विधि आयोग
vidhi ayog (aangrezi:Law Commission) vidhi sanbandhi vishayoan par mahatvapoorn sujhav dene ke lie rajy sarakar avashyakatanusar ayog niyukt kar deti hai; inhean vidhi ayog kahate haian. bharat mean bhootakal mean char ayog kary kar chuke haian, pancham ayog 5 agast, 1955 ko bana. isaka bhi kary pray: samapt ho chuka hai.
pratham ayog
pratham ayog 1833 ke chartar aikt ke aantargat sanh 1834 mean bana. isake nirman ke samay bharat eest iandiya kanpani ke shasan mean tha, kiantu vidhi parit karane ke lie koee ekamev satta n thi, nyayalayoan ka adhikar kshetr aspasht evan paraspar sparshi tha tatha kuchh vidhiyoan ka svaroop bhi bharat ke pratikool tha. is sthiti ko drishti mean rakhate hue lard maikale ne british parlameant mean bharat ke lie ek vidhi ayog ki nirmiti par bal diya. pratham ayog ke char sadasy the, jisamean maikale adhyaksh the. is ayog ko vartaman nyayalayoan ke adhikar kshetr evan niyamavali, tatha british bharat mean prachalit samast vidhi ke vishay mean jaanch karane, riport dene aur jati dharmadi ko dhyan mean rakhakar uchit sujhav dene ka kary sauanpa gaya.[1]
aparadhik vidhi ayog
sarvapratham is ayog ka dhyan aparadhik vidhi ki or akarshit hua. bangal tatha madras mean islamik dandavidhi prachalit thi, jo apane adimapan evan avicharikata ke karan sarvatha anupayukt thi. maikale ke pathapradarshan mean pratham ayog ne bharatiy dandasanhita ka praroop taiyar kiya, kiantu karanavash use vidhi ka roop n diya ja saka.
niryogyata nivarak vidhi
bharat ka sivil l aau bhi astavyast dasha mean tha. us par di gee gee riport, jise deshiy vidhi (laiks losai) riport nam diya gaya, atyadhik mahatvapoorn mani gee kiantu vah gahan vivad ka vishay bani rahi. usaka keval ek khand hi parit hua-jati niryogyata nivarak vidhi. maikale ke avakash prapt hote hi yah ayog bhi nishkriy ho gaya.[1]
dvitiy ayog
dvitiy ayog ki niyukti 1853 ee. ke chartar ke aantargat huee. ise pratham ayog dvara prastut praroopoan, evan nyayalay tatha nyay prakriya ke sudhar hetu ayog dvara die ge sujhavoan ka parikshan kar riport dene ka kary sauanpa gaya. is ayog ke ath sadasy the.
bharatiy uchch nyayalay vidhi ayog
apani pratham riport mean ayog ne phort viliyam sthit sarvochch nyayalay evan sadar divani aur nijamat adalatoan ke ekikaran ka sujhav diya, prakriyatmak vidhi ki sanhitaean tatha yojanaean prastut kian. isi prakar pashchimottar praantoan aur madras tatha banbee praantoan ke lie bhi tritiy aur chaturth riport mean yojanaean banaeean. phalasvaroop 1859 ee. mean divani vyavahar sanhita evan limiteshan aikt, 1860 mean bharatiy dandasanhita evan 1861 mean aparadhik vyavahar sanhita banian. 1861 ee. mean hi bharatiy uchch nyayalay vidhi parit huee jisamean ayog ke sujhav sakar hue. 1861 mean divani sanhita uchch nyayalayoan par lagoo kar di gee. apani dvitiy riport mean ayog ne sanhitakaran par bal diya, kiantu sath hi yah sujhav bhi diya ki hianduoan aur musalamanoan ke vaiyaktik kanoon ko sparsh karana buddhimattapoorn n hoga. yah kary phir ek shatabdi ke bad hi sanpann hua. is ayog ki ay keval tin varsh rahi.[1]
tritiy ayog
tritiy ayog ki niyukti ka pramukh karan dvitiy ayog ka alpayu hona tha. simit samay mean dvitiy ayog kary poorn n kar saka tha. tritiy ayog 1861 mean nirmit hua. isake sammukh mukhy samasya thi, maulik divani vidhi ke sangrah ka praroop banana. tritiy ayog ki niyukti bharatiy vidhi ke sanhitakaran ki or pratham pag tha.
