वाराणसी आलेख
varanasi alekh
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| vivaran | varanasi, banaras ya kashi bhi kahalata hai. varanasi dakshin-poorvi uttar pradesh rajy, uttari-madhy bharat mean ganga nadi ke baean tat par sthit hai aur hinduoan ke sat pavitr nagaroan mean se ek hai. |
| rajy | uttar pradesh |
| zila | varanasi zila |
| bhaugolik sthiti | uttar- 25.282°, poorv- 82.9563° |
| marg sthiti | varanasi, ilahabad se 125 kilomitar pashchim, lakhanoo se 281 kilomitar dakshin-poorv tatha dilli se lagabhag 780 kilomitar dakshin-poorv mean hai. |
| kab jaean | aktoobar se march |
| kaise pahuanchean | havaee jahaz, rel, bas, taiksi |
| havaee adda | lal bahadur shastri havaee adda |
| relave steshan | varanasi jankshan, mugalasaray jankshan |
| bas adda | aantarrajyiy bas adda ananhd vihar |
| yatayat | aauto riksha, riksha, bas, mini bas, nav, stimar |
| kya dekhean | vishvanath mandir, kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay, varanasi ki nadiyaan, varanasi ke ghat |
| kahaan thaharean | hotal, dharmashala, atithi-grah |
| kya khayean | pan, kachau di-sabzi, chat, thandaee |
| kya kharidean | banarasi sa di |
| es.ti.di. kod | 0542 |
| e.ti.em | lagabhag sabhi |
| chitr:Map-icon.gif | googal manachitr, varanasi havaee adda |
| sanbandhit lekh | ganga nadi, sampoornanand sanskrit vishvavidyalay, mahatma gaandhi kashi vidyapith
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| bahari k diyaan | adhikarik vebasait |
| adyatan | 19:09, 15 march 2013 (IST)
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varanasi, banaras ya kashi bhi kahalata hai. varanasi dakshin-poorvi uttar pradesh rajy, uttari-madhy bharat mean ganga nadi ke baean tat par sthit hai aur hinduoan ke sat pavitr nagaroan mean se ek hai. ise mandiroan evan ghatoan ka nagar bhi kaha jata hai. varanasi ka purana nam kashi hai. varanasi vishv ka prachinatam basa hua shahar hai. yah ganga nadi ke kinare basa hai aur hazaroan sal se uttar bharat ka dharmik evan saanskritik kendr raha hai. do nadiyoan varuna aur asi ke madhy basa hone ke karan isaka nam varanasi p da. banaras ya varanasi ka nam puranoan, ramayan, mahabharat jaise anekanek granthoan mean milata hai. vedoan mean bhi kashi ka ullekh hai. sanskrit padhane prachin kal se hi log varanasi aya karate the. varanasi ke gharanoan ki hindustani sangit mean apani hi shaili hai.
sthiti
varanasi bharatavarsh ki saanskritik evan dharmik nagari ke roop mean vikhyat hai. isaki prachinata ki tulana vishv ke any prachinatam nagaroan jerusalem, etheans tatha peikiang (bijiang) se ki jati hai.[1] varanasi ganga ke baean tat par arddhachandrakar mean 250 18’ uttari akshaansh evan 830 1’ poorvi deshaantar par sthit hai. prachin varanasi ki mool sthiti vidvanoan ke madhy vivad ka vishay rahi hai.
vidvanoan ke matanusar
sheriang,[2] maradak,[3] gribj,[4] aur parakar[5] jaise vidvanoan ke matanusar prachin varanasi vartaman nagar ke uttar mean saranath ke samip sthit thi. kisi samay varanasi ki sthiti dakshin bhag mean bhi rahi hogi. lekin vartaman nagar ki sthiti varanasi se poornataya bhinn hai, jisase yah pray: nishchit hai ki varanasi nagar ki prakriti yathasamay ek sthan se doosare sthan par visthapit hone ki rahi hai. yah visthapan mukhyataya dakshin ki or hua hai. par kisi pusht praman ke abhav mean vidvanoan ka ukt mat samichin nahian pratit hota hai. [[chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi.jpg|left|ganga nadi, varanasi|thumb|250px]] ganga nadi ke tat par base is shahar ko hi bhagavan shiv ne prithvi par apana shthayi nivas banaya tha. yah bhi mana jata hai ki varanasi ka nirman srishti rachana ke prarambhik charan mean hi hua tha. yah shahar pratham jhyortiliang ka bhi shahar hai. puranoan mean varanasi ko brahmaand ka keandr bataya gaya hai tatha yah bhi kaha gaya hai yahaan ke kan-kan mean shiv nivas karate haian. varanasi ke logoan ke anusar, kashi ke kan-kan mean shivashankar haian. inake kahane ka arth yah hai ki yahaan ke prathyek paththar mean shiv ka nivas hai. kahate haian ki kashi shankar bhagavan ke trishool par tiki hai.
hevel ki drishti mean
hevel ki drishti mean varanasi nagar ki sthiti visthapan pradhan thi, apitu prachin kal mean bhi varanasi ka vartaman svaroop surakshit tha.[6] hevel ke matanusar buddh poorv yug mean adhunik saranath ek ghana jangal tha aur yah vibhinn dharmavalanbiyoan ka ashray sthal bhi tha. bhaugolik dashaoan ke pariprekshy mean hevel ka mat yuktisangat pratit hota hai. vastav mean varanasi nagar ka astitv buddh se bhi prachin hai tatha unake avirbhav ke sadiyoan poorv se hi yah ek dharmik nagari ke roop mean khyati prapt tha. saranath ka udbhav mahatma buddh ke pratham dharmachakr pravartan ke uparaant hua. ramalochan sianh ne bhi kuchh sanshodhanoan ke sath hevel ke mat ka samarthan kiya hai. unake anusar nagar ki mool sthiti pray: uttari bhag mean svikar karani chahie.[7] hal ke akatha ke utkhanan se is bat ki pushti hoti hai ki varanasi ki prachin sthiti uttar mean thi jahaan se 1300 eesa poorv ke avashesh prakash mean aye haian.
namakaran
‘varanasi’ shabd ‘varuna’ aur ‘asi’ do nadivachak shabdoan ke yog se bana hai. pauranik anushrutiyoan ke anusar varuna aur asi nam ki nadiyoan ke bich mean basane ke karan hi is nagar ka nam varanasi p da.
- 'padmapuran' ke ek ullekh ke anusar dakshinottar mean ‘varana’ aur poorv mean ‘asi’ ki sima se ghire hone ke karan is nagar ka nam varanasi p da.[8]
- 'atharvaved'[9] mean varanavati nadi ka ullekh hai. sanbhavat: yah adhunik varuna ka hi samanarthak hai.
- 'agnipuran' mean nasi nadi ka ullekh milata hai.
pauranik ullekh
varanasi ke sandarbh mean is tarah ke anek pauranik aur lokamithak prachalit haian. in mithakoan ki vyakhya ka prayas vidvanoan ne kiya hai. kaniangham[10] ne ‘barana’ aur ‘asi’ ke madhy varanasi ki sthiti svikar ki hai. em. jooliyan mahoday ne kaniangham ke mat par sandeh vyakt karate hue ‘barana’ nadi ka hi prachin nam ‘varanasi’ mana hai.[11] yadyapi ve apane mat ki pushti mean koee praman nahian dete, parantu itana to nishchit hai ki vaidik pauranik ullekhoan mean ‘asi’ ka nadi ke roop mean kahian bhi varnan nahian milata.
