विशेषण
sanjna athava sarvanam shabdoan ki visheshata (gun, dosh, sankhya, pariman adi) batane vale shabd ‘visheshan’ kahalate haian.
jaise - b da, kala, lanba, dayalu, bhari, sundar, kayar, tedha-medha, ek, do adi.
- visheshan sarthak shabdoan ke ath bhedoan mean ek bhed hai.
- vyakaran mean visheshan ek vikari shabd hai.
visheshy
jis sanjna athava sarvanam shabd ki visheshata bataee jae vah visheshy kahalata hai.
- yatha- gita sundar hai. isamean ‘sundar’ visheshan hai aur ‘gita’ visheshy hai.
- visheshan shabd visheshy se poorv bhi ate haian aur usake bad bhi.
- poorv mean, jaise-
- tho da-sa jal lao.
- ek mitar kap da le ana.
- bad mean, jaise-
- yah rasta lanba hai.
- khira k dava hai.
visheshan ke bhed
visheshan ke char bhed haian-
- gunavachak.
- parimanavachak.
- sankhyavachak.
- sanketavachak athava sarvanamik.
gunavachak visheshan
- jin visheshan shabdoan se sanjna athava sarvanam shabdoan ke gun-dosh ka bodh ho ve gunavachak visheshan kahalate haian. jaise-
kram | visheshan | sanjna athava sarvanam |
---|---|---|
1- | bhav | achchha, bura, kayar, vir, darapok adi. |
2- | rang | lal, hara, pila, safed, kala, chamakila, phika adi. |
3- | dasha | patala, mota, sookha, gadha, pighala, bhari, gila, garib, amir, rogi, svasth, palatoo adi. |
4- | akar | gol, sudaul, nukila, saman, pola adi. |
5- | samay | agala, pichhala, dopahar, sandhya, savera adi. |
6- | sthan | bhitari, bahari, panjabi, japani, purana, taja, agami adi. |
7- | gun | bhala, bura, sundar, mitha, khatta, dani,sach, jhooth, sidha adi. |
8- | disha | uttari, dakshini, poorvi, pashchimi adi. |
parimanavachak visheshan
- jin visheshan shabdoan se sanjna ya sarvanam ki matra athava nap-tol ka jnan ho ve parimanavachak visheshan kahalate haian.
- parimanavachak visheshan ke do upabhed hai-
- nishchit parimanavachak visheshan- jin visheshan shabdoan se vastu ki nishchit matra ka jnan ho. jaise-
(k) mere soot mean sadhe tin mitar kap da lagega. (kh) das kilo chini le ao. (g) do litar doodh garam karo.
- anishchit parimanavachak visheshan- jin visheshan shabdoan se vastu ki anishchit matra ka jnan ho. jaise-
(k) tho di-si namakin vastu le ao. (kh) kuchh am de do. (g) tho da-sa doodh garam kar do.
sankhyavachak visheshan
- jin visheshan shabdoan se sanjna ya sarvanam ki sankhya ka bodh ho ve sankhyavachak visheshan kahalate haian. jaise - ek, do, dvitiy, duguna, chauguna, paanchoan adi.
- sankhyavachak visheshan ke do upabhed haian-
nishchit sankhyavachak visheshan
jin visheshan shabdoan se nishchit sankhya ka bodh ho. jaise - do pustakean mere lie le ana.
nishchit sankhyavachak ke nimnalikhit char bhed haian -
(k) ganavachak - jin shabdoan ke dvara ginati ka bodh ho. jaise-
(1) ek l daka skool ja raha hai.
(2) pachchis rupaye dijie.
(3) kal mere yahaan do mitr aeange.
(4) char am lao.
(kh) kramavachak - jin shabdoan ke dvara sankhya ke kram ka bodh ho. jaise-
(1) pahala l daka yahaan ae.
(2) doosara l daka vahaan baithe.
(3) ram kaksha mean pratham raha.
(4) shyam dvitiy shreni mean pas hua hai.
(g) avrittivachak - jin shabdoan ke dvara keval avritti ka bodh ho. jaise-
(1) mohan tumase chauguna kam karata hai.
(2) gopal tumase duguna mota hai.
(gh) samudayavachak - jin shabdoan ke dvara keval samoohik sankhya ka bodh ho. jaise-
(1) tum tinoan ko jana p dega.
(2) yahaan se charoan chale jao.
anishchit sankhyavachak visheshan
- jin visheshan shabdoan se nishchit sankhya ka bodh n ho. jaise-kuchh bachche park mean khel rahe haian.
sanketavachak visheshan
- jo sarvanam sanket dvara sanjna ya sarvanam ki visheshata batalate haian ve sanketavachak visheshan kahalate haian.
vishesh - kyoanki sanketavachak visheshan sarvanam shabdoan se banate haian, atah ye sarvanamik visheshan kahalate haian. inhean nirdeshak bhi kahate haian.
parimanavachak aur sankhyavachak visheshan mean aantar
- jin vastuoan ki nap-tol ki ja sake unake vachak shabd parimanavachak visheshan kahalate haian. jaise-‘kuchh doodh lao’. isamean ‘kuchh’ shabd tol ke lie aya hai. isalie yah parimanavachak visheshan hai.
- jin vastuoan ki ginati ki ja sake unake vachak shabd sankhyavachak visheshan kahalate haian. jaise-kuchh bachche idhar ao. yahaan par ‘kuchh’ bachchoan ki ginati ke lie aya hai. isalie yah sankhyavachak visheshan hai. parimanavachak visheshanoan ke bad dravy athava padarthavachak sanjnaean aeangi jabaki sankhyavachak visheshanoan ke bad jativachak sanjnaean ati haian.
sarvanam aur sarvanamik visheshan mean aantar
jis shabd ka prayog sanjna shabd ke sthan par ho use sarvanam kahate haian. jaise-vah muanbee gaya. is vaky mean vah sarvanam hai. jis shabd ka prayog sanjna se poorv athava bad mean visheshan ke roop mean kiya gaya ho use sarvanamik visheshan kahate haian. jaise-vah rath a raha hai. isamean vah shabd rath ka visheshan hai. atah yah sarvanamik visheshan hai.
visheshan ki avasthaean
visheshan shabd kisi sanjna ya sarvanam ki visheshata batalate haian. visheshata bataee jane vali vastuoan ke gun-dosh kam-zyada hote haian. gun-doshoan ke is kam-zyada hone ko tulanatmak dhang se hi jana ja sakata hai. tulana ki drishti se visheshanoan ki nimnalikhit tin avasthaean hoti haian-
- moolavastha
- uttaravastha
- uttamavastha
moolavastha
moolavastha mean visheshan ka tulanatmak roop nahian hota hai. vah keval samany visheshata hi prakat karata hai. jaise-
- savitri suandar l daki hai.
- suresh achchha l daka hai.
- soory tejasvi hai.
uttaravastha
jab do vyaktiyoan ya vastuoan ke gun-doshoan ki tulana ki jati hai tab visheshan uttaravastha mean prayukt hota hai. jaise-
- ravindr chetan se adhik buddhiman hai.
- savita rama ki apeksha adhik sundar hai.
uttamavastha
uttamavastha mean do se adhik vyaktiyoan evan vastuoan ki tulana karake kisi ek ko sabase adhik athava sabase kam bataya gaya hai. jaise-
- panjab mean adhikatam ann hota hai.
- sandip nikrishtatam balak hai.
vishesh - keval gunavachak evan anishchit sankhyavachak tatha nishchit parimanavachak visheshanoan ki hi ye tulanatmak avasthaean hoti haian, any visheshanoan ki nahian.
avasthaoan ke roop
- adhik aur sabase adhik shabdoan ka prayog karake uttaravastha aur uttamavastha ke roop banae ja sakate haian. jaise-
moolavastha | uttaravastha | uttamavastha |
---|---|---|
achchhi | adhik achchhi | sabase achchhi |
chatur | adhik chatur | sabase adhik chatur |
buddhiman | adhik buddhiman | sabase adhik buddhiman |
balavan | adhik balavan | sabase adhik balavan |
isi prakar doosare visheshan shabdoan ke roop bhi banae ja sakate haian.
- tatsam shabdoan mean moolavastha mean visheshan ka mool roop, uttaravastha mean ‘tar’ aur uttamavastha mean ‘tam’ ka prayog hota hai. jaise-
moolavastha | uttaravastha | uttamavastha |
---|---|---|
uchch | uchchatar | uchchatam |
kathor | kathoratar | kathoratam |
guru | gurutar | gurutam |
mahan | mahanatar,mahattar | mahanatam,mahattam |
nyoon | nyoonatar | nyanootam |
laghu | laghutar | laghutam |
tivr | tivratar | tivratam |
vishal | vishalatar | vishalatam |
utkrisht | utkrishtar | utkritatam |
suandar | suandaratar | suandaratam |
madhur | madhuratar | madhutaratam |
visheshanoan ki rachana
- kuchh shabd moolaroop mean hi visheshan hote haian, kintu kuchh visheshan shabdoan ki rachana sanjna, sarvanam evan kriya shabdoan se ki jati hai-
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