वैशेषिक दर्शन

parichay

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pray: charvaketar sabhi bharatiy darshan moksh prapti ko manav-jivan ka lakshy manate haian. darshan shabd ka samany arth hai- dekhane ka madhyam ya sadhan athava dekhana. sthool padarthoan ke