वाणिज्य

vanijy dhanaprapti ke uddeshy se vastuoan ka kray vikray karana hai. sansar mean pratyek vyakti ki kee avashyakataean hoti haian. unako prapt karane ke lie vah avashyak vastuean prapt karane ka prayatn karata hai. inamean se kuchh vastuean to vah svayan bana leta hai aur adhikaansh vastuean use bazar se kharidani p dati haian. vastuoan ko prapt karane ke lie use dhan ki avashyakata p dati hai, aur is dhan ko prapt karane ke lie ya to vah doosaroan ki seva karata hai athava aisi vastuean taiyar karata hai ya kray vikray karata hai jo doosaroan ke lie upayogi hoan. vastuoan ka roop badalakar unako adhik upayogi banane ka kary udyog mana jata hai. vanijy mean ve sab kary sammilit rahate haian jo vastuoan ke kray vikray mean saphalata prapt karane ke lie avashyak haian. jo vyakti vanijy sanbandhi koee kary karata hai use vanik kahate haian.

vanijy ke aang

vanijy ke do pradhan aang haian- dukanadar aur vyapar. jab vastuoan ka kray-vikray kisi ek sthan ya dukan se hota hai, tab us sanbandh ke sab kary dukanadari ke aandar ate haian. jab vastuoan ko ek sthan se doosare sthan bhejakar vikray kiya jata hai, tab us sanbandh ke sab kary vyapar ke aandar samajhe jate haian. deshi vyapar mean vastuoan ka kray-vikray ek hi desh ke aandar hota hai. videshi vyapar mean vastuoan ka kray-vikray doosare deshoan ke sath hota hai. b de paimane par door door ke deshoan se vyapar ke lie b di pooanji ki avashyakata hoti hai jo sammilit pooanjivadi kanpaniyoan aur vanijy baiankoan dvara prapt hoti hai.

vanijy vidhi

sansar ke bhinn bhinn deshoan mean vishvavyapi vanijy mean lage hue vyaktiyoan ne milakar pratyek desh mean vanijy mandaloan ki sthapana ki hai. in mandaloan ka pradhan kary desh ke vanijy ke hitoan ki sammilit roop se raksha karana aur sarakar dvara raksha karana hai. vanijy sanbandhi karyoan ka uchit roop se niyantran karane ke lie pratyek desh ki sarakar jo qanoon banati haian, ve vanijy vidhi kahalate haian.

'vanijy aur vanik vanijy mean saphalata prapt karane ke lie vanik ko vikray kala ka vyavaharik jnan hona avashyak hai. use hisab rakhane ki paddhati ko bhi thik tarah se janana aur upayog mean lana p data hai. apane karyoan ki jokhim kam karane ke lie use apane mal ka bima karana hota hai. isalie use is vishay ka jnan bhi prapt karana p data hai. apane vyapar ko door door tak deshoan mean phailane ke lie use patr vyavahar aur vijnapan kala ka uchit upayog karana p data hai. vanijy mean svatantr buddhi aur dridh vishvas ki atyant avashyakata hoti hai. eemanadari dvara hi vanik apane kary ki prasiddhi prapt karata hai. usaki bat ki sachchaee usaki sakh ko badhati hai, jisase vah avashyak pooanji asani se prapt kar leta hai.

vanijy ki unnati ke sadhan

kisi desh ke udyog dhandhoan ki dasha ka usake vanijy par bahut prabhav p data hai. jis desh mean udyog dhandhoan dvara vastuoan ki utpatti barabar badhati rahati hai, usaka vanijy bhi unnat dasha mean rahata hai. kisi desh ke vanijy ki unnati usake yatayat ke sadhanoan ki dasha par bahut kuchh nirbhar rahati hai. paha di deshoan mean, jahaan s dakoan ka pray: abhav rahata hai, vahaan par vanijy aur vyapar pichh di huee dasha mean rahata hai. reloan ke prachar aur samudri jahajoan ki unnati se bisavian sadi mean duniya ke adhikaansh deshoan mean vanijy ki vriddhi mean bahut sahayata mili hai. ab vayuyan dvara bhi kimati vastuoan ka vyapar hone laga hai. isase bhi vanijy ko protsahan mila hai.

ayat kar

jab kisi desh mean ashaanti rahati hai, aur chor tatha dakuoan ka bhay badh jata hai, tab usake vanijy par bhi usaka bura prabhav p data hai. vanijy ki unnati mean ek aur badha us ayat kar ki hoti hai, jo koee desh apane udyog dhandhoan ko doosare deshoan ki pratiyogita se bachane ke lie kuchh vastuoan ke ayat par kar (taiks) lagata hai.

vanijy ki bhavana

vanijy mean dhanaprapti ki bhavana hi pradhan rahati hai. kabhi kabhi svarth ki bhavana itani prabal ho jati hai ki vanik log vastuoan mean milavat karake bechate haian, mal ke taulane mean beeemani karate haian aur jhoothe vijnapan dekar athava chorabazari karake apane grahakoan ko thagane ka prayatn karate haian. ve is bat ka vichar nahian karate ki unake in prayatnoan se doosaroan ki kya hani hoti hai. ve apane kartavy ya dharm ka koee vichar nahian karate, isi karan hamare vanik dhanavanh‌ hone par bhi asantusht bane rahate haian aur jivan ko shaantimay nahian bana pate. jab vanik apane samane uchch adarsh rakheange aur apane sab karyoan mean doosaroan ke svarthoan ka utana hi dhyan rakheange jitana ve apane svarthoan ka rakhate haian tab vanijy bhi dhanoparjan ke sath hi sath sukh aur shaanti ka bhi sadhan ho javega.

vanijyavad

vanijyavad ka mukhy uddeshy videshi vyapar ko is tarah se sangathit karana tha jisase desh ke aandar doosare deshoan se sona evan chaandi barabar adhik matra mean ati rahe. vanijyavadi sarakar dvara videshi vyapar ki aisi niti nishchit karana chahate the jisase desh ke niryat ki matra desh ke ayat se sada hi adhik rahe aur doosare desh niryat ki rakam ko poora karane ke lie sona barabar bhejate rahean. bad mean aangrez arthashastriyoan ne vanijyaniti ko naya roop diya. isake anusar vanik samaj aur sarakar ko videshi vyapar mean ayat aur niryat donoan ko is prakar se badhane ka prayatn karana chahie jisase desh mean upayogi vastuoan ka bahuly ho jae aur vastuoan ka adhik pariman mean upayog karane se deshavasiyoan ke rahan sahan ka darja barabar badhata jae.

bharat mean vanijy ki sthiti

bhoot kal mean, bharat bhi vanijy sanbandhi karyoan mean bahut prasiddhi prapt kar chuka hai. prachin aryoan ki arthik vyavastha ka pata vaidik sahity se lagata hai. vaidik kal se hi dravi d tatha ary logoan ne misr, asiriya aur baibilon se vyaparik evan saanskritik sanbandh sthapit kie. eesa masih ke saik doan varsh poorv se hi bharat mean shilp aur vanijy ka sarvaangin vikas hua. vanikoan ke sanghoan ka ullekh us samay ke sahity mean milata hai. us samay ke videshi yatriyoan ne yahaan ke unnat udyog dhandhe aur vanijy ki b di prashansa ki hai. bharat ke qarib tin hazar varshoan tak samudr par apana prabhutv jari rakha aur apane vyapar aur vanijy ki khoob unnati ki. vah saik doan varshoan tak sansar ka neta aur vanijy ka keandr bana raha. us kal mean bharatavasiyoan ne vanijy mean apane labh ke sath hi sath doosaroan ko labh pahuanchane ka hamesha dhyan rakha hai.

mugal kal mean

mugal kal mean bhi bharat ke grih udyog unnat dasha mean the aur eshiya, yoorop aur aphrika ke anek deshoan mean yahaan se taiyar mal jata tha. sansar ke kee desh to keval bharat ke vastroan par hi nirbhar rahate the. sooti, reshami tatha ooni vastr taiyar karanevale bharatiy karigaroan ka kaushal sansar mean door door tak phail gaya tha. vastroan ke atirikt moti, mooanga, hathidaant, masale, sugaandhit dravy ityadi ka bhi khoob rozagar hota tha.

bharat se vanijy dvara labh uthane ki ichchha se hi yooropavasiyoan ne bharat mean padarpan kiya aur usake vyapar par qabza karane ka prayatn kiya. aangrejoan ne dhire dhire sanpoorn bharat par apana rajanitik prabhutv jama liya. in aangrejoan ke samay mean bharat ke grih udyog dhandhe nasht kar die ge aur deshi jahaji be de ka bhi aant ho gaya. bharat ke vanijy par aangrejoan ka prabhutv hone se bharatavasiyoan ki arthik dasha dayaniy ho gee. svatantrata prapt karane ke bad bharat ko sansar mean ek bar phir se vanijy ka pradhan keandr banane ke prayas kie jane lage.

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adhar

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poornata

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tika tippani aur sandarbh

• vanijy (bharatakhoj)