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chitr:Blockquote-open.gif
varanasi vishv ka prachinatam basa hua shahar hai. do nadiyoan varuna aur asi ke madhy basa hone ke karan isaka nam 'varanasi' p da.
chitr:Blockquote-close.gif |
mahabharat[12] mean ullekh aya hai ki varana ka prachin nam varanasi tha aur isamean do nadiyoan ke nam nikalane ki prakriya apekshakrit bad ki hai. padmapuran[13] mean ‘varanasi’ ka ek nadi ke roop mean ullekh hai. vibhinn puranoan ke in prasangoan se kisi nishchit nishkarsh par pahuanchane mean kathinaee hoti hai. motichandr ne varanasi mean ‘varuna’ aur ‘asi’ ki sangati ki avadharana ko kalpanik prakriya mana hai. sanbhav hai ki asi par basane ke karan is nagar ka nam varanasi p da ho. ‘varuna’ aur ‘asi’ ke madhy varanasi ke basane ki kalpana us samay huee jab nagar ki dharmik mahima badhi aur kalaantar mean yah kalpana sthir ho gee.[14] is tathy se pray: sabhi vidvan sahamat haian ki prachin varanasi adhunik rajaghat ke ooanche maidan par basa tha, aur isaka prachin vistar [15] varana (varuna) ke us par [16] bhi tha. varana se asi ki or ka vistar paravarti hai. ullekhaniy hai ki prachin varanasi sadaiv varana par hi sthit nahian thi, balki ganga tak usaka prasar tha. kam se kam patanjali ke kal mean (eesa poorv doosari shatabdi mean) usaka basav ganga ke kinare-kinare tha jaisa ki ashtadhyayi ke ek sootr[17] par patanjali ke bhashy[18] se spasht hai. [[chitr:Kashi-Map.jpg|thumb|300px|kashi mahajanapad]]
vriksh ke nam ke adhar par
varanasi ke namakaran ke sanbandh mean ek doosari sanbhavana bhi hai. varana shabd ek vriksh vishesh ka dyotak hai. prachin kal mean vrikshoan ke nam ke adhar par nagaroan ka namakaran kiya gaya tha. kosanb se koshaanbi, rohit se rohatak ityadi. at: bahut sanbhav hai ki usi parampara mean varanasi aur varanavati donoan ka nam yahaan par adhik utpann hone vale varana vriksh ke karan p da ho.
doosara nam ‘kashi’
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
varanasi ka doosara nam ‘kashi’ prachin kal mean ek janapad ke roop mean prakhyat tha aur varanasi usaki rajadhani thi. isaki pushti paanchavian shatabdi mean bharat ane vale chini yatri fahyan ke yatra vivaran se bhi hoti hai.[19] harivanshapuran mean ullekh aya hai ki ‘kashi’ ko basane vale pururava ke vanshaj raja ‘kash’ the. at: unake vanshaj ‘kashi’ kahalae.[20] sanbhav hai isake adhar par hi is janapad ka nam ‘kashi’ p da ho. kashi namakaran se sanbaddh ek pauranik mithak bhi upalabdh hai. ullekh hai ki vishnu ne parvati ke muktamay kuandal gir jane se is kshetr ko mukt kshetr ki sanjna di aur isaki akathaniy param jyoti ke karan tirth ka namakaran kashi kiya.[21]
mahashhmashan
kashi ko 'mahashhmashan' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. ise prithvi ki sabase b di shamashan bhoomi mana jata tha. yahaan ke manikarnika ghat tatha harishhchandr ghat ko sabase pavitr ghat mana jata hai. prachin kal mean vishhvas kiya jata tha ki yahaan jinaka kriya karm kiya jata hai unhhean moksh ki prapti hoti hai. varanasi ka ek anhy nam 'abhimukhta' tha. mana jata hai ki is nagari ko bhagavan shiv apane trishool par uthae hue haian.
itihas
[[chitr:Pandit-Madan-Mohan-Malaviya.jpg|pandit madanamohan malaviy|thumb]] aitihasik alekhoan se pramanit hota hai ki eesa poorv ki chhathi shatabdi mean varanasi bharatavarsh ka b da hi samriddhashali aur mahattvapoorn rajy tha. madhy yug mean yah kannauj rajy ka aang tha aur bad mean bangal ke pal nareshoan ka is par adhikar ho gaya tha. sanh 1194 mean shahabuddin gori ne is nagar ko loota aur kshati pahuanchayi. mugal kal mean isaka nam badal kar muhammadabad rakha gaya. bad mean ise avadh darabar ke pratyaksh niyantran mean rakha gaya. balavant sianh ne baksar ki l daee mean aangrezoan ka sath diya aur isake upalakshy mean varanasi ko avadh darabar se svatantr karaya. sanh 1911 mean aangrezoan ne maharaj prabhunarayan sianh ko varanasi ka raja bana diya. sanh 1950 mean yah rajy svechchha se bharatiy ganarajy mean shamil ho gaya. varanasi vibhinn mat-matantaroan ki sangam sthali rahi hai. vidya ke is puratan aur shashvat nagar ne sadiyoan se dharmik guruoan, sudharakoan aur pracharakoan ko apani or akrisht kiya hai. bhagavan buddh aur shankarachary ke alava ramanuj, vallabhachary, sant kabir, guru nanak, tulasidas, chaitany mahaprabhu, raidas adi anek sant is nagari mean aye.
bharatiy svatantrata aandolan
bharatiy svatantrata aandolan mean bhi varanasi sadaiv agrani rahi hai. rashtriy aandolan mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke chhatroan ka yogadan smaraniy hai. is nagari ko kraantikari sushil kumar lahi di, amar shahid chandrashekhar azad tatha jitedranath sanyal sarikhe vir sapootoan ko janm dene ka gaurav prapt hai.
vaidik sahity mean varanasi
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
varanasi (kashi) ki prachinata ka itihas vaidik sahity mean bhi upalabdh hota hai. vaidik sahity ke tinoan staroan (sanhita, brahman evan upanishad) mean varanasi ka vivaran milata hai.
[[chitr:Pandit-Teaching-Vedas-Varanasi.jpg|thumb|250px|left|ved path karate brahman, varanasi
varsh- 1870 ]]
vaidik sahity[22] mean kaha hai ki aryoan ka ek qafila videdh mathav ke netritv mean adhunik uttar pradesh ke madhy se sadanira athava gandak ke kinare ja pahuancha aur vahaan koshal janapad ki nianv p di. jab aryoan ne uttar bharat par adhikar kar liya to aryoan ki ek jati kassi ne varanasi ke samip 1400 se 1000 ee. poo. ke madhy apane ko sthapit kiya.[23]
mahakavyoan mean varnit varanasi
mahakavyoan mean varanasi ke sandarbh mean kee ullekh milate haian.
- mahabharat
mahabharat mean varanasi ka ullekh anek sthaloan par hua hai. mahabharat se is tathy ki pushti hoti hai ki varana ka hi prachin nam varanasi tha.[24] adiparv mean kashiraj ki putri sarvaseni ka vivah dushyant ke putr bharat ke sath hone ka vivaran milata hai.[25] ek any sthal par bhishm dvara kashiraj ki tin putriyoan- aanba, aanbika aur ambalika ke svayanvar mean jite jane ka ullekh hai.[26] kashi ke shasak pratardan tatha mithila ke shasak janak ke madhy yuddh ki charcha bhi mahabharat mean milati hai.[27]
- valmiki ramayan
valmiki ramayan mean varanasi se sanbandhit prakaran apekshakrit kam milate haian. uttarakaand mean kashiraj pururava ka nam aya hai.[28] isi kaand mean yah bhi aya hai ki yayati ka putr puru pratishthan ke sath hi varanasi ka bhi shasak tha.[29] ramayan ke ek any sthal par kashi-koshal janapad ka ek sath ullekh milata hai.[30]
bhaugolik sthiti
varanasi nagar ki rachana ganga ke kinare hai, jisaka vistar lagabhag 5 mil mean hai. ooanchaee par base hone ke karan adhikatar varanasi badh ki vibhishika se surakshit rahata hai, parantu varanasi ke madhy tatha dakshini bhag ke nichale ilaqe prabhavit hote haian.
nagar ka akar
nagar ke akar ki dharmik manyataoan ke adhar par vyakhya karane ke anek prayas kie gaye haian. in manyataoan ki bhaugolik vyakhya ko kamovesh svikara gaya hai. aise samanyat: prachalit vishvasoan ki soochi is prakar banaee hai-
- krit trishool
is trishool ke tin shool haian- uttar mean oankareshvar, madhy mean vishveshvar tatha dakshin mean kedareshvar. yah tinoan ganga tat par sthit haian. maannyata hai ki yah nagari bhagavan shiv ko samarpit hai aur unake trishool par sthit hai.
- tretayug chakr
chaurasi kos yatra ke tadanuroop hai aur madhyameshvar isaka kendr hai jo ganga ke nikat avasthit hai.thumb|250px|left|sooryast ka ek drishy, varanasi
- dvapar rath
sat prakar ke shiv mandir, rath ka samaroop banate haian. ye haian- gokarneshvar, sulatanakeshvar, manikarneshvar, bharabhooteshvar, vishveshvar, madhyameshvar tatha oankareshvar. is akar mean bhi ganga nadi ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hai.
- shankhakar
yahaan bhi mandiroan ki sthiti ke samaroop akar mana gaya hai aur ganga nadi yah akar nirdharit karati hai. is akar ko banane vale mandir haian- uttar pashchim mean vidhnaraj aur vinayak, uttar mean shaileshvar, dakshin poorv mean kedareshvar aur dakshin mean lolark.
dharatal ki sanrachana
varanasi ke dharatal ki sanrachana thos kank doan se huee haian. adhunik rajaghat ka chauras maidan jahaan nadi-naloan ke katav nahian milate, shahar basane ke lie upayukt tha. varanasi shahar ke uttar mean varuna aur dakshin mean assi nala hai, uttar-pashchim ki or yadyapi aisa koee prakritik sadhan (paha diyaan, jhil, nadi ityadi) nahian hai jisase nagar ki suraksha ho sake, tathapi yah nishchit hai ki kashi ke samipavarti gahan van, jinaka ullekh jatakoan, jain evan pauranik granthoan mean aya hai, kashi ki suraksha mean mahattvapoorn bhoomika ada karate rahe hoange.[31]
varanasi ki nadiyaan
varanasi ka vistar ganga nadi ke do sangamoan varuna aur asi nadi se sangam ke bich bataya jata hai. in sangamoan ke bich ki doori lagabhag 2.5 mil hai. is doori ki parikrama hinduoan mean panchakosi yatra ya panchakosi parikrama kahalati hai. varanasi zile ki nadiyoan ke vistar se adhyayan karane par yah jnat hota hai ki varanasi mean to prasravak nadiyaan hai lekin chandauli mean nahian hai jisase us zile mean jhilean aur daladal haian, adhik barasat hone par gaanv pani se bhar jate haian tatha fasal ko kafi nuqasan pahuanchata hai.
ganga
[[chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi-9.jpg|ganga nadi, varanasi|thumb|250px]]
ganga ka varanasi ki prakritik rachana mean mukhy sthan hai. ganga varanasi mean gangapur ke betavar gaanv se pahale ghusati hai. yahaan par isase subaha nala a mila hai. varanasi ko vahaan se pray: sat mil tak ganga mirzapur zile se alag karati hai aur isake bad varanasi zile mean varanasi aur chandauli ko vibhajit karati hai. ganga ki dhara ardh-vrittakar roop mean varsh bhar bahati hai. isake bahari bhag ke oopar karare p date haian aur bhitari bhag mean baloo athava badh ki mitti milati hai. ganga ka rukh pahale uttar ki taraf hota hua ramanagar ke kuchh age tak dehat amanat ko ralhoopur se alag karata hai. yahaan par kinara kankarila hai aur nadi usake thik niche bahati hai. yahaan toofan mean navoan ko kafi khatara rahata hai. dehat amanat mean ganga ka baanya kinara muandadev tak chala gaya hai. isake niche ki or vah ret mean parinat ho jata hai aur badh mean pani se bhar jata hai. ramanagar chho dane ke bad ganga ki uttar-poorv ki or jhukati doosari kehuni (kaman, taraf) shuroo hoti hai. dhara yahaan bayean kinare se lagakar bahati hai.
banaganga
ramagadh mean banaganga ke tat par vairaant namak sthal ke prachin khandaharoan ki sthiti hai, jo mahattvapoorn hai. lok kathaoan ke anusar yahaan ek samay prachin varanasi basi thi. sabase pahale bairaant ke khandaharoan ki jaanch p datal karlaeel 2 ne ki. vairaant ki sthiti ganga ke dakshin mean saidapur se dakshin-poorv mean aur varanasi ke uttar-poorv mean qarib 16 mil aur gazipur ke dakshin-pashchim qarib 12 mil hai. vairaant ke khandahar banaganga ke vartulakar dakshin-poorvi kinare par haian.
arthavyavastha
udyog aur vyapar
[[chitr:Bangles-Varanasi.jpg|choo diyoan ka drishy, varanasi|thumb|250px]] varanasi kala, hastashilp, sangit aur nrity ka bhi kendr hai. yah shahar resham, sone v chaandi ke taroan vale zari ke kam, lak di ke khilaunoan, kaanch ki choo diyoan, hathi daant aur pital ke kam ke lie prasiddh hai. yahaan ke pramukh udyogoan mean rel ianjan nirman ikaee shamil hai.
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kashi ko 'mahashhmashan' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. ise prithvi ki sabase b di shamashan bhoomi mana jata tha. yahaan ke manikarnika ghat tatha harishhchandr ghat ko sabase pavitr ghat mana jata hai.
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varanasi ke karigaroan ke kala- kaushal ki khyati sudoor pradeshoan tak mean rahi hai. varanasi ane vala koee bhi yatri yahaan ke reshami kimakhab tatha zari ke vastroan se prabhavit hue bina nahian rah sakata. yahaan ke bunakaroan ki paranparagat kushalata aur kalatmakata ne in vastuoan ko sansar bhar mean prasiddhi aur manyata dilayi hai . videsh vyapar mean isaki vishisht bhoomika hai . isake utpadan mean badhottari aur vishishtata se videshi mudra arjit karane mean b di saphalata mili hai . resham tatha zari ke udyog ke atirikt, yahaan pital ke bartan tatha un par manohari kam aur sanjarat (jhaanjh majhira) udyog bhi apani kala aur sauandary ke lie vikhyat haian . isake alava yahaan ke lak di ke khilaune bhi door- door tak prasiddh haian, jinhean kutir udyogoan mean mahattvapoorn sthan prapt haian .
vanijy aur vyapar ka pramukh keandr
varanasi nagar vanijy aur vyapar ka ek pramukh keandr tha. sthal tatha jal margoan dvara yah nagar bharat ke any nagaroan se ju da hua tha. kashi se ek marg rajagrih ko jata tha.[32] kashi se veranja jane ke lie do raste the-
doosara marg banaras se vaishali ko chala jata tha.[33] varanasi ka ek sarthavah paanch sau ga diyoan ke sath pratyant desh gaya tha aur vahaan se chandan laya tha.[34]
manoranjan
filmean
bharatiy sinema mean varanasi ki sanskriti aur usaki prishthabhoomi par adharit kee filmoan ka mahattvapoorn yogadan hai. jinamean se kuchh pramukh filmean nimnalikhit haian- thumb|120px|banaras – e mistik lav stori
- banaras – e mistik lav stori
banaras – e mistik lav stori banaras shahar mean bani ek hindi film hai. is film mean banaras ki galiyoan, ghatoan aur mandiroan ko ek prem kahani mean piroya gaya hai. ath karo d ki lagat vali is film mean nasiruddin shah, dianpal kapa diya, urmila matoandakar, asmit patel aur akash khurana ne pramukh bhoomikaean nibhaee haian. thumb|left|120px|joi baba phelunath
- joi baba phelunath
joi baba phelunath (1979) bharat ratn sammanit nirdeshak satyajit re dvara nirdeshit ek baangla film hai. is film ke abhineta saumitr chatarji, santosh datta, siddarth chatarji, utpal datt adi haian. yah film satyajit ray ke prasiddh upanyas feluda par adharit hai. thumb|120px|khee ke pan banaras vala
- d aaun (1978)
1978 ki suparahit hindi film d aaun ka gana khee ke pan banaras vala amitabh bachchan ke sath banarasi pan ki prashansa mean gaya gaya tha aur bahut lokapriy hua tha.
khanapan
thumb|pan vala, varanasi varanasi mean bahut se bhojanalay haian jahaan par svadisht bhojan milata hai.
- jayapuriya hotal
jayapuriya hotal varanasi mean godauliya chauk ke pas sthit hai. is hotal mean bahut shvadishht bhojan milata hai. yahaan par khas thali milati hai. isamean tin sabhji, dal, kadhi, roti, chaval, salad tatha pap d hota hai. is bhojanalay ki khas bat hai ki yahaan bhojan lak di ke ag par banaya jata hai. is bhojan ko banane mean phyaj aur lahasun ka bhi upayog nahian hota hai.
- kachau di-sabhji
varanasi ke log nashhte mean bahudha kachau di-sabhji khana pasand karate haian. yahaan ke log kachau di-sabhji ke sath jalebi khate haian.
- vishhvanath sahab hotal
vishhvanath sahab hotal godauliya chauk ke pas sthit hai. yahaan deshi ghi ki kachau di-sabhji prasiddh hai. is hotal ke pas 'kashi chat bhandar' hai. kashi chat bhandar ki chat bahut shvadishht hoti hai.
- banarasi pan
banarasi pan duniya bhar mean mashahoor hai. banarasi pan chabana nahian p data. yah muanh mean jakar dhire-dhire ghulata hai aur man ko bhi suvasit kar deta hai. varanasi ane valoan mean pan khane ka shauq rakhane vale ko banarasi pan zarur khana chahie. hindi ki suparahit film d aaun ka gana khee ke pan banaras vala jo amitabh bachchan par chitraankit kiya gaya tha, banarasi pan ki prashansa mean gaya gaya tha aur bahut lokapriy hua tha.
banarasi sa di
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- banarasi sa diyoan duniyabhar mean prasiddh haian. lal, hari aur any gahare rangoan ki ye sa diyaan hiandoo parivaroan mean kisi bhi shubh avasar ke lie avashyak mani jati haian.
- uttar bharat mean adhikaansh betiyaan banarasi sa di mean hi vida ki jati haian.
- banarasi sa diyoan ki karigari sadiyoan purani hai.
krishi aur khanij
thumb|150px|kapas chunati yuvati
kapas ki kheti
varanasi nagar ko vanijy ke kshetr mean bhi khyati prapt tha. jatakoan se bhi vidit hota hai ki varanasi ke bahumooly, rangin, sugandhit, suvasit, patale evan chikane kap de vikray ke lie sudoor deshoan mean bheje jate the. kashi mean bane vastroan ko ‘kashi kuttam,[35] aur ‘kasiy’[36] bhi kahate the. sanbhavat: in shabdoan ka prayog gunavachak sandarbh mean kiya gaya hai. aisa samajha jata hai ki ek samay varanasi ke asapas kapas ki achchhi kheti hoti thi. tuandil jatak mean[37] varanasi ke asapas kapas ke khetoan ka varnan milata hai. ek jatak mean vairagy lene vale pati ke man ko akarshit karane ke lie usaki patni chandan se suvasit banarasi reshami sa di pahanane ki pratijna karati hai.[38] mahahans jatak mean kashiraj ke ghar mean vidyaman bahumooly samagriyoan mean ratn, sona, chaandi, moti, billaur, mani, shankh, vastr, hathidaant, bartan aur taanba ityadi pramukh the.
yatayat aur parivahan
kisi nagar ke vikas ka ek mukhy karan yatayat ke sadhan haian. bahut prachin kal se varanasi mean yatayat ki achchhi suvidha rahi hai. yatriyoan ke aram par banarasavasiyoan ka kafi dhyan tha. banarasavasi s dakoan par janavaroan ke lie pani ka bhi prabandh karate the. jatakoan mean (ja. 175) ek jagah kaha gaya hai ki kashi janapad ke rajamarg par ek gahara kuaan tha jisake pani tak pahuanchane ke lie koee sadhan n tha. thumb|250px|left|lal bahadur shastri havaee adda, varanasi us raste se jo log jate the ve puny ke lie pani khianchakar ek droni bhar dete the jisase janavar pani pi sakean. varanasi havaee, rel tatha s dak marg dvara desh ke anhy bhagoan se ju da hua hai.
- havaee marg
varanasi ka sabase nazadiki havaee adda babatapur mean hai. yah varanasi se 22 kilomitar tatha saranath se 30 kilomitar door hai. dilli, agara, khajuraho, kolakata, muanbee, lakhanoo, bhuvaneshhvar tatha kathamaandoo se yahaan ke lie sidhi havaee seva hai.