sat riportoan ka praroop
ayog ne sat riportean dian. pratham riport ne age chalakar bharatiy day vidhi 1865 ka roop liya. dvitiy riport mean tha anubandh vidhi ka praroop, tritiy mean bharatiy parakramyakaran vidhi ka praroop, chaturth mean vishisht anutosh vidhi ka, pancham mean bharatiy sakshy vidhi ka evan shashth mean sanpatti hastaantaran vidhi ka praroop prastut kiya gaya tha. saptam evan aantim riport aparadhik sanhita ke sanshodhan ke vishay mean thi. in riportoan ke uparaant bhi unhean vidhi ka roop dene mean bharatiy shasan ne koee tatparata nahian dikhaee. 1869 mean is vishay ki or ayog ke sadasyoan ne adhikariyoan ka dhyan akarshit bhi kiya. kiantu parinam kuchh n nikala. isi bich sadasyoan tatha bharat sarakar ke madhy anubandh vidhi ke praroop par matabhed ne vikaral roop le liya, phalat: ayog ke sadasyoan ne asantosh vyakt karate hue tyagapatr de diya aur is prakar tritiy ayog samapt ho gaya.[1]
chaturth ayog
chaturth ayog ke janm ka bhi mukhy karan tritiy ayog ke saman dvitiy ayog ki dvitiy riport thi. bharat sarakar ne anek shakhaoan ke vidhi praroop ka kary vitali stoks ko sauanpa tha, jo 1879 ee. mean poorn kiya gaya. isaki poorti par sarakar ne ek ayog in vidheyakoan ki dharaoan ka parikshan karane tatha maulik vidhi ke shesh aangoan ke nimitt sujhav dene ke lie niyukt kiya. yahi tha chaturth ayog. isaki janmatithi thi 11 pharavari, 1869 aur sadasy the vitali stoks, sar charls tarnar evan remand vest. is ayog ne nau mas mean apani riport poorn kar di. usane kaha ki bharat mean vidhi nirman ke lie avashyak tatvoan ka abhav hai, atev mool siddhaant aangl vidhi se lie jaean kiantu yah agaman simit ho taki vah bharat ki virodhi paristhitiyoan mean upayukt evan upayogi ho, sanhitaoan ke siddhaant vistrit, sade ev saralataya se samajh mean a sake. vidhi sarvatr abhinn ho, tatha vikriti vishayak vidhi ka nirman ho.[1]
in sipharishoan ke phalasvaroop vyavasthapika sabha ne 1881 ee. mean parakramyakaran, 1882 mean nyas, sanpatti hastaantaran aur sukhabhog ki vidhiyoan tatha 1882 mean hi samavay vidhi, divani tatha aparadhik vyavahar sanhita ka sanshodhit sanskaran parit kiya. in sabhi sanhitaoan mean vaiantham ke siddhaantoan ka pratibianb jhalakata hai. in sanhitaoan ko bharat ki vidhi ko aspasht, paraspar virodhi tatha anishchit avastha se bahar nikalane ka shrey hai. charoan ayogoan ke parishram se sahi pratham ayog ke sammukh upasthit kiya gaya kary sanpann ho saka.
pancham ayog
5 agast, 1955 ko pancham ayog ki ghoshana bharatiy sansad mean huee. isaka kary poorv ayogoan se bhinnata lie hue tha. unaka mukhy kary tha navanirman, isaka tha sanshodhan. isake adhyaksh the shri sitalavad aur unake atirikt 10 any sadasy the.[1]
isake samaksh do mukhy kary rakhe ge. ek to nyay shasan ka sarvatomukhi punaravalokan aur usamean sudhar hetu avashyak sujhav, doosara pramukh keandriy vidhiyoan ka parikshan kar unhean adhunik avastha mean upayukt banane ke lie avashyak sanshodhan prastut karana. pratham samasya par apani chaturdash ripoanrt mean ayog ne jaanch ke parinamasvaroop utpann vichar vyakt kie. is riport mean ayog ne sarvochch nyayalay, uchch nyayalay, tatha adhin nyayalay, nyay mean klianb, vadanirnay, dikri nishpadan, shasan ke viruddh vad, nyayalay shulk, vidhishiksha, vakil, vidhisahayata, vidhi riport, evan nyayalay ki bhasha adi mahatvapoorn vishayoan par mat pragat kie.
apane kary ke doosare paksh mean vidhi ayog ne anek prativedan ab tak prastut kie hai. yah sabhi atyant khojapoorn aur mahatvapoorn haian. jin vishayoan par ab tak riport a chuki haian unamean pramukh haian, dushkriti mean shasan ka dayitv, bikri kar sanbandhi sansadiy vidhi, uchchanyayalayoan ke sthan se sanbandhit samasya, british vidhi jo bharat mean lagoo hai, panjikaran vidhi 1908, bhagita vidhi 1932 evan bharatiy sakshy vidhi, ityadi.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh