लॉर्ड रिपन
thumb|l aaurd ripan
Lord Ripon
l aaurd ripan ka poora nam 'j aaurj fredarik saimual rabinsan' tha. yah 1880 ee. mean l aaurd litan pratham ke bad bharat ke vayasaray banakar aye the. apane se pahale aye sabhi vayasarayoan ki tulana mean yah adhik udar the. l aaurd ripan ke samay mean bharat ek taraph dharmik, samajik, rajanitik jagaran ki sthiti se guzar raha tha, vahian doosari or litan pratham ke karyo se bharatiy janata karah rahi thi. glaidaston ki bhaanti ripan ka bhi rajanitik drishtikon udar tha, jisake karan vah lokapriy shasak siddh hue.
sudhar kary
apane sudhar karyoan ke antargat l aaurd ripan ne sarvapratham samachar-patroan ki svatantrata ko bahal karate hue 1882 ee. mean 'varnakyoolar pres ekt' ko samapt kar diya. inake sudhar karyoan mean sarvadhik mahattvapoorn kary tha- 'sthaniy svashasan' ki shuruat. isake antargat gramin kshetroan mean sthaniy bord banaye gaye, zile mean zila upavibhag, tahasil bord banane ki yojana bani. nagaroan mean nagarapalika ka gathan kiya gaya evan inhean kary karane ki svatantrata evan ay prapt karane ke sadhan upalabdh karaye gaye. in sansthaoan mean gair sarakari logoan ki adhik bhagidari nishchit ki gee.
janaganana karyakram
pratham janaganana 1872 ee. mean meyo ke shasan kal mean shuroo huee, kintu ripan ke shasan kal mean 1881 ee. mean niyamit janaganana ki shuruat huee. tab se lekar ab tak pratyek das varsh ke antaral par janaganana ki jati hai.
faistri adhiniyam
pratham faiktri adhiniyam, 1881 ee. ripan dvara hi laya gaya. adhiniyam ke antargat yah vyavastha ki gee ki, jis karakhane mean sau se adhik shramik kary karate haian, vahaan par 7 varsh se kam ayu ke bachche kam nahian kar sakeange. 12 varsh se kam ayu ke bachchoan ke lie kam karane ke lie ghante tay kar diye gaye aur is qanoon ke palan ke lie ek nirikshak ko niyukt kar diya gaya. ripan ne unhian arthik nitiyoan ko protsahan diya, jise l aaurd meyo apane shas kal mean laye the. unhoanne prantiy arthik uttaradayitv ko badhaya tatha kar ke sadhanoan ko shahi madoan, prantiy madoan evan bati huee madoan mean vibhajit kiya.
shiksha niti
l aaurd ripan ke shaikshik sudharoan ke antargat 'viliyam hantar' ke netritv mean ek ayog ko gathit kiya gaya. ayog ne 1882 ee. mean apani riport prastut ki. ayog ki riport mean kaha gaya tha ki, bharat mean praimari aur madhyamik skool shiksha ki sarvatha apeksha ki gee hai, parantu vishvavidyalay ki shiksha par apekshakrit adhik dhyan diya gaya hai. riport mean vyavastha ki gee ki praimari star ki shiksha ka adhikar lokal bordoan evan myoonisipal bordoan ko diya jay tatha shiksha sansthaoan par se sarakari niyantran hata diya jay. ripan ki sarakar ne is riport ko usaki shartoan ke sath svikar kar kriyanviyat karane ka prayatn kiya.
ilbart bil
1881 ee. mean hi bharatiy karakhanoan ke shramikoan ki sthiti sudharane ke lie ek qanoon bana, jisake dvara nabalig balakoan ki suraksha hetu anek kary ke ghantoan ke nirdharan evan khataranak mashinoan ke charoan or bachav hetu samuchit raksha vyavastha tatha nirikshakoan ki niyukti ka pravadhan kiya gaya. kintu sudharoan ki drishti se usaka sabase mahattvapoorn kary 1883 ee. ka ilbart bil tha. jisake dvara nyay ke kshetr mean rangabhed ko door karane ka prayas kiya gaya tha. is bil ke dvara bharatiy nyayadhishoan ko bhi yooropiy nyayadhishoan ki bhaanti yooropiyanoan ke faujadari vadoan ki sunavaee ka adhikar diye jane ka sujhav tha. kintu is bil (prastav) ka yooropiyan tatha eangloindiyan samuday ke dvara itana adhik virodh kiya gaya ki bil ki dharaoan mean vishesh parivartan karake hi use parit kiya gaya aur rangabhed bana hi raha. phir bhi aisa prastav rakhane matr se bharatiy janata mean l aaurd ripan ki lokapriyata kafi badh gee.
shvet vidroh
ilbart bil mean faujadari dand vyavastha mean prachalit bhedabhav ko samapt karane ka prayatn kiya gaya tha. ilbart bil mean bharatiy nyayadhishoan ko yooropiy mukadamoan ko sunane ka adhikar diya gaya. bharat mean rahane vale aangrezoan ne is bil ka virodh kiya. parinamasvaroop ripan ko is vidheyak ko vapas lekar sanshodhan karake punah prastut karana p da. sanshodhan ke bad is adhiniyam mean yah vyavastha ki gee ki, bharatiy nyayadhish yooropiy nyayadhish ke sahayog se mukadamoan ka nirnay kareange. is vidheyak ke virodh mean aangrezoan dvara kiye gaye vidroh ko ‘shvet vidroh’ ke nam se jana jata hai. is vidheyak par hue vad-vivad ka bharatiy janamanas par gahara prabhav p da.
ripan ka kathan
l aaurd ripan ne namak kar ko kam karate hue 1882 ee. mean 'tairif' mean se mooly ke anusar 5 pratishat ayat shulk ko kam kar diya. ripan ne ilbart bil par hue vad-vivad ke karan karyakal poora hone se poorv hi tyagapatr de diya. 'floreans naitiangel' ne l aaurd ripan ko 'bharat ke uddharak' ki sanjna di hai. bharatiy log ripan ko 'sajjan ripan' ke roop mean yad karate haian. ripan ke shasan kal ko bharat mean svarnayug ka arambh kaha jata hai. ripan ne apane bare mean kalakatta (adhunik kolakata) ke apane pratham vyaktavy mean hi kaha tha ki, mera moolyaankan mere karyoan se karana shabdoan se nahian.
tyagapatr
1884 ee. mean tyagapatr dekar prasthan karate samay bharatiyoan ne l aaurd ripan ko saik doan abhinandan patr dekar sammanit kiya aur shimala se bambee (vartaman mumbee) tak ki yatra ke dauran sthan-sthan par unhean bhavabhini vidaee di gee.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
(pustak 'bharatiy itihas kosh') prishth sankhya-411
sanbandhit lekh