- rel marg
thumb|250px|varanasi relave steshan varanasi kaiant tatha mugalasaray (varanasi ke mukhhy relave shteshan se 16 kilomitar door) yahaan ka mukhhy rel jankhshan hai. ye donoan jankhshan varanasi ko desh ke anhy pramukh nagaroan se jo date haian.
- s dak marg
varanasi s dak marg dvara desh ke anhy nagaroan se ju da hua hai. dilli se varanasi ke lie sidhi bas seva hai. yahaan ke aee.es.bi.ti. tatha ananhd vihar bas adde se varanasi ke lie basean chalati haian. lakhanoo tatha ilahabad se bhi varanasi ke lie sidhi bas seva hai.
- sarvajanik yatayat
varanasi shahar ke sthaniy prachalit yatayat sadhan aauto riksha evan saikil riksha haian. bahari kshetroan mean nagar-bas seva mean mini-basean chalati haian. chhoti navean aur chhote stimar ganga nadi par karane hetu upalabdh rahate haian.
- jal marg
varanasi ke dharmik aur vyaparik prabhav ka mukhy karan isaki ganga par sthiti hona hai. ganga mean bahut prachin kal se navean chalati thian jinase kafi vyapar hota tha. varanasi se kaushaanbi tak jalamarg se doori 30 yojan di huee hai. varanasi se samudr yatra bhi hoti thi.thumb|left|250px|bazar ka ek drishy, varanasi ek jatak [40] mean kaha gaya hai ki varanasi ke kuchh vyapariyoan ne disakak lekar samudr yatra ki. yah disha kak samudr yatra ke samay kinare ka pata lagane ke lie chho da jata tha. kabhi-kabhi kashi ke raja bhi navoan ke be doan mean yatra karate the.[41]
alabarooni ke samay mean [42] bari [43] se ek s dak ganga ke poorvi kinare ayodhya pahuanchati thi. bari se ayodhya 25 pharasang tatha vahaan se varanasi 20 pharasang tha. yahaan se gorakhapur, patana, muanger hoti huee yah s dak gangasagar ko chali jati thi. ek yahi vaishali vali prachin s dak hai aur isaka upayog saltanat yug mean bahut hota tha.
graind trank rod
bazar ka drishy, varanasi|thumb|250px s dak-e-ajam jise ham graind trank rod kahate haian, bahut prachin s dak hai jo maury kal mean pushpakalavati se pataliputr hoti huee tamralipti tak jati thi. sherashah ne is s dak ka pun: uddhar kiya, is par saray banavaeean aur dak ka prabandh kiya. kahate haian ki yah s dak-e-ajam bangal mean sonaragaanv se siandh tak jati thi aur isaki lambaee 1500 kos thi. yah s dak varanasi se hokar jati thi. is s dak ki akabar ke samay mean kafi unnati huee aur shayad usi kal mean mirzamurat aur saiyadaraj mean sarayean bani. agara se patana tak is s dak ka varnan pitar manti ne 1632 eean. mean kiya hai. ek s dak dilli- muradabad, banaras hokar patana jati thi aur doosari agara - ilahabad hokar varanasi ati thi. in b di s dakoan ke atirikt bahut se chhote-mote raste varanasi ko jaunapur, gazipur aur mirzapur se milate the.
chaurahoan par sabhaean
yatriyoan ke vishram ke liye aksar chaurahoan par sabhaean banavayi jati thian. inamean sone ke lie asandi aur pani ke gh de rakhe hote the. inake charoan or divarean hoti thi aur ek or phatak. bhitar zamin par baloo bichhi hoti thi aur ta d vrikshoan ki qatarean lagi hoti thi.
shikshan sansthan
[[chitr:Banaras-Hindu-University.jpg|thumb|250px|kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay]] varanasi poorv se hi vidya aur shiksha ke kshetr mean ek aham pracharak aur kendriy sanstha ke roop mean sthapit tha. madhyakal ke dauran uttar pradesh mean udar parampara ka sanchalan tha. varanasi 'hindoo shiksha kendr' ke roop mean vishvavyapak hua. varanasi ke uchchatar madhyamik vidyalay 'iandiyan sartiphiket aauf saikeandari ejukeshan' [44], 'kendriy madhyamik shiksha bord' [45] ya 'uttar pradesh madhyamik shiksha parishad' [46] se sahabaddh haian. prachin kal se hi log yahaan darshan shastr, sanskrit, khagol shastr, samajik jnan evan dharmik shiksha adi ke jnan ke liye ate rahe haian. bharatiy paranpara mean prayah varanasi ko sarvavidya ki rajadhani kaha gaya hai. varanasi mean ek jamiya salafiya bhi hai, jo salafi islami shiksha ka kendr hai.
kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay
kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ya banaras hindoo vishvavidyalay varanasi mean sthit ek kendriy vishvavidyalay hai. is vishvavidyalay ki sthapana [47] ke aantargat huee thi. pandit madanamohan malaviy ne kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ki sthapana ka prarambh 1904 ee. mean kiya, jab kashi naresh 'maharaj prabhunarayan sianh' ki adhyakshata mean sansthapakoan ki pratham baithak huee. 1905 ee. mean vishvavidyalay ka pratham pathyakram prakashit hua. [[chitr:Sampurnanand-Sanskrit-University.jpg|thumb|left|220px|sampoornanand sanskrit vishvavidyalay]]
sampoornanand sanskrit vishvavidyalay
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
sampoornanand sanskrit vishvavidyalay ki sthapana 1791 ee. mean bharat ke gavarnar janaral l aaurd k aaurnavalis ne ki thi. varanasi ka yah pratham mahavidyalay tha. je myor, aee.si.es is mahavidyalay ke pratham pradhanachary, sanskrit pradhyapak the.
mahatma gaandhi kashi vidyapith
[[chitr:Mahatma-Gandhi-Kashi-Vidyapeeth.JPG|thumb|250px|mahatma gaandhi kashi vidyapith]]
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
varanasi ka yah ek manit rajapatrit vishvavidyalay hai. is vidyapith ka nam bharat ke rashtrapita mahatma gaandhi ke nam par hai. is vidyapith mean gaandhi ji ke siddhaantoan ka palan kiya jata hai.
kendriy uchch tibbati shiksha sansthan
yah ianstityoot saranath mean sthit hai. yahaan par paranparagat tibbati pathan-pathan ko adhunik shiksha ke sath variyata di jati hai. 'uday pratap mahavidyalay' ek svayatt mahavidyalay hai jahaan adhunik banaras ke upanagariy chhatroan hetu kri da evan vijnan ka kendr hai. varanasi mean bahut se niji evan sarvajanik sansthan hai, jahaan hindoo dharmik shiksha ki vyavastha hai. in vishvavidyalayoan ke alava shahar mean kee snatakottar evan snatak mahavidyalay bhi haian, jaise - agrasen digri k aaulej, harishachandr digri k aaulej, ary mahila digri k aaulej evan skool aauf mainejameant.
kala
sangit
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
- varanasi gayan evan vady donoan hi vidyaoan ka keandr raha hai.
- sumadhur thumari bharatiy kanth sangit ko varanasi ki vishesh den hai.
thumb|200px|vady bajate hue kalakar, varanasi
- isamean dhireandr baboo, b di moti, chhoti moti, sidhdeshvar devi, rasoolan baee, kashi baee, anavari begam, shaanta devi tatha is samay girija devi adi ka nam samast bharat mean b de gaurav evan samman ke sath liya jata hai. [[chitr:Ustad-Bismillah-khan.jpg|thumb|left|ustad bismilla khaan]]
sahity
varanasi sanskrit sahity ka keandr to rahi hi hai, lekin isake sath hi is nagar ne hindi tatha urdoo mean anek sahityakaroan ko bhi janm diya hai, jinhoanne sahity seva ki tatha desh mean gaurav poorn sthan prapt kiya. inamean bharateandu harishchandr, ayodhyasianh upadhyay 'hariaudh', jayashankar prasad, premachand, shyamasundar das, ray krishnadas, achary ramachandr shukl, ramachandr varma, pandey bechan sharma 'ugr', vinodashankar vyas, krishnadev prasad gau d tatha d aau. sanpoornanand ullekhaniy haian. [[chitr:Premchand.jpg|thumb|muanshi premachand|160px]] inake atirikt urdoo sahity mean bhi yahaan anek jane- mane lekhak evan shayar hue haian. jinamean mukhyatah shri vishvanath prasad shad, maulavi mahesh prasad, maharaj chetasianh, shekhali haji, aga hashr kashmiri, hukum chandr naiyar, pro. haphij banarasi, shri haq banarasi tatha nazir banarasi ka nam ata hai.
utsavapriyata
varanasi ke nivasiyoan ki utsavapriyata ka ullekh jatakoan mean savistar milata hai. mahajanapad yug mean dipavali ka ullekh mukhy tyoharoan mean hua hai. ek jatak mean ullekhit hai ki kashi ki dipamalika kartik mas mean manayi jati thi. is avasar par sthiyaan keshariya rang ke vastr pahanakar nikalati thian.[48]
hastimangalotsav
hastimangalotsav bhi varanasi ka ek pramukh utsav tha,[49] jisaka ullekh jatakoan evan bauddh sahity mean milata hai. isake atirikt mandirotsav bhi manaya jata tha, jisamean surapan kiya jata tha.[50] ek jatak mean ullekh aya hai ki kashiraj ne ek bar is avasar par tapasviyoan ko khoob surapan karaya tha.[51]
varanasi ke mandir
varanasi mean kee pramukh mandir sthit haian. varanasi kee pramukh mandiroan ka nagar hai. varanasi mean lagabhag har ek chaurahe par ek mandir sthit hai. dainik sthaniy archana ke liye aise chhote mandir sahayak hote haian. in chhote mandiroan ke sath hi varanasi mean dheroan b de mandir bhi haian, jo samay-samay par varanasi ke itihas mean banavaye gaye the. [[chitr:Kashi-Vishwanath.jpg|thumb|left|vishvanath mandir, varanasi]] varanasi mean sthit in mandiroan mean kashi vishvanath mandir, annapoorna mandir, dhuandhiraj ganesh, kal bhairav, durga ji ka mandir, sankatamochan, tulasi manas mandir, naya vishvanath mandir, bharatamata mandir, sankatha devi mandir v vishalakshi mandir pramukh haian.
kashi vishhvanath mandir
mool kashi vishhvanath mandir bahut chhota tha. 18vian shatabhdi mean iandaur ki rani ahilhyabaee holhkar ne ise bhavhy roop pradan kiya. panjab ke shasak raja ranjit sianh ne 1835 ee. mean is mandir ke shikhar ko sone se madhavaya tha. is karan is mandir ka ek anhy nam golhden temhpal bhi p da. yah mandir kee bar dhhvasht kiya gaya. vartaman mean jo mandir hai usaka nirman chauthi bar mean hua hai. qutubuddin aibak ne sarvapratham ise 1194 ee. mean dhhvasht kiya tha. raziya sultan (1236-1240) ne isake dhhvansavashesh par raziya masjid ka nirman karavaya tha. isake bad is mandir ka nirman abhimukhteshhvar mandir ke nazadik banavaya gaya. bad mean is mandir ko jaunapur ke sharki rajaoan ne tu dava diya. 1490 ee. mean is mandir ko sikandar lodi ne dhhvans karavaya tha. 1585 ee. mean banaras ke ek prasiddh vhyapari todaramal ne is mandir ka nirman karavaya. 1669 ee. mean is mandir ko aurangazeb ne pun: tu dava diya. aurangazeb ne bhi is mandir ke dhhvansavashesh par ek masjid ka nirman karavaya tha.
varanasi ke ghat
varanasi (kashi) mean ganga tat par anek suandar ghat bane haian, ye sabhi ghat kisi n kisi pauranik ya dharmik katha se sanbandhit haian. varanasi ke ghat ganga nadi ke dhanush ki akriti hone ke karan manohari lagate haian. sabhi ghatoan ke poorvarbhimukh hone se sooryoday ke samay ghatoan par pahali kiran dastak deti hai. uttar disha mean rajaghat se prarambh hokar dakshin mean assi ghat tak sau se adhik ghat haian. varanasi mean ashsighat se lekar varuna ghat tak sabhi ki kramavar soochi nimn hai:-
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rajaghat utkhanan
rajaghat ki prachinata aur usaka satat itihas kisi puratatvik utkhanan se 1940 ee. tak nishchit nahian tha. isaki prachin sthiti vartaman kashi steshan ke uttar-poorvi mean ganga aur varuna ke madhy thi, jise 'rajaghat tile' ke nam se jana jata hai. isaki akasmik khoj 1939 ee. mean vartaman kashi steshan ke vistar ke samay relave thekedaroan dvara khudaee karate samay huee.[52] khudaee mean in thekedaroan ko bahut-si prachin vastuean milian jinamean mitti ki muharean evan mudrayean bhi thian. in vastuoan ko ab 'bharat kala bhavan' aur 'ilahabad myoonisipal myooziyam' mean rakha gaya hai. in mudraoan mean mukhyat: yoonani devi-devataoan ki akritiyaan tatha kuchh yoonani rajaoan ke sir ka aankan hai. yahaan se mili vastuoan se akrisht hokar shri krishnadev ke netritv mean bharatiy puratattv vibhag ke ek dal ne yahaan utkhanan praranbh kiya. is dal ne oopari jamav se 20 phut niche tak khudaee ki.
paryatan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
varanasi, paryatakoan ke lie akarshan ka keandr hai. yahaan anek dharmik, aitihasik evan suandar darshaniy sthal haian, jinhean dekhane ke lie desh ke hi nahian, sansar bhar se paryatak ate haian aur is nagari tatha yahaan ki sanskriti ki bhoori-bhoori prashansa karate haian. kala, sanskriti, sahity aur rajaniti ke vividh kshetroan mean apani alag pahachan banaye rakhane ke karan varanasi any nagaroan ki apeksha apana vishisht sthan rakhati hai . desh ki rashtrabhasha hindi ki janani sanskrit ki udbhav sthali kashi saanskritik ekata ka pratik hai.
bharat kala bhavan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy
[[chitr:Bharat-Kala-Bhawan1.JPG|thumb|bharat kala bhavan, varanasi|250px]] bharat kala bhavan, uttar pradesh rajy ke varanasi mean kashi hindoo vishvavidyalay ke praangan mean sthit ek sangrahalay hai. bharat mean prachalit lagabhag samast shailiyoan ke chitroan ka vishal sangrah is sangrahalay mean hai. yahaan ka chitr sangrah vishv mean apana ek vishisht sthan rakhata hai. bharatiy chitrakala ke vishay mean yadi koee bhi vidvan, shodhakarta ya kalavid gahan adhyayan karana chahe to yah bat nishchit roop se kahi ja sakati hai ki use varanasi mean sthit 'bharat kala bhavan' ke chitr sangrah ka avalokan karana hi hoga.
vibhootiyaan
varanasi mean prachin kal se samay-samay par anek mahanh vibhootiyoan ka pradurbhav ya vas hota raha haian. inamean se kuchh is prakar haian-
| nam | vivaran | chitr |
|---|---|---|
| bharat ratn sammanit bismilla khaan (janm- 21 march 1916 - mrityu- 21 agast, 2006 ) ek prakhyat shahanaee vadak the. 1969 mean eshiyaee sangit sammelan ke rostam puraskar tatha anek any puraskaroan se sammanit bismilla khaan ne shahanaee ko bharat ke bahar ek pahachan pradan kiya hai. .... aur padhean | center|70px|ustad bismilla khaan | |
| pandit ravishankar (janm- 7 aprॅl, 1920 banaras) vishv mean bharatiy shastriy sangit ki utkrishtata ke sabase b de udaghoshak haian. ek sitar vadak ke roop mean unhoanne khyati arjit ki hai. ravi shankar aur sitar manoan ek-doosare ke lie hi bane haian. vah is sadi ke sabase mahan sangitajnoan mean gine jate haian. .... aur padhean | center|70px|pandit ravishankar | |
| pandit madan mohan malaviy (janm- 25 disambar, 1861, ilahabad; mrityu- 12 navambar, 1946) mahan svatantrata senani, rajanitijn aur shikshavid hi nahian, balki ek b de samaj sudharak bhi the. itihasakar visi sahoo ke anusar hindoo rashtravad ke samarthak madan mohan malaviy desh se jatigat be diyoan ko to dana chahate the. unhoanne dalitoan ke mandiroan mean pravesh nishedh ki buraee ke khilaf deshabhar mean aandolan chalaya. .... aur padhean | center|70px|pandit madanamohan malaviy | |
| d aau. hajari prasad dvivedi (janm- 19 agast, 1907 ee., gaanv 'arat dube ka chhapara', baliya zila, bharat; mrityu- san 1978 ee.) hindi ke shirshasthaniy sahityakaroan mean se haian. ve uchchakoti ke nibandhakar, upanyas lekhak, alochak, chintak tatha shodhakarta haian. sahity ke in sabhi kshetroan mean dvivedi ji apani pratibha aur vishisht kartavy ke karan vishesh yash ke bhagi hue haian. dvivedi ji ka vyaktitv garimamay, chittavritti udar aur drishtikon vyapak hai. dvivedi ji ki pratyek rachana par unake is vyaktitv ki chhap dekhi ja sakati hai. .... aur padhean | center|70px|hajari prasad dvivedi | |
| mahatma kabiradas ke janm ke samay mean bharat ki rajanitik, samajik, arthik evan dharmik dasha shochaniy thi. ek taraph musalaman shasakoan ki dharmaanndhata se janata pareshan thi aur doosari taraph hindoo dharm ke karmakaand, vidhan aur pakhand se dharm ka hras ho raha tha. janata mean bhakti- bhavanaoan ka sarvatha abhav tha. panditoan ke pakhandapoorn vachan samaj mean phaile the. aise sangharsh ke samay mean, kabiradas ka prardubhav hua. .... aur padhean | center|70px|kabir | |
| gosvami tulasidas 1497(1532?) - 1623 ek mahan kavi the. unaka janm rajapur, (vartaman baanda zila) uttar pradesh mean hua tha. tulasi ka bachapan b de kashtoan mean bita. mata-pita donoan chal base aur inhean bhikh maangakar apana pet palana p da tha. isi bich inaka parichay ram-bhakt sadhuoan se hua aur inhean jnanarjan ka anupam avasar mil gaya. .... aur padhean | center|70px|gosvami tulasidas | |
| bharatendu harishchandr ka janm kashi nagari ke prasiddh 'seth amichand' ke vansh mean 9 sitambar san 1850 ko hua. inake pita 'baboo gopal chandr' bhi ek kavi the. inake gharane mean vaibhav evan pratishtha thi. jab inaki avastha matr 5 varsh ki thi, inaki mata chal basi aur das varsh ki ayu mean pita ji bhi chal base. bharatendu ji vilakshan pratibha ke vyakti the. inhoanne apane paristhitiyoan se gambhir prerana li. inake mitr mandali mean b de-b de lekhak, kavi evan vicharak the, jinaki batoan se ye prabhavit the. inake pas vipul dhanarashi thi, jise inhoanne sahityakaroan ki sahayata hetu mukt hast se dan kiya. .... aur padhean | center|70px|bharatendu harishchandr | |
| mahakavi jayashankar prasad (janm- 30 janavari, 1889 ee.,varanasi, uttar pradesh, mrityu- 15 navambar, san 1937) hindi naty jagat aur katha sahity mean ek vishisht sthan rakhate haian. katha sahity ke kshetr mean bhi unaki den mahattvapoorn hai. bhavana-pradhan kahani likhane valoan mean jayashankar prasad anupam the. .... aur padhean | center|70px|jayashankar prasad | |
| bharat ke upanyas samrat muanshi premachand (janm- 31 julaee, 1880 - mrityu- 8 aktoobar, 1936) ke yug ka vistar san 1880 se 1936 tak hai. yah kalakhand bharat ke itihas mean bahut mahattv ka hai. is yug mean bharat ka svatantrata-sangram nee manziloan se guzara. .... aur padhean | center|70px|premachand | |
| kh di boli ko kavy bhasha ke pad par pratishthit karane vale kaviyoan mean ayodhyasianh upadhyay 'hariaudh' (janm- 15 aprail, 1865, mrityu- 16 march, 1947) ka nam bahut adar se liya jata hai. unnisavian shatabdi ke antim dashak mean 1890 ee. ke as-pas ayodhyasianh upadhyay ne sahity seva ke kshetr mean padarpan kiya. .... aur padhean | center|70px|ayodhyasianh upadhyay | |
| ramachandr shukl ji ka janm basti zile ke agona namak gaanv mean san 1884 ee. mean hua tha. san 1888 ee. mean ve apane pita ke sath rath hamirapur gaye tatha vahian par vidyadhyayan prarambh kiya. san 1892 ee. mean unake pita ki niyukti mirzapur mean sadar qanoonago ke roop mean ho gee aur ve pita ke sath mirzapur a gaye. .... aur padhean | center|70px|ramachandr shukl | |
| jhaansi ki rani lakshmibaee ka janm 19 navanbar, 1828 ko kashi ke puny v pavitr kshetr asighat, varanasi mean hua tha. inake pita ka nam 'moropant taanbe' aur mata ka nam 'bhagirathi baee' tha. inaka bachapan ka nam 'manikarnika' rakha gaya parantu pyar se manikarnika ko 'manu' pukara jata tha. manu ki avastha abhi char-paanch varsh hi thi ki usaki maan ka dehant ho gaya. .... aur padhean | center|70px|rani lakshmibaee | |
| eesa ki satavi shatabdi mean shankar ke roop mean svayan bhagavan shiv ka avatar hua tha. adi shankarachary jinhean 'shankar bhagavadpadachary' ke nam se bhi jana jata hai, vedaant ke advait mat ke praneta the. avataravad ke anusar, eeshvar tab avatar leta hai, jab dharm ki hani hoti hai. dharm aur samaj ko vyavasthit karane ke lie hi ashutosh shiv ka agaman dakshin-bharat ke keral rajy ke kaladi़ gram mean hua tha . .... aur padhean | center|70px|adi shankarachary |
janasankhya
2001 ki janaganana ke anusar nagar nigam kshetr ki janasankhya 11,22,748 hai, chhavani kshetr ki janasankhya 17,246 aur zile ki janasankhya 31,3867 hai.[53]
varanasi par kavita
hindi ke prasiddh kavi shrikrishna saral ki chandrashekhar azad par likhi gee anupam kavita haian -
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chitr vithika
- chitr:View-Of-Benaras.jpg
banaras ka drishy
- chitr:Sadhu-Varanasi.jpg
sadhu, varanasi
- chitr:Manikarnika-Ghat-Varanasi.jpg
manikarnika ghat, varanasi
- chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi-3.jpg
ganga nadi, varanasi
- chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi-1.jpg
ganga nadi, varanasi
- chitr:View-Varanasi.jpg
varanasi ka ek drishy
- chitr:Prayag-Ghat-Varanasi-1.jpg
prayag ghat, varanasi
- chitr:Ganga-River-Varanasi-4.jpg
ganga nadi, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-Ghat.jpg
varanasi ghat par anand uthate bachche
- chitr:Varanasi.jpg
nav ki savari karate paryatak, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-1.jpg
bandar, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-2.jpg
banarasi sa di mean videshi mahila, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-3.jpg
ek mahila shramik, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-4.jpg
doodh ubalata ek vyakti, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-Schoolbus.jpg
bachche, varanasi
- chitr:Varanasi-5.jpg
pandit ji, varanasi
- chitr:Buffalo-Ganga-River-Varanasi.jpg
ganga nadi me bhaiansean
- chitr:Bath-In-The-Ganga-1.jpg
varanasi ke ghat par bachche ko snan karati mahila
- chitr:Bath-In-The-Ganga-2.jpg
varanasi ke ghat par snan karate bachche
tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ dayana el ik, banaras siti aauf lait (nyooyark, 1982), pratham sanskaran, prishth 4
- ↑ em. e. sheriang, di sekred sitij aauf di hindooj, (landan, 1968) prishth 19-34
- ↑ je. maradak, kashi aur banaras (1894) prishth 5
- ↑ ee. gribj, kashi, ilahabad, 1909, prishth 3-4
- ↑ e. parakar, e haiandabuk aauf banaras, prishth 2
- ↑ ee.vi. haivel, banaras di sekred siti prishth 41-50
- ↑ ramalochan sianh, banaras, ek siti in arban jyographi, prishth 31
- ↑ varanasiti yath khyatan tammanan nigadamiv. dakshinatarayau nayau paranasishchapoornat:॥- padmapuran, kashi mahatmy 5/58
- ↑ atharvaved, 4/7/1
- ↑ aianshyeant jyographi aauf iandiya, (varanasi, 1963), prishth 367
- ↑ em. jooliyan, laiph eand pilagrimej aauf yuv aaunh-chvang, 1/133,2/354
- ↑ mahabharat, 6/10/30
- ↑ sheriang, di sekred siti aauf banaras, (landan, 1968), prishth 19
- ↑ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, (banbee, pratham sanskaran, 1962 ee.) prishth 4
- ↑ bhagnavashesho ke adhar par
- ↑ baean tat par
- ↑ yasy ayam:. 2/1/16, ashtadhyayi panini
- ↑ ‘‘anugangan varanasi anushonan pataliputran’’ kilaharn, 1/380
- ↑ jems legge, trevels aauf fahyan, (dilli, 1972, dvitiy sanskaran), prishth 94
- ↑ ‘‘kashasy kashayo rajanh putrodirghatapastatha.’’ – harivanshapuran, adhyay 29
- ↑ ‘‘kashate trayato jyotistadanakhyemaposhvar:. atonaparan chastukashiti prathitaanvibho.’ ॥68॥ kashi khand, adhyay 26
- ↑ shatapath brahman, 1/4/1/10-17: motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 19
- ↑ ee.bi.haivel, banaras, di sekred siti, (kalakatta punarmudit, 1968 ee.),prishth 2
- ↑ mahabharat, 6/10/30
- ↑ tatrev, adiparv, adhyay 95
- ↑ tatrev, udyogaparv, 72/74
- ↑ tatraiv, 12/99/1-2
- ↑ valmiki ramayan, uttarakaand 56/25
- ↑ tatraiv, 59/19
- ↑ mahikal mahi chapi shail kanan shobhitamh. brahmamalaanvidehashch malavan kashi koshalanh॥ balmikiramayan, kishkiandhakaand, 20,22
- ↑ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 2
- ↑ vinayapitak, jild 1, prishth 262
- ↑ motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 49
- ↑ suttanipat, adhyay 2, prishth 523
- ↑ jatak, khand 6 san. 539 (mahajanak jatak
- ↑ tatraiv, khand 6, sankhya 547 (mahavesatt jatak
- ↑ tatraiv bhag 3 prishth 286 motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 47
- ↑ jatak sankhya 457 dekhean, udayanarayan ray, prachin bharat mean nagar tatha nagar jivan, prishth 126
- ↑ yan kianviratanan atthi kasiraj nivesane.
rajatan jataroopanchan mukta beluriya bahu.
manayo sankhamuttany vatthakan harichandanan.
ajinan datt bhandany lohan, kalayanan bahu॥ jatak, bhag 5 (san. 534) prishth 462 - ↑ jatak 384
- ↑ jatak 3/326
- ↑ 11vian sadi ka aranbh
- ↑ agara ki ek tahasil
- ↑ aee.si.es.ee
- ↑ si.bi.es.ee
- ↑ yoo.pi.bord
- ↑ banaras hindoo vishvavidyalay ekt, ekt kramaank 16, sanh 1915
- ↑ jatak, bhag 2, prishth 145 (sankhya 147) motichandr, kashi ka itihas, prishth 45
- ↑ jatak, bhag 2, sankhya 163, prishth 215
- ↑ jatak, bhag 2, sankhya 163, prishth 132
- ↑ 139- jatak, bhag 1, prishth 208
- ↑ vidya prakash evan ti.en. ray, buletin aauf d yoo.pi. histarikal sosaiti, sankhya 4 (saits eand manumeants aauf yoo.pi.) lakhanoo, 1965 prishth 33
- ↑ varanasi (aangrezi) (ech.ti.em.el) varanasi ki adhikarik vebasait. abhigaman tithi: 23 faravari, 2011.
- ↑ chandrashekhar azad (hindi) kavita kosh. abhigaman tithi: 30 march, 2011.
bahari k diyaan
sanbandhit lekh
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