विजय नगर साम्राज्य

vijayanagar (lagabhag 1350 ee. se 1565 ee.) ka shabdik arth hai- 'jit ka shahar'. prayah is nagar ko madhyayug ka pratham hindoo samrajy mana jata hai. 14 vian shatabdi mean utpann vijayanagar samrajy ko madhyayug aur adhunik aupaniveshik kal ke bich ka sankranti-kal kaha jata hai. is samrajy ki sthapana 1336 ee. mean dakshin bharat mean tugalaq satta ke viruddh hone vale rajanitik tatha saanskritik andolan ke parinamasvaroop sangam putr harihar evan bukka dvara tuangabhadra nadi ke uttari tat par sthit aneguandi durg ke sammukh ki gayi. right|200px|virupaksh mandir, hampi apane is sahasik kary mean unhean brahman vidvan madhav vidyarany tatha vedoan ke prasiddh bhashyakar 'sayan' se prerana mili. vijayanagar samrajy ka nam tuangabhadra nadi ke dakshin kinare par sthit usaki rajadhani ke nam par p da. usaki rajadhani vipul shakti evan sampada ki pratik thi. vijayanagar ke vishay mean farasi yatri 'abdul rajjak' ne likha hai ki, "vijayanagar duniya ke sabase bhavy shaharoan mean se ek laga, jo usane dekhe ya sune the."

itihas

sangam vansh

shasak	shasanakal
harihar pratham	(1336-1356 ee.)
bukka pratham	(1356-1377 ee.)
harihar dvitiy	(1377-1404 ee.)
virupaksh pratham	(1404 ee.)
bukka dvitiy	(1404-1406 ee.)
devaray pratham	(1406-1422 ee.)
devaray dvitiy	(1422-1446 ee.)
vijayaray dvitiy	(1446-1447 ee.)
mallikarjun	(1447-1465 ee.)
virupaksh dvitiy	(1465-1485 ee.)

viandhyachal ke dakshin ka bharat 200 varshoan se adhik samay tak vijayanagar aur bahamani rajyoan ke prabhutv mean raha. unhoanne n keval qanoon aur vyavastha banaye rakhi, balki vyapar tatha hastashilp ka vikas bhi kiya. kala aur sahity ko protsahan diya tatha apani rajadhaniyoan ko sundar banayaan uttar bharat mean jabaki vighatanakari shaktiyaan dhire-dhire vijayi hueean, dakshin bharat mean lambe samay tak sthir shasan rahe. is sthirata ka ant pandrahavian shatabdi ke ant mean bahamani samrajy ke vighatan se aur usake pachas varshoan ke bad 1565 ki rakshas-tang di ki l daee mean parajay ke bad vijayanagar samrajy ke tootane se hua. is bich bharat ki paristhitiyoan mean poornatah parivartan ho gaya. yah parivartan pahale samudri marg se yooropiyoan (purtagal) ke agaman ke karan aur phir uttar bharat mean mugaloan ke akraman aur vijay ke karan hua. mugaloan ke agaman se uttar bharat mean ekata ke sootr ek bar phir panape par sath hi bhoomi adharit eshiyaee shaktiyoan aur samudr par prabhutv rakhane vali yooropiy shaktiyoan ke madhy ek lambe sangharsh ke yug ka bhi sootrapat hua.

utpatti matabhed

vijayanagar samrajy ke sansthapakoan ki utpatti ke bare mean spasht janakari ke abhav mean itihasakaroan mean vivad hai. kuchh vidvan ‘telugu andhr’ athava kakatiy utpatti manate haian, to kuchh 'karnata' (karnatak) ya hoyasal tatha kuchh 'kampili' utpatti manate haian. harihar aur bukka ne apane pita sangam ke nam par sangam rajavansh ki sthapana ki. vijayanagar samrajy ki rajadhaniyaan kramash: aneguandi ya anegondi, vijayanagar, penugonda tatha chandragiri thian. hampi (hastinavati) vijayanagar ki purani rajadhani ka pratinidhitv karata hai. vijayanagar ka vartaman nam 'hampi' (hastinavati) hai.

sthapana

viyajanagar samrajy ki sthapana paanch bhaeeyoan vale parivar ke do sadasyoan harihar aur bukka ne ki thi. kanvadantiyoan ke anusar ve varangal k kakatiyoan ke samant the aur bad mean adhunik karnatak mean kampili rajy mean mantri bane the. jab ek musalaman vidrohi ko sharan dene par muhammad tugalaq ne kampili ko raud dala, to in donoan bhaeeyoan ko bhi bandi bana liya gaya tha. inhoanne islam svikar kar liya aur tugalak ne inhean vahian vidrohiyoan ko dabane ke lie vimukt kar diya. tab maduree ke ek musalaman gavarnar ne svayan ko svatantr ghoshit kar diya tha aur maisoor ke hoisal aur varaganl ke shasak bhi svatantr hone ki koshish kar rahe the. kuchh samay bad hi harihar aur bukka ne apane naye svami aur dharm ko chho d diya. unake guru vidyaran ke prayatn se unaki shuddhi huee aur unhoanne vijayanagar mean apani rajadhani sthapit ki. harihar ke rajyarohan ka samay 1336 nirdharit kiya gaya hai. shuroo mean, is naye rajy ko maisoor ke hoyasal raja aur maduree ke sultan ka muqabala karana p da. maduree ka sultan mahatvakaankshi tha. ek l daee mean usane hoyasal raja ko hara diya aur use barbar tariqe se mar dala. hoisal rajy ki parajay ke bad harihar aur bukka ko apani chhoti-si riyasat ke vistar ka mauqa mila. hoyasal ka sara pradesh 1346 tak vijayanagar ke adhikar mean a gaya. is l daee mean harihar aur bukka ke bhaeeyoan ne unaki madad ki thi aur unhoanne apane sambandhiyoan ke sath milakar jite hue pradesh ka prashasan sambhal liya. is prakar, prarambh mean vijayanagar samrajy ek prakar ka sahakari shasan tha. bukka ne apane bhaee ko uttaradhikari banakar 1356 mean aur usane 1377 tak rajy kiya.

samrajy ka vistar

vijayanagar ki sainy shakti kramashah badh rahi thi aur isi vistar ke karan use dakshin aur uttar donoan or sangharsh karana p da. dakshin mean unake pramukh shatru maduree ke sultan the. maduree aur vijayanagar ke bich lagabhag char dashakoan tak yuddh ki sthiti bani rahi. maduree sultan ko 1377 tak mita diya gaya. usake bad vijayanagar samrajy mean tamil pradesh aur cheroan (keral) ke pradesh sahit rameshvaram tak sara dakshin bharat sammilit raha. bahamani rajy ki sthapana 1347 mean huee thi. isaka sansthapak ek mahatvakaankshi afagan 'alauddin hasan' (alauddin bahaman shah pratham) tha. usane ek brahman gangoo ki seva mean rahakar shakti badhaee thi. isalie use 'hasan gangoo' kaha jata hai. rajyarohan ke bad usane 'alauddin hasan bahaman shah' ki upadhi dharan ki. kaha jata hai ki vah apane ko arddh-pauranik eerani yoddha ka vanshaj manata tha, jisaka nam tha 'bahamanashah'. kintu lokashrutiyoan ke anusar bahamanashah usake brahman ashrayadata ke prati adar ka pratik tha. usake pichhe tathy koee bhi ho, yah nishchit hai ki is upadhi ke karan rajy ko bahamani samrajy kaha gaya.

vijayanagar ke rajavansh

vijayanagar samrajy par jin rajavanshoan ne shasan kiya, ve nimnalikhit haian-

1. sangam vansh - 1336-1485 ee.
2. saluv vansh - 1485-1505 ee.
3. tuluv vansh - 1505-1570 ee.
4. aravidu vansh - 1570-1650 ee.

bahamani rajy se sangharsh

vijayanagar ke shasakoan aur bahamani sultanoan ke madhy aye din sangharsh hote rahate the. in sultanoan ke ye svarth tin alag-alag kshetroan- tuangabhadra ke doab, krishnaa-kaveri ghati aur marathava da mean takaraye. tuangabhadra doab, krishnaa aur tuangabhadra nadiyoan ke bich ka pradesh tha. pahale bhi yah pradesh apani arthik samriddhi ke karan pashchimi chalukyoan aur choloan ke bich aur bad mean hoyasaloan aur yadavoan ke bich sangharsh ka vishay raha. krishnaa-godavari ghati mean anek bandaragahean thian, jahaan se is kshetr ka samudri vyapar hota tha. tuangabhadra doab krishnaa aur tuangabhadra nadi ke bich ka kshetr tha. apani arthik sampadaoan ke karan yah kshetr poorvakal mean pashchimi chalukyoan aur cholaoan ke bich tatha bad ke samay mean yadavoan aur hoisaloan ke bich sangharsh ka kshetr bana raha. krishnaa-godavari kshetr jo bahut hi upajaoo tha aur jo apane kshetr mean phaile asankhy bandaragahoan ke karan videsh-vyapar ka niyantran rakh sakata tha, aksar tuangabhadra doab par adhikar ki l daee mean ju d jata tha.

maratha kshetr ki l daee hamesha koankan kshetr aur usase ju dane vale rastoan par adhikar ko lekar hoti thi. koankan pashchimi ghat aur samudr ke bich ki patali bhoo-patti thi. yah bahut hi upajaoo kshetr tha aur pradesh mean banane vali vastuoan ke niryat aur iraki tatha eerani gho doan ke ayat ke lie ek mahattvapoorn bandaragah goa bhi isi mean tha. jaisa ki pahale kaha ja chuka hai, achchhi nasloan ke gho de bharat mean nahian milate the. atah dakshin rajyoan ke lie goa ke raste gho doan ka ayat bahut mahattvapoorn tha.

bahamani sultan ki pratijna

vijayanagar aur bahamani samrajyoan ke bich sainik sangharsh ek dainik kary ho gaya tha. yah sangharsh tab tak chalata raha, jab tak ki ye donoan rajy bane rahe. ye sainik sangharsh un kshetroan aur as pas ke kshetroan ke liy bhayankar vinash ka karan banate the. isase jan-mal ka bhi bahut nuqasan hota tha. donoan paksh shaharoan aur gaanvoan ko rauand dalate the, unhean jala dete the, purushoan-striyoan aur bachchoan ko pak dakar gulamoan ke roop mean bech dete the tatha aur bhi kee tarah ki barbarataoan ka kam karate the. isi prakar 1367 mean tuangabhadra-doab ke mudde ko lekar bukka pratham ne mudakal ke qile par chadhaee ki to usane ek adami ko chho dakar sabhi ko qatl kar dala. jab yah samachar bahamani sultan ke pas pahuancha to use bahut krodh aya aur usane turant kooch kar diya. marg mean usane pratijna ki ki jab tak badale mean ek lakh hinduoan ka khoon nahian kar looanga, talavar ko mayan mean nahian rakhooanga.

sultan ki vijay

varsha ka mausam aur vijayanagar ki sena ke k de muqabale ke bavajood vah krishnaa nadi par karane mean saphal hua aur usane mudakal par punah adhikar kar liya. phir usane tuangabhadra nadi par ki. yah pahala mauqa tha jab kisi bahamani sultan ne svayan vijayanagar ki sima mean pair rakha tha. vijayanagar ka raja l daee mean har gaya aur jangaloan mean jakar chhip gaya. kaha jata hai ki isi l daee mean sabase pahale donoan hi pakshoan dvara topakhane ka prayog hua tha. bahamani sultan ki jit isalie huee thi, kyoanki usake pas behatar kism ka topakhana aur ghu dasena thi. l daee kee mahinoan tak chalati rahi, lekin bahamani sultan n to raja ko pak d saka aur n hi usaki rajadhani ko jit saka. is dauran purushoan, striyoan aur bachchoan ka qatle-am chalata raha. akhir donoan paksh thak ge aur unhoanne sandhi ka phaisala kiya. is sandhi ke aantargat donoan paksh apani purani simaoan par laut ge. doab ka pradesh donoan ke bich bant gaya. isase bhi jyada mahattvapoorn bat yah thi ki donoan pakshoan ne nirnay kiya ki chooanki donoan rajyoan ko lambe samay tak ek-doosare ka p dosi rahana hai, isalie yah phaisala kiya gaya ki barbarata ko tyag diya jae. yah phaisala bhi kiya gaya ki yuddhoan mean asahay aur nihatthoan ka vadh nahian kiya jaega. halaanki is sandhi ka ullanghan kee bar kiya gaya. parantu isase dakshin bharat mean yuddhoan ko adhik manaviy banane mean sahayata avashy mili.

vijayanagar samrajy ke uttaradhikari

bad ke samay mean vijayanagar samrajy ke uttaradhikari maduree ke sultan ko mitakar dakshin mean apani sthiti mazaboot karane ke bad harihar dvitiy (1377-1404) ke netritv mean vijayanagar samrajy ne poorv mean vistar ki niti apanayi. is kshetr mean kee chhoti-chhoti svatantr hindoo riyasatean thian. inamean sabase mahattvapoorn delta ke oopari bhagoan mean basi reddiyoan ki riyasat, aur krishnaa-godavari delta ke nichale hisse mean basa varangal rajy tha. uttar mean u disa ke raja tatha poorv mean bahamani sultanoan ki ruchi bhi is kshetr mean thi. halaanki varangal ke shasak ne dilli sultan ke khilaf 'hasan gangoo' (alauddin bahaman shah pratham) ki madad ki thi, lekin usake uttaradhikari ne varangal par akraman karake kaulas tatha golakunda ke paha di qile par apana adhikar sthapit kar liya. phir usane golakunda ko apani sima nirdharit karake yah vachan diya tha ki usake uttaradhikari koee bhi varangal par bhavishy mean kabhi akraman nahian kareange. is sandhi ko pakka karane ke lie varangal ke shasak ne bahamani sultan ko bahoomooly ratnoan se j di ek gaddi bheant mean di thi. kaha jata hai ki isaka nirman muhammad tugalak ko bheant karane ke lie karavaya gaya tha. varangal aur bahamani rajy ke bich yah sandhi 50 varshoan tak rahi. yahi sabase b da karan tha ki vijayanagar n to tuangabhadra doab par hi kabhi adhikar kar saka aur n hi us kshetr mean bahamani akramanoan ko rok paya tha.

madhyayugin lekhakoan ne vijayanagar v bahamani ke bich huee l daiyoan ka varnan vistar se kiya hai. kintu vah sab aitihasik mahatv ki bat nahian hai. donoan pakshoan ki sthiti lagabhag ek si rahi, keval l daee mean pal da kabhi ek paksh ki or jhuk jata to kabhi doosare paksh ki aur jhuk jata tha. harihar dvitiy bhi bahamani aur varangal ki sanyukt shakti ke muqabale apani sthiti banaye rakhane mean saphal raha. usaki sabase b di saphalata pashchim mean bahamani rajy se belagaanv aur goa ka adhikar chhinana tha. usane uttari shrilanka par bhi akraman kiya.

devaray pratham aur firojashah

kuchh samay tak avyavastha ke bad devaray pratham (1406-1422) harihar dvitiy ka uttaradhikari bana. usake rajy ke prarambhik charan mean tuangabhadra doab ki l daee phir se chhi di. bahamani shasak firojashah ke hathoan usaki har huee aur use hoovo, motiyoan aur hathiyoan ke roop mean das lakh ke harjane dene p dean. use sultan ke sath apani l daki ki shadi karani p di aur dahej ke roop mean doab kshetr mean sthit baankapur bhi sultan ko dena p da taki bhavishy mean l daee ki guanjaish n rahe. yah vivah b di shano-shaukat ke sath kiya gaya. jab firojashah bahamani shadi ke lie vijayanagar pahuancha to, raja devaray ne nagar se bahar akar b di shan se usaka svagat kiya. nagar dvar se lekar mahal tak das kilomitar lambe marg ko sone, makhamal aur resham ke kap doan aur any bahoomoolyoan ratnoan se sajaya gaya tha. donoan raja nagar chauk ke kendr se gho doan par savar hokar gujare. devaray ke sambandhi is juloos ke sath marg mean mile aur dono shasakoan ke age-age paidal chale. utsav tin din tak chalata raha.

dakshin bharat mean yah is prakar pahala rajanitik vivah nahian tha. isase pahale kherala ka raja shanti sthapit karane ke lie firojashah bahamani ke sath apani l daki ki shadi kar chuka tha. kaha jata hai ki vah sultan ki sabase pahali begam thi. kintu yah vivah apane ap mean shanti sthapit nahian kar saka. krishna-godavari ke bich ke kshetr ko lekar vijayanagar, bahamani rajy aur u disa mean phir sangharsh chhi d gaya. reddiyoan ke rajy mean ast-vyastata dekhakar devaray ne varangal ke sath use apas mean baant lene ki sandhi kar li. bahamaniyoan se varangal ke alagav ne dakshin mean shakti santulan ko badal diya. devaray ko firojashah bahamani ko buri tarah parajit karane mean saphalata mili aur usane krishnaa nadi ke muhane tak ka sara pradesh h dap liya. devaray pratham ne shanti ki kalaoan ki bhi avahelana nahian ki. usane tuangabhadra par ek baandh banavaya taki vahaan se shahar mean nahar lakar pani ki kami ko door kar sake. isase as-pas ke khetoan ki sianchaee bhi hoti thi. yah janakari bhi milati hai ki isase usake rajasv mean 350,000 peradaoan ki bhi vriddhi huee. sianchaee ke lie usane haridra nadi par bhi baandh banavaya.

devaray dvitiy ka prashasan

kuchh avyavastha ke bad devaray dvitiy (1422-1446) vijayanagar ki gaddi par baitha. vah is vansh ka mahanatam shasak mana jata hai. apani sena ko bhi shaktishali banane ke lie usane aur musalamanoan ko bharti kiya. farishta ke anusar devaray dvitiy ka vichar tha ki bahamani sena sirph isalie behatar thi ki usake pas jyada mazaboot gho de aur jyada sankhya mean achchhe tir-aandazathe. atah usane 2000 musalamanoan ko sena mean naukari aur jagirean di aur sab hindoo sainikoan aur sainik adhikariyo ko unase tir-aandaji sikhane ka adesh diya. vijayanagar ki sena mean musalamanoan ki bharti koee nayi bat nahian thi. devaray pratham ki sena mean bhi 10,000 musalaman sainik the. tir-aandaji bhi nayi kala nahian thi. sambhavatah farishta yah kahana chahata hai ki vijayanagar ki sena mean gho doan par chadhakar tir-aandaji ke prashikshan ka abhav tha. farishta kahata hai ki is prakar devaray dvitiy ne tir-aandaji mean kushal 60,000 hindoo, 80,000 ghu d savar aur 200,000 paidal sainik ekatr kar lie. ho sakata hai ki yah sankhya badha-chadha kar batayi gee ho. phir bhi yah nishchit hai ki itani b di ghu dasena ke nirman se rajy ke srotoan par kafi dabav p da hoga, kyoanki achchhe gho de ayat karane p date the aur is vyapar par ekadhikar rakhane vale arab unake lie ooanchi qimat vasool karate the.

apani nayi sena ko lekar devaray dvitiy ne 1443 mean tuangabhadra nadi ko par kiya aur mudakal, baankapur adi ko phir se jitane ki koshish ki. ye nagar krishnaa nadi ke dakshin mean the aur purani l daiyoan mean bahamani rajy ke adhikar mean a ge the. tin k di l daiyaan l di geean, lekin antatah donoan pakshoan ko purani simaoan ko hi svikar karana p da.

charamotkarsh tatha vighatan

devaray dvitiy ki mrityu ke bad vijayanagar samrajay mean avyavastha a gee thi. kyoanki vanshadhar ke hi uttaradhikari hone ka siddhaant nishchit nahian ho saka. isalie gaddi ke pratidvandviyoan ke bich kee yuddh hue. isamean kee karad rajy svatantr ho ge. rajy ke mantri shaktishali ho ge, aur unhoanne janata se kee upahar aur bhari kar vasoolana arambh kar diya. isase janata mean asantosh paida hone laga. rajy ka shasan karnatak aur andhr pradesh ke kuchh bhag tak hi simit rah gaya. raja aishvary mean doob gaye. ve karyoan ki avahelana karane lage. kuchh samay ke bad raja ke mantri saluv narasianh ne gaddi par adhikar kar liya. prachin sangam vansh ke rajy ka aant ho gaya. saluv ne aantarik qanoon aur vyavastha ko phir se sthapit kiya aur naye vansh ka sootrapat kiya. yah vansh bhi jaldi hi samapt ho gaya. antatah krishnadev ray dvara ek naye vansh tuluv ki sthapana huee.

u disa v purtagaliyoan se sangharsh

krishnadev ray (1509-1530) is vansh ka mahanatam vyakti tha. katipay itihasakar use vijayanagar samrajy ka mahanatam shasak manate haian. krishnadev ko aantarik qanoon aur vyavastha ki punahsthapana hi nahian karani p di, balki use vijayanagar ke purane shatru bahamani rajy ke uttaradhikari rajyoan aur u disa ka bhi muqabala karana p da. u disa ne vijayanagar samrajy ke bahut se hissoan par adhikar kar liya tha. isake atirikt use purtagaliyoan ka bhi samana karana p da, jo us samay dhire-dhire shaktishali ho rahe the. ve samudr par adhikar ka prayog tatavarti kshetroan mean upasthit vijayanagar ki chhoti navoan ko ghu dakane mean kar rahe the, taki ve arthik aur rajanitik suvidhaean prapt kar sakean. unhoanne krishnadev ray ko tatasth bane rahane ke lie rishvat dene ka prastav bhi kiya. yah rishvat bijapur se goa ka adhikar punah chhinane ke lie sahayata aur gho doan ke ayat mean ekadhikar ke prastav ke roop mean thi.

sat sal tak l daiyaan l dakar krishnadev ne pahale u disa ko, krishnaa nadi tak ke kshetr ke sab jite hue pradeshoan ko vijayanagar ko lautane ko vivash kiya. is prakar apani sthiti mazaboot karake krishnadev ne tuangabhadr doab ke lie purani l daee shuroo ki. isaka parinam yah hua ki usake do shatruoan, u disa aur bijapur ne, apas mean sandhi kar li. krishnadev ray ne yuddh ke lie kafi taiyariyaan kian. usane rayapur aur mudakal par akraman karake yuddh shuroo kar diya. bijapur ki yuddh mean 1520 mean poorn parajay huee. use krishnaa nadi ke par khade d diya gaya. usaki jan mushkil se bachi. vijayanagar ki sena belagaanv pahuanchi, phir usane bijapur par adhikar kiya aur kee din tak lootapat hoti rahi. usake bad unhoanne gulabarga ko nasht kar diya. tab kahian koee sandhi huee.

krishnadev ki mrityu ke pashchath usake rishtadaroan mean apas mean uttaradhikar ke lie sangharsh hua. kyoanki usake putr us samay nabalig the. aantatah 1543 mean sadashiv ray gaddi par baitha aur usane 1567 tak rajy kiya. parantu vastavik shakti ek trigut ke pas thi. jinaka mukhiya ram raja tha. ram raja ko kee muslim takatoan ko apas mean bhi dane mean saphalata mili thi. usane purtagaliyoan se ek vyaparik samajhauta kiya, jisase bijapur ke raja ko gho doan ki bikri band kar di gee. phir kee l daiyoan ke bad usane bijapur ko poori tarah hara diya. usake bad bijapur ke raja ko sath lekar usane golakunda aur ahamadanagar ko parajit kiya. aisa pratit hota hai ki raja ram ka lakshy keval in rajyoan ke madhy shakti santulan ka pal da vijayanagar ke paksh mean karane ke lie hi tha. kalantar mean unhoanne vijayanagar ke viruddh sanyukt hokar 1565 mean talikota ke nikat bannihatti mean use parajit kiya. is yuddh ko 'rakshas-tang di' ya talikota ka yuddh bhi kaha jata hai. raja ram ko gher kar pak d liya gaya aur use turant mar dala gaya. kaha jata hai ki is yuddh mean 100,000 hinduoan ka vadh kiya gaya. vijayanagar ko poori tarah se loot liya gaya aur use khandahar bana diya gaya.

bannihatti ki l daee ko samany roop se vijayanagar samrajy ke shanadar yug ka aant mana jata hai. halaanki rajy usake bad bhi lagabhag 100 varsh tak ghisat-ghisat kar chalata raha, lekin usaki simaean lagachar sankuchit hoti rahian aur dakshin bharat mean rayoan ka rajanitik drishti se koee mahatv shesh nahian raha.

vidvan kathan

nikolo konti kahata hai ki kvilan, shrilanka, poolikat, pegoo aur tenasirim ke raja devaray dvitiy ko kar dete the. kintu isamean sanket hai ki vijayanagar ke rajaoan ke pas itani samudri shakti thi ki ve pegoo aur tenasirim se nirantar kar le sakean. sambhavatah is kathan ka ashay yah tha ki in deshoan ke shasakoan ka vijayanagar se sampark tha aur unhoanne usaki shubhakamanaean prapt karane ke lie upahar bheje the. haan, shrilanka par avashy kee bar akraman kie ge. is bat ki sambhavana hai ki vah vijayanagar ka karad tha. kintu shaktishali nausena ke bina yah bhi sambhav nahian ho sakata tha.

is prakar lagatar kee samarth rajaoan ke netritv mean vijayanagar pandrahavian shatabdi ke poorvarddh mean dakshin ka sarvadhik shaktishali aur samriddh rajy ban gaya. italavi yatri nikolo konti ne 1420 mean vijayanagar ki yatra ki thi. usane usaka sundar varnan kiya hai. vah kahata hai- "nagar ka ghera sath mil hai, isaki divarean paha do tak chali gee haian. anuman hai ki is nagar mean nabbe hazar log aise haian, jo shastr dharan karane yogy haian. raja bharat ke any rajaoan se jyada shaktishali hai." farishta bhi likhata hai- "bahamani vansh ke rajakumar sirf dileri ke bal par apani shreshthata banaye hue haian, anyatha shakti, samriddhi aur kshetraphal mean bijanagar (vijayanagar) ke raja unase kahian badh kar haian."

faras ke yatri abdurrajjak ne bharat tatha any deshoan ka bahut bhraman kiya tha. usane devaray dvitiy ke samay mean vijayanagar ki bhi yatra ki. usane is rajy ka bhavy varnan kiya hai. vah kahata hai ki is rajakumar ke rajy mean 300 bandaragah haian. inamean se pratyek kalikat ke barabar hai. isake rajy ki bhoomi itani phaili huee hai ki usaki yatra karane mean tin mahine lag jate haian. is bat se sabhi yatri sahamat haian ki rajy mean bahut adhik nagar aur gaanv the. abdurrazak kahata hai ki "desh ke adhikaansh hissoan mean kheti hoti hai aur bhoomi bahut hi upajaoo hai. sena ki sankhya 11 lakh hai." abdurrazak vijayanagar ko sansar ke dekhe aur sune nagaroan mean sab se bhavy manata hai. nagar ka varnan karate hue vah kahata hai, "vah is tarah se bana hai ki sat qile aur itani hi divarean ek-doosare ko ghere hue haian, satoan qile ka kshetraphal, jo any qiloan ke kendr mean bana hai, herat ke bazar se das guna b da hai. mahal ke pas hi char bazar haian jo bahut hi lambe-chau de the." bharatiy vyavastha ke anuroop ek varn ya vyavasay ke log shahar ke ek bhag mean rahate the. lagata hai ki musalaman apane lie surakshit alag hisse mean rahate the. bazaroan aur raja ke mahal mean saf, kate hue, palish kie pattharoan se bane nale aur naharean dikhaee deti thian. bad ka ek yatri likhata hai ki yah us samay ke pashchim ke sabase b de nagar rom se bhi b da aur bhavy nagar tha.

prashasan tatha arthik jivan

vijayanagar ke shasakoan ke mastishk mean rajy ka svaroop bahut saf tha. rajaniti par apani pustak mean krishnadev ray raja ke lie likhata hai ki, "tumhean b de dhyan se yathashakti suraksha aur dand kam karana chahie. usamean apane dekhe-sune ki avahelana nahian karani chahie." vah raja ko "praja par udar hokar kar lagaoan," jaisi salah bhi deta hai. vijayanagar samrajy mean raja ki sahayata ke lie ek mantrimanndal hota tha, jisamean samrajy ke shreshth vidvan hote the. samrajy rajyash ya mandalamh aur usake aantargat nadu, sthal aur gram mean vibhakt tha.

vijayanagar ke shasakoan ne svayatt gram-prashasan ki chol parampara ko banaye rakhaan, lekin vanshagat nayak hone ki parampara ne us svatantrata ko simit avashy kar diya. prantoan ke gavarnar pahale rajakumar hua karate the. bad mean samrajy ke shasak vanshoan aur samantoan mean se bhi is pad par niyuktiyaan hone lagian. prantiy prashasak kafi sima tak svatantr hote the. ve apana darabar lagate the. apane adhikari niyukt karate the aur apani sena bhi rakhate the. ve apane sikke bhi chala sakate the. parantu yah adhikar chhote sikkoan ke parichalan tak simit tha. prantiy prashasak ki karravaee nishchit nahian hoti thi. vah usaki yogyata aur shakti par nirbhar karati thi. gavarnar ko naye kar lagane ya purane karoan ko hatane ka adhikar bhi tha. pratyek gavarnar kendr ki seva mean nishchit sankhya mean sainik aur paisa upasthit karata tha. anuman hai ki samrajy ki kul ay 12,000,000 parado thi, jisamean adha kendriy sarakar ko milata tha.

samrajy mean 'kabalakar' nam ka ek adhikari bhi hua karata tha, jo pray: samajik evan dharmik vishayoan par nirnay deta tha. ise 'arasukavalakar' ke nam se bhi jana jata tha. nagar mean bahut se kshetr aise bhi the, jo adhinasth shasakoan dvara shasit the, arthat unake dvara jinhean yuddhoan mean parast karane ke bad chhota rajy lauta diya gaya tha. raja senapatiyoan ko bhi nishchit kar ke evaj mean kuchh amaramh pradan karata tha. ye senapati palaiyagar athava nayak kahalate the. inhean samrajy ki seva ke lie paidal-sainikoan, ghu d-savaroan aur hathiyoan ki ek nishchit sankhya rakhani p dati thi. nayakoan ko bhi kendriy rajasv mean ek nishchit rashi deni p dati thi. ye samrajy ka ek shaktishali varg tha aur kabhi-kabhi raja ko inhean kaboo mean rakhane ke lie kafi kathinaiyoan ka samana karana p data tha. vijayanagar samrajy ki in kamazoriyoan ka bannihatt ya talikota athava rakshas-tang di ke yuddh mean usaki parajay aur bad mean usake vighatan mean bahut b da hath tha. tanjaur aur maduree adi sthanoan ke nayak tabhi se svatantr ho ge the.

kisanoan ki sthiti

vijayanagar samrajy mean kisanoan ki arthik sthiti par sab itihasakar ek mat nahian hai. kyoanki adhikaansh yatriyoan ko gramin-jivan ka bahut kam anubhav hua tha aur unhoanne is vishay mean matr samany tippaniyaan di haian. yah svikar kiya ja sakata hai ki samany nagarik ki arthik sthiti lagabhag pahale jaisi hi rahi. unake makan mitti aur phoos ke the, jinake daravaze bhi chhote the. ve aksar nange paanv chalate the aur kamar ke oopar kuchh bhi nahian pahanate the. uchch varg ke log kabhi-kabhi manhage joote, siroan par reshami pag di pahanate the, lekin kamar ke oopar ve bhi kuchh nahian pahanate the. sabhi vargoan ke log abhooshanoan ke shauqin the aur kanoan, gardanoan aur bazuoan par koee n koee abhooshan pahanate the. is bat ki koee janakari nahian milati ki kisan apane utpadan ka kitana aansh lagan ke roop mean dete the. ek alekh ke anusar karoan ki dar is prakar thi-

• sardiyoan mean 'kurubaee', chaval ki ek qism, ka 1/3
• sisam, raggi aur chane adi ka 1/4
• jvar aur shushk bhoomi par utpann hone vale any anajoan ka 1/6

is prakar anaj, bhoomi, sianchaee ke sadhanoan ke anusar lagan ki dar alag-alag thi. lagan ke atirikt sampatti kar, vikray-kar, vyavasay-kar, yuddh ke samay sainyakar, vivah kar adi bhi the. solahavian shatabdi ka yatri nikitin kahata hai ki "desh mean janasankhya bahut adhik hai, lekin gramin bahut garib haian jabaki samant samriddh haian aur aishvaryapoorn jivan ka anand uthate haian." is prakar ke kathan bahut sadharan janakari dete haian. aisi janakari ko madhyayug ke samast bharatiy samaj par lagoo kiya ja sakata hai.

kendriy vyavastha

vijayanagar samrajy ki shasan paddhati rajatantratmak thi. rajy evan shasan ke mool ko raja, jise 'ray' kaha jata tha, hota tha. is kal mean prachin rajy ki ‘saptaang vicharadhara’ ka anusaran kiya jata tha. raja ke chunav mean rajy ke mantri evan nayak mahattvapoorn bhoomika ka nirvah karate the. vijayanagar mean sanyukt shasak ki bhi parampara thi. raja ko rajyabhishek ke samay prajapalan evan nishtha ki shapath leni p dati thi. rajyabhishek ke avasar par darabar mean atyant bhavy ayojan hota tha, jisamean nayak, adhikari tatha janata ke pratinidhi sammilit hote the. achyutadev ray ne apana rajyabhishek tirupati veankateshvar mandir mean sampann karaya tha. raja ke bad ‘yuvaraj’ ka pad hota tha. yuvaraj raja ka b da putr v rajy parivar ka koee bhi yogy purush ban sakata tha. yuvaraj ke rajyabhishek ko 'yuvaraj pattabhishek' kahate the. vijayanagar mean sanyukt shasan ki parampara bhi vidyaman thi, jaise - harihar pratham evan bukka pratham. yuvaraj ke alpayu hone ki sthiti mean raja apane jivan kal mean hi svayan kisi mantri ko usaka sanrakshak niyukt karata tha. is kal mean kuchh mahattvapoorn sanrakshak the- vir narasianh, narasa nayak evan ramaray adi. kalantar mean yahi sanrakshak vyavastha hi vijayanagar ke patan mean bahut kuchh zimmedar rahi. vijayanagar ke rajaoan ne apane vyaktigat dharm ke bad bhi dharmik sahishnuta ki niti ka anusaran kiya. yadyapi rajy nirankush hota tha, par barbar nahian. usaki nirankushata par niyantran tatha prashasanik karyoan mean sahayog karane ke lie ek ‘mantriparishad’ hoti thi, jisamean pradhanamantri, mantri, upamantri, vibhagoan ke adhyaksh tatha rajy ke kuchh nazadik ke sambandhi hote the.

saluv vansh

shasak	karyakal
saluv narasianh	(1485-1491 ee.)
timma ray	(1491 ee.)
immadi narasianh	(1491-1505 ee.).

mantriparishad

mantriyoan ke chayan mean anuvanshikata ki parampara ka palan hota tha. mantriparishad ke mukhy adhikari ko ‘pradhani’ ya ‘mahapradhani’ kaha jata tha. isaki sthiti pradhanamantri jaisi thi. isaki tulana maratha kalin peshava se ki ja sakati hai. yah raja evan yuvaraj ke bad tisare sthan par hota tha. mantriparishad mean kul 20 sadasy hote the. mantriparishad ke adhyaksh ko ‘sabhanayak’ kaha jata tha. kabhi-kabhi pradhanamantri adhyakshata bhi karata tha. ti.vi. mahaliangam ne vijayanagar prashasan ki rajaparishad aur mantriparishad mean antar spasht kiya hai. rajaparishad prantoan ke nayakoan, samant shasakoan, viddhanoan v rajyoan ke rajadootoan ko shamil karake gathit kiya gaya ek vishal sangathan hota tha. vijayanagar kalin mantriparishad ki tulana kautily ke mantriparishad ke sath ki ja sakati hai.

kendr mean 'dandanayak' nam ka uchch adhikari hota tha. usaka yah pad padabodhak n hokar vibhinn adhikariyoan ki vishesh shreni ko iangit karata tha. dandanayak ka arth, ‘prashasan ka pramukh’ aur ‘senaoan ka nayak’ hota tha. kahian-kahian mantriyoan ko bhi dandanayak ki upadhi pradan kiye jane ka ullekh milata hai. dandanayak ko nyayadhish, senapati, garvanar ya prashasakiy adhikari adi ka karyabhar sauanpa ja sakata tha. kuchh any adhikariyoan ko ‘karyakarta’ kaha jata tha. kendr mean ek sachivalay ki vyavastha hoti thi, jisamean vibhagoan ka vargikaran kiya jata tha. in vibhagoan mean ‘rayasam’ ya sachiv, karnikam ya ekaunteant hote the. rayasam raja ke maukhik adhikaroan ko lipibaddh karata tha. any vibhag evan unake adhikari ‘maniy pradhan’, grihamantri, mudrakarta, shahi-mudra ko rakhane vala adhikari adi the.

praantiy prashasan

tuluv vansh

shasak	karyakal
vir narasianh	(1505-1509 ee.)
krishnadev ray	(1509-1529 ee.)
achyutadev ray	(1529-1542 ee.)
veankat pratham	(1542 ee.)
sadashiv ray	(1542-1570 ee.)

vijayanagar samrajy ka vibhajan prant, rajy ya mandal mean kiya gaya tha. krishnadev ray ke shasanakal mean prantoan ki sankhya sarvadhik 6 thi. prantoan ke garvanar ke roop mean raj parivar ke sadasy ya anubhavi dandanayakoan ki niyukti ki jati thi. inhean sikkoan ko prasarit karane, naye kar lagane, purane kar maph karane evan bhoomidan karane adi ki svatantrata prapt thi. prant ke garvanar ko 'bhoo-rajasv' ka ek nishchit hissa kendr sarakar ko dena hota tha.

prant ko ‘mandal’ evan mandal ko ‘kotm’ ya ‘zile’ mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. kottam ko ‘valanadu’ bhi kaha jata tha. kottam ka vibhajan ‘naduoan’ mean hua tha, jisaki sthiti aj ke paragana evan talluka jaisi thi. naduoan ko ‘meanlagram’ mean baanta gaya tha. ek melagram ke antargat lagabhag 50 gaanv hote the. ‘ur’ ya ‘gram’ prashasan ki sabase chhoti eekaee thi. is sam gaanvoan ke samooh ko ‘sthal’ evan ‘sima’ bhi kaha jata tha. vibhajan ka kram is prakar tha.

1. prant - mandal-kottam ya valanadu
2. prakottam - nadu-melagram-ur ya gram.

samanyatah prantoan mean rajaparivar ke vyaktiyoan (kumar ya rajakumar) ko hi niyukt kiya jata tha. garvanaroan ko sikke jari karane, naye kar lagane, purane karoan ko maph karane, bhoomidan dene jaise adhikar prapt the. sangam yug mean garvanaroan ke roop mean shasan karane vale rajakumaroan ko 'uraiyar' ki upadhi mili huee thi. chol yug aur vijayanagar yug ke rajatantr mean sabase b da antar 'nayankar vyavastha' thi.

aravidu vansh

shasak	karyakal
tirumal	(1570-1572 ee.)
shrirang	(1572-1585 ee.)
veankat pratham	(1585-1614 ee.)
shrirang pratham	(1614 ee.)
ramadev	(1614-1630 ee.)
veankat dvitiy	(1630-1642 ee.)
shrirang dvitiy	(1642-1652 ee.)

nayankar vyavastha

is vyavastha ki utpatti ke bare mean itihasakaroan mean matabhed haian. kuchh ka manana hai ki, vijayanagar samrajy ki sena ke senanayakoan ko ‘nayak’ kaha jata tha, kuchh ka manana hai ki, nayak bhoo-samant hote the, jinhean vetan ke badale evan sthaniy sena ke kharch ko chalane ke lie vishesh bhoo-khand, jise ‘amaram’ kaha jata tha, diya jata tha. chooanki ye amaram bhoomi ka prayog karate the, isalie inhe ‘amaranayak’ bhi kaha jata tha. amaram bhoomi ki ay ka ek hissa kendriy sarakar ke kosh ke lie dena hota tha. nayak ko amaram bhoomi mean shaanti, suraksha evan aparadhoan ko rokane ke dayitv ka bhi nirvah karana hota tha. isake atirikt use jangaloan ko saf karavana evan krishi yogy bhoomi ka vistar bhi karana hota tha. nayankaroan ke aantarik mamaloan mean raja hastakshep nahian kar sakata tha. inaka pad anuvanshik hota tha. nayakoan ka sthanantaran nahian hota tha. rajadhani mean nayakoan ke do sampark adhikari - ek nayak ki sena ka senapati aur doosara prashasanik abhikarta ‘sthanapati’ rahate the. achyutadev ray ne nayakoan ki uchchhriankhata ko rokane ke lie ‘manhamandaleshvar’ ya 'vishesh kamishnaroan' ki niyukt ki thi. nayankar vyavastha mean paryapt roop mean samantavadi lakshan the, jo vijayanagar samrajy ke patan ka karan bani.

ayangar vyavastha

prashasan ko sucharoo roop se sanchalit karane ke lie pratyek gram ko ek svatantr ikaee ke roop mean sangathit kiya gaya tha. in sangathit gramin ikaiyoan par shasan hetu ek 12 prashasakiy adhikariyoan ki niyukti ki jati thi, jinakoan samoohik roop se ‘ayangar’ kaha jata tha. ye avaitanik hote the. inaki sevaoan ke badale sarakar inhe poornatah kar mukt evan lagan mukt bhoomi pradan karati thi. inaka pad ‘anuvanshik’ hota tha. yah apane pad ko kisi doosare vyakti ko bech ya giravi rakh sakata tha. gram star ki koee bhi sampatti ya bhoomi in adhikariyoan ki ijajat ke bagair n to bechi ja sakati thi, aur n hi dan di ja sakati thi. 'karnik' namak ayangar ke pas zamin ke kray evan vikray se sambandhit samast dastavej hote the. is vyavastha ne gramin svatantrata ka gala ghoant diya.

sthaniy prashasan

vijayanagar kal mean chol kalin sabha ko kahian-kahian 'mahasabha', 'ur' evan 'mahajan' kaha jata tha. gaanv ko anek vardoan ya muhalloan mean vibhajit kiya gaya tha. ‘sabha’ mean vichar-virmash ke lie gaanv ya kshetr vishesh ke log bhag lete the. ‘sabha’ nee bhoomi ya any prakar ki sampatti upalabdh karane, gaanv ki sarvajanik bhoomi ko bechane, gramin ki taraf se samoohik nirnay lene, gaanv ki bhoomi ko dan mean dene ke adhikar apane pas surakshit rakhati thi. yadi koee bhoomi svami lambe samay tak lagan nahian de pata tha to, gram sabhaean usaki zamin jabt kar leti thian. nyayik adhikaroan ke antargat sabha ke pas divani mukaddamoan evan faujadari ke chhote-chhote mamaloan ka nirnay karane ka adhikar hota tha. ‘nadu’ gaanv ki b di rajanitik ikaee ke roop mean prachalit thi. nadu ki sabha ko nadu evan sadasyoan ko ‘natvar’ kaha jata tha. adhikar kshetr kafi vistrit hote the, par shasakiy niyantran mean rahana p data tha. vijayanagar ke shasan kal mean in sthaniy ikaiyoan ka hmas hua. ‘seneteova’ gaanv ke ay-vyay ki dekhabhal karata tha, ‘talari’ gaanv ke chaukidar ko kahate the. ‘begara’ gaanv mean begar, mazadoori adi ki dekhabhal karata tha. brahmadev gramoan (brahmanoan ko bhoomi-anudan ke roop mean prapt gram) ki sabhaoan ko 'chaturvedimangalam' kaha gaya hai. gair brahmadev gram ki sabha 'ur' kahalati thi.

is samay ay ke pramukh srot the - lagan, sampatti kar, vyavasayik kar, udyagoan par kar, sianchaee kar, charagah kar, udyan kar evan anek prakar ke arth dand.

vijayanagar samrajy ke pramukh padadhikari

adhikari	pramukh
nayak	b de senanayak
mahanayakachary	gram sabhaoan ka nirikshak adhikari
dandanayak	sainik vibhag pramukh tatha senapati
pradhani athava mahapradhani	mantriparishad ka pramukh
rayasam	sachiv
karnikam	lekhadhikari
amaranayak	sainy madad dene vala samantoan ka varg
ayangar	vanshanugat gramin adhikari
palaiyagar (paligar)	zamidar
sthanik	mandiroan ki vyavastha karane vala
senantova	gram ka lekhadhikari
talar	gram ka rakhavala
gaud	gram prashasak
aantrimar	gram prashasan ka ek adhikari
paroopatyagar	raja ya garvanar ka pratinidhi

bhoo-rajasv vyavastha

vijayanagar samrajy dvara vasool kiye jane vale vividh karoan ke nam the - 'kadamaee', 'magamai', 'kanikkee', 'kattanam', 'kanam', 'varam', 'bhogam', 'varipattam', 'iraee' aur 'kattayam'. ‘shisht’ namak bhoomikar vijayanagar rajy ki ay ka pramukh evan sabase b da srot tha. rajy upaj ka 1/6 bhag kar ke roop mean vasool karata tha. krishnadev ray ke shasan kal mean bhoomi ka ek vyapak sarvekshan karavaya gaya tatha bhoomi ki urvarata ke anusar upaj ka 1/3 ya 1/6 bhag kar ke roop mean nirdharit kiya gaya. sambhavatah rajasv ki dar vibhinn prantoan mean alag-alag thi. ay ka ek any srot tha - sianchaee kar, jise tamil pradesh mean ‘dasavanda’ evan andhr pradesh v karnatak mean ‘kattakodej’ kaha gaya. yah kar un vyaktiyoan se liya jata tha, jo sianchaee ke sadhanoan ka upayog karate the. brahmanoan ke adhikar vali bhoomi se upaj ka 20 vaan bhag tatha mandiroan ki bhoomi se upaj ka 30vaan bhag lagan ke roop mean vasoola jata tha. vijayanagar samrajy mean koee aisa varg nahian tha, jisase vyavasayik kar nahian liya jata ho. ramaray ne keval naiyoan ko vyavasayik kar se mukt kar diya. kendriy rajasv vibhag ko athanave (ayavan) kaha jata tha.

bhoomi ke prakar v kar

samajik evan samudayik kar ke roop mean vivah kar liya jata tha. vidhava se vivah karane vale is kar se mukt hote the. krishnadev ray ne vivah kar ko samapt kar diya tha. rajy ka rajasv vastu evan nakad donoan hi roopoan mean vasool kiya jata tha. vijayanagar kal mean mandiroan ki mahattvapoorn bhoomika hoti thi. ve sianchaee pariyojanaoan ke sath-sath baiankig gatividhiyoan ka sanchalan bhi karate the. inake pas surakshit bhoomi ko devadan anudan kaha jata tha. ek shilalekh ke ullekh ke adhar par mana jata hai ki, is samay mandiroan mean lagabhag 370 naukar hote the. bhandaravad gram ve gram the, jinaki bhoomi sidhe rajy ke niyantran mean thi. yahaan ke kisan rajy ko kar dete the.

1. uanbali - gram mean vishesh sevaoan ke badale di jani vali kar mukt bhoomi ki bhoo-dharan paddhati ‘uanbali’ thi.
2. ratt (khatt) ko dage - yuddh mean shaury ka pradarshan karane vale ya anuchit roop se yuddh mean mrit logoan ke parivar ko di gee bhoomi.
3. kuttagi - brahman, mandir evan b de bhoo-svami, jo svayan kheti nahian kar sakate the, ve kheti ke lie kisanoan ko patte par bhoomi dete the. is tarah ki patte par li gayi bhoomi ‘kuttagi’ kahalati thi.
4. kudi - ve krishak mazadoor hote the, jo bhoomi ke kray-vikray ke sath hi hastaantarit ho jate the, parantu inhean ichchhapoorvak kary se vilag nahian kiya ja sakata tha.

vyapar

vijayanagar kal mean malaya, barma, chin, arab, eeran, afrika, abisiniya evan purtagal se vyapar hota tha. mukhy niryatak vastuaian thian - kap da, chaval, ganna, ispat, masale, itr, shora, chini adi. ayat ki jane vali vastuaian thian - achchhi nasl ke gho de, hathi daant, moti bahumooly patthar, nariyal, p aaum, namak adi. moti faras ki kha di se tatha bahumooly patthar pegoo se mangaye jate the. noonij ne hiroan ke aise bandaragah ki charcha ki hai, jahaan vishv bhar mean sarvadhik hiroan ki khanean payi jati thian. vyapar mukhyatah chettiyoan ke hathoan mean kendrit tha. dastakar varg ke vyapariyoan ko 'vir paanchal' kaha jata tha.

vijayanagar kalin kritiyaan

rachana	rachanakar
iroosalay vilakkam	haridas
dharmanath puran	madhur
amukt-malyad	krishnadev ray
svarochit sambhav	peddan
manucharit	tenaliram
pandurang mahatmy	tenaliram
ramkrishna kathe	visheshvar
rasavarn sudharak	lakanna
shivatatv chiantamani	jakkanarth
noorodusthal	hathy
buddharay charit	vishveshvar
chamatkar-chandrika	hathy
parijataharan	visheshvar
jambavati kalyan	krishnadev ray
pramuliang lile	chamaras
bhachiantaratn	mallanarth
satyendr cholakathe	mallanarth
vir shaivamrit	mallanarth

mudra vyavastha

vijayanagar mean svarn ka sarvadhik prasiddh sikka 'varah' tha, jisaka vazan 52 gren tha, aur jise videshi yatriyoan ne hoon, paradaus ya pago da ke roop mean ullikhit kiya hai. chaandi ke chhote sikke ‘tar’ kahalate the. sone ke chhote sikke ko 'pratap' tatha 'phanam' kaha jata tha. vijayanagar samrajy ke sansthapak harihar pratham ke svarn sikkoan (varah) par hanuman evan garu d ki akritiyaan aankit hai. tuluv vansh ke sikkoan par garu d, uma, maheshvar, veankatesh aur krishna ki akritiyaan evan sadashiv ray ke sikkoan par lakshmi, narayan ki akriti aankit hai. aravidu vansh ke shasak vaishnav dharmanuyayi the, atah unake sikkoan par veankatesh, shankh evan chakr aankit haian.

sainy vyavastha

vijayanagar ki sena mean paidal, ashvarohi, hathi tatha ooant shamil the. sainy vibhag ko ‘kandachar’ kaha jata tha. is vibhag ka uchch adhikari ‘dandanayak’ ya ‘senapati’ hota tha.

nyay vyavastha

rajy ka pradhan nyayadhish raja hota tha. bhayankar aparadh ke lie sharir ke aang vichchhedan ka dand diya jata tha. prantoan mean prantapati tatha gaanvoan mean 'ayangar' nyay karata tha. nyay vyavastha hindoo dharm par adharit thi. pulis vibhag ka kharch veshyaoan par lagaye gaye kar se chalata tha.

samajik dasha

vijayanagar samrajy mean samaj char vargoan mean vibhajit tha, jo is prakar the -

1. viprul
2. rajalu
3. motikiratalu aur
4. nalavajative

inaka sanbandh kramashah brahman, kshatriy, vaishy tatha shoodr se tha. samaj mean brahmanoan ko charoan varnoan mean sarvochch sthan prapt tha. kshatriyoan ke bare mean vijayanagar kalin samaj mean koee janakari nahian milati. brahmanoan ko aparadh ke lie koee saza nahian milata thi. madhyavargiy logoan mean shettiyoan evan chettiyoan ka mahattvapoorn sthan tha. adhikaansh vyapar inhian ke dvara kiya jata tha. vyapar ke atirikt ye log lipik evan lekhakaryoan mean bhi nipun the. chettiyoan ki tarah vyapar mean nipun dastakar varg ke logoan ko ‘vir paanchal’ kaha jata tha. uttar bharat se dakshin bharat mean akar base logoan ko ‘badava’ kaha gaya. nimn v chhote samooh ke antargat lohar, badhee, moortikar, svarnakar v any dhatukarmi tatha julahe ate the. julahe mandir kshetr mean rahate the aur sath hi mandir prashasan v sthaniy gharoan ke aropan mean unaka sahayog hota tha.

das pratha

is dauran das pratha ka bhi prachalan tha. mahila evan purush donoan varg ke log das hua karate the. manushyoan ke kharide evan beche jane vale ko ‘bes-vag’ kaha jata tha. liye gaye rrin ko n de pane evan divaliya hone ki sthiti mean rrin lene valoan ko das banana p data tha.

striyoan ki sthiti

vijayanagar kalin samaj mean striyoan ki sammanajanak sthiti thi. sanpoorn bharatiy itihas mean vijayanagar hi aisa ekamatr samrajy tha, jisane vishal sankhya mean striyoan ko rajakiy padoan par niyukt kiya tha. kintu samaj mean bal vivah, devadasi evan sati pratha jaisi kuprathaean bhi vidyaman thi. raja ki aangarakshikaoan ke roop mean striyoan ki niyukti hoti thi. mandiroan mean devapooja ke lie rahane vali striyoan ko devadasi kaha jata tha, jo ajivan kuanvari rahati thian. ganikaoan ka samaj mean mahattvapoorn sthan tha. ye do tarah ki hoti thian-

1. mandiroan se sambandhit aur
2. svatantr dhang se jivan-yapan karane vali.

ye paryapt shikshit tatha visheshadhikari sampann hoti thian. raja evan samant log bina kisi apatti ke inase sambandh banate the.

sati pratha ka prachalan

vijayanagar kalin samaj mean sati pratha ka prachalan nayakoan evan rajaparivar tak hi simit tha. edavard barbosa bhi vijayanagar mean prachalit sati pratha ka ullekh karata hai. rajy ne vyavaharik drishti se sati pratha ko pashray nahian diya. yuddh mean shaury ka pradarshan karane ke karan un vyaktiyoan ko samman ke roop mean pair mean ‘gandapedr’ ka k da pahanaya jata tha. bad mean yah samman asainik samman ke roop mean mantriyoan, viddhanoan sainikoan evan any sammaniy vyaktiyoan ko diya jane laga. vijayanagar naresh shiksha ko pratyaksh protsahan nahian dete the. mandir, math evan agrahar mukhy shiksha ke kendr the. agraharoan mean mukhy roop se vedoan ki shiksha di jati thi. tuluv vansh ne shiksha ko paryapt protsahan diya.

manoranjan ke kshetr mean natak evan sangitamay abhinay (yakshagan) ka prachalan tha. bomaghat (chhaya-natak) natak kafi saraha jata tha. shataranj, jua v pase ke khel ke prachalan mean hone ka ullekh milata hai. krishnadev ray svayan shataranj ke khila di the.

dharmik evan saanskritik sthiti

vijayanagar kalin shasakoan ne hindoo dharm tatha sanskriti ko protsahit kiya. yah dakshin bharat ka ek matr hindoo rajy tha, jisane hindoo dharm ki sanskriti ko akshunn banaye rakha. vijayanagar ke shasakoan ne sthapatyakala, natyakala, pratimakala evan bhasha aur sahity ke kshetr mean bhi vishesh ruchi dikhaee.

bhasha aur sahity

vijayanagar samrajy mean dakshin bharatiy bhashaoan telugoo, kann d, tamil ke atirikt sanskrit bhasha ka bhi vikas hua. vedoan ke prasiddh bhashyakar sayan tatha madhav vidyarany vijayanagar ke the.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh