhi dhyan kafi samay se akarshit karata raha hai. uttar pradesh sarakar ne navanbar 1953 mean usi vichar me ek parishad ka ayojan kiya tha jisamean devanagari lipi mean sudhar ke kuchh sujhav die ge the. agale char varshoan arthath 1857 tak uttar pradesh sarakar ne parishad ki sipharishoan ko karyanvit karane mean vyavaharik kathinaiyoan ka anubhav kiya aur aktoobar 1957 mean lipi sudhar ki doosari parishad amantrit ki. 1957 ki parishad ne pichhali baithak ki sipharishoan ko doharaya aur kuchh ne sudhar sujhae. aantatah bharat sarakar ne is mamale par punarvichar kiya aur yah nishchay kiya gaya ki paramarsh ke lie visheshajnoan ki ek parishad bulaee jae. 1953 aur 1957 mean lakhanoo mean huee in donoan parishadoan ki sipharishoan par agast 1959 mean ayojit shikshamantriyoan ke sammelan mean vichar kiya gaya aur kuchh spashtikaran ke sath unhean svikar kar liya gaya.
devanagari lipi mean sudhar sanbandhi riport ka anumodan karate hue bharat sarakar ne 1959 mean yah nishchay kiya tha ki adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ki vishisht dhvaniyoan koe vyakt karane ke lie devanagari lipi mean atirikt chinh aur pratik jo dana avashyak hai aur yah kam abilanb hath mean liya jana chahie. is nishchay ke anusar 1960 mean bhashavidoan ki ek samiti gathit ki gee thi taki vibhinn adhunik bharatiy bhashaoan ki vishisht dhvaniyoan ka adhyayan kiya ja sake aur unhean vyakt karane ke lie devanagari lipi mean pratik adi jo de ja sakean. rashtriy ekikaran ke prashn par vichar karane ke lie agast 1961 mean dilli mean ayojit mukhyamantriyoan ke sammelan mean yah bat sarvasammati se svikar ki gee thi ki sari bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie ek samany lipi n keval avashyak hai, balki rashtriy ekata ko badhava dene ke lie vaanchhaniy bhi hai. bharat ki vartaman sthiti mean unek matanusar devanagari hi ek matr aisi lipi hai.
javaharalal neharoo ka vichar tha ki bharat ki sari bhashaoan ke lie kisi n kisi din ek samany lipi ko protsahit karana hoga. unhoanne yah mat bhi vyakt kiya tha ki samast bharat ke lie jo samany lipi svikar ki jae vah sanbandhit lipiyoan ko hatane ke vichar se n hokar unake lie atirikt lipi ke roop mean svikrit mani jae. aisi sthiti mean devanagari ko samast bharatiy bhashaoan ke lie ek atirikt lipi ke roop mean svikar kiya jana chahie, taki ek kshetr ke log doosare kshetr ki bhashao se apana parichay saralatapoorvak badha sakean. aantatah vastavik kathinaee bhasha ki n hokar lipi ki hai.
bhashavidh samiti ne apani aantarim riport joon, 1965 mean prastut ki thi. is bharat sarakar ne 1966 mean aantim roop dekar svikar kiya tha. samiti ki sipharishoan ki vyavaharikata ko spasht karane ke lie bharat ki pratyek sahityik bhasha ka ek pathaansh parivaddhit devanagari me lipyantarit kar samiti ki shesh sipharishoan ke sath prakashit kiya gaya tha. tamil, malayalam, telugu, kann d, bangala, urdoo adi mean likhit pathaansh ko parivarddhit devanagari me mudrit karane ka abhipray yah tha ki samasat bharat ke nagarikoan ke bich in bhashaoan ki lokapriyata ko badhava mile (parivarddhit devanagari, dekhie lekh ke aant mean).
yah sarvamany hai ki jnan ke drut vikas ke lie rashtriy dhvanyatmak lipi ko tatkal svikar kar lena chahie. devanagari ka adhar lekar ek vaijnanik dhvanyatmak lipi ko aantim roop diya ja sakata hai aur vaanchhit sanshodhanoan ke sath vidyarthiyoan ke lie vyakaran aur kramik pathy samagri taiyar karane ke lie use kam mean laya ja sakata hai. lagabhag 3000 varshoan se vyavahar mean ane vali lipi mean sudhar sujhate samay is kshetr mean ruchi rakhane vale visheshajnoan aur is abhipray se gathit samitiyoan ne is bat ka sanket lagatar diya hai ki yah kam kitana jatil hai. ise sulajhane ke lie keval sahityik aur dhvanyatmak paksh par hi bal dene se kam nahian chalega, balki is bat ka bhi dhyan rakhana hoga ki samast bhashabhashi samaj mean manovaijnanik star par is sanbandh mean kya kathinaiyaan samane aeangi. is disha mean jaldabaji mean uthae ge kisi bhi kadam se bhram utpann ho sakata hai jo n keval vishuddhavadiyoan ke bich vivad ban sakata hai, balki un logoan ke lie bhi ulajhan paida kar sakata hai jo hindi bhasha ke premi haian.
devanagari pahale pahal yoorop mean 1667 mean prayogatmak adhar par dhale ge the aur devanagari taipoan ki ek kitab athanasi rikaracheri dvara prakashit ki gee thi lagabhag usi samay amastaradam se devanagari barahakh di prakashit ki gee thi aur isake liye blakoan ka upayog kiya gaya tha. bad mean 1771 mean jyovanni kristophor apadutsi aur kamianus beligati ne rom mean ‘alaphabetutras, brahminikum, syoo iandostanus, univarsitatis kasi’ prakashit kiya tha. is prakashan mean pahale pahal devanagari ke chal taip prayog mean lae ge the. bharat mean nagari aur bangala taip banane ka shrey prathamatah charls vilakians aur panchanan karmakar ko milata hai. panchanan karmakar ‘panchakatar’ (chhapa katane vale) the. vilakians ne sanskrit ke taip bhi dhale the. bad mean pachanan ne 700 devanagari taipoan ki ek suandar mala taiyar ki thi. yah kam 19vian shati ke praranbh mean sairamapur mishan ke viliyam kairi ki sahayata se poora kiya gaya tha. pahala devanagari taip phauandri seramapur mean 1980 mean sthapit ki gee thi. is phauandri ne devanagari taip sanbandhi sabhi maange poori ki thi; yahaan tak ki banbee ki maange bhi. bharat mean bharatiy bhashaoan ka sabase pahala mudranalay banbee mean 1812 mean sthapit kiya gaya tha. is pres se 1814 mean marathi panchaang prakashit hua tha aur yahi pustak bharat mean marathi mean prakashit pahali pustak thi. amerikan mishan pres, banbee mean 1860 mean sthapit hua tha. isake mainejar tamas graham ne jivan ballabh namak ‘panchakat’ ke sahayog se 1838 mean marathi, devanagari aur sanskrit ke taip taiyar kie the. jaoji dadaji dvara 1864 mean pahali bar nirnay sagar pres namak phauandri sthapit ki gee thi.
aj lagabhag do darjan phauandriyaan haian jo 8 pvaanit se lekar 72 pvaiant tak ke taip taiyar karati haian. 8, 10 aur 12 pvaiant devanagari taip samachar patroan tatha pathan samagri me kam ate hai. 14 aur 16 pvaiant taip navasaksharoan ke lie aur 20, 24, 36 aur 48 pvaiant taip shirshako aur vijnapanoan mean kam ate haian
bharat sarakar ke mudran aur dijainiang ke rashtriy puraskar 1855 mean shuroo kie ge the. inamean devanagari taip ke lie vishesh puraskar ki vyavastha hai. vartaman shatabdi ke aranbh se devanagari lipi ko yaantrik kanpojiang yantroan ke upayukt banane ka prashn vidvanoan, lipi sudharakoan aur mudrakoan ka dhyan akarshit karata raha hai. lipi sudharakoan ke kam ki tin dishaean haian
(a) devanagari lipi ko is prakar parishkrit karana ki usake madhyam se samast svanimoan arthat arth bhed dhvaniyoan (videshi shabdoan mean prayukt svanimoan ko bhi) suruchi poorn dhang se chitrit kiya ja sake
(a) svaroan aur vyanjanoan ko jo dane ki vartaman pranali mean is prakar sudhar karana ki setiang ki kriya pranali se bacha ja sake aur sanyukt roopoan ko is prakar taiyar karana ki taipoan ki sankhya mean kami ki ja sake aur
(i) yaantrik kanpojishan mean vaanchhit suvidha ke lie shirorekha ke oopar ke lipi chinhoan athava matra chinhoan ke sath ya unake bina taip saanchoan ko dhalane ki vartaman pranali ko parivartit kiya ja sake.
devanagari varnoan ko tiryak roop mean vikhandit karane ke ek prastav par ganbhirata se vichar kiya ja raha hai, taki kh di paee vale, bina kh di paee vale athava laghu kh di paee vale vargoan ke lie ek se svar chinhoan ka prayog sanbhav ho sake.
vigat ekadhik shatabdiyoan ke bich devanagari ke uparyukt vikas kram ka aitihasik mahatv hai tathapi is vritaant se vibhinn bhashaoan ke vishisht vargoan aur unaki dhvanyatmak avashyakataoan ko poora karane ke lie aur unhean vividh prakar ke kanpojiang upakaranoan (jinamean photo setar adi sammilit haian) par pratishthapit karane ke uddeshy se vartaman nagari varnamala ke sanshodhan pavirdhan mean vishesh sahayata nahian milegi. is prashn par visheshajn ki vichar kar sakate haian, paramarsh de sakate haian aur ab tak jo kuchh kiya ja chuka hai usake prakash mean apekshit nirnay le sakate haian. yahaan unaka dhyan keval is tathy ki or akarshit karane ka uddeshy hai ki jab se nagari lipi ka pradurbhav hua tab se use ek aise madhyam ke roop mean apanaya gaya hai jisake dvara vyapak saanskritik moolyoan ko samajhane aur aanchalik paranparaoan ko samriddh karane mean sahayata milati rahi hai.
'liangvistik ianplikeshanas aॅph kanpyootar besd inpharmeanshan sistams' par ek sangoshthi vijnan praudyogiki mantralay, bharat sarakar ke tatvadhan mean navanbar 1978 mean dilli mean ayojit ki gee thi. bharatiy lipiyoan ki sanrachana se sanbandhit samany prashnoan par vichar vimarsh ke sath is sangoshthi mean yah vichar bhi kiya gaya tha ki bharatiy lipiyaan kis prakar aur kis sima tak kanpyootar dvara niroopaniy hai. is avasar par in panktiyoan ke lekhak ne savistar aur sahodaharan vivechan se yah spasht kiya tha ki bharat sarakar dvara 1961 mean gathit visheshajn samiti ki sipharishoan ke prakash mean aur lainotaip paॅl li. landan dvara nirmit, vi. aee. pi lainotaip martanalethar ke ‘phaant’ ke vishesh sandarbh mean 'photo kanpojiang' ke lie devanagari varn sanyojan (haiphanesh) kis tarah kiya ja sakata hai aur is uddeshy ki poorti ke lie ukt yantr ki sarthak aur nirarthak kuanjiyaan kaun kaun si haian.
astuu asha hai, kanpyootar ke madhyam se devanagari ke niroopan mean ukt vivechan se sahayata milegi aur devanagari ke uttarottar vyapak prayog ki bhoomika prashast hogi.
parivardhit devanagari
- devanagari mean navin pratikoan ka samavesh
devanagari lipi ko akhil bharatiy lipi ka svaroop aur kshamata dene ke uddeshy se usame hinditar bhashaoan ki un vishisht dhvaniyoan ke lie navin pratikoan ka samavesh kar diya gaya hai jo ab tak usamean nahian the.
- marathi, gujarati, asamiya , bangala, panjabi aur u diya bhashaoan ke lipigram ke saman hi haian atah unake sanbandhoan mean aksharashah lipyantaran paryat hoga.
- tamil, telugu , malayalam, kann d, kashmiri aur siandhi bhashaoan mean devanagari se bhinn ya atirikt lipigram haian, atah unaki vishisht dhvanioan ke lie niche die anusar sanket chinh apanae jaeange.
- vishisht dhvani
| svar | akshar roop | matra roop |
|---|---|---|
| (1) dakshin bharat ki char bhashaoan tatha kashmiri bhasha ke hrisv ‘e’ aur ‘o’ | aian o | e o |
| (2) kashmiri bhasha ke vishisht svar ‘a’ ‘a’ aur ‘u’ ‘oo’ | a a uan ooan |
-an aan -anu -anoo |
| (3) kashmiri bhasha ke kuchh shabdoan ke aant mean ane vale atyalp ‘i’ aur ‘u’ oopar (2) aur (3) mean sujhae ge sanket chinhoan ko avashyakatanusar any bhashaoan ke lie bhi prayukt kiya ja sakata hai. |
i़ u़ | .i u़ |
- vyanjan
- kashmiri chavarg ch chh j jh
- siandhi bhasha ke aantahsphut vyanjan g j d b
- tamil ळ ke lie ळ aur malayalam ke lie sh़
- tamil ಌ, malayalam ೧, telagoo aur kann d ke lie r
- malayalam ೧ ೧ ke lie r r
- tamil aur malayalam ke lie n
- urdoo ki vishisht dhvaniyoan ko vyakt karane ke lie tadanuroop devanagari varn ke niche biandu lagaya jae.
avashkatanusar inaka prayog telugu adi ke lie bhi kiya ja sakata hai.
tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
| kramaank | lekh ka nam | lekhak |
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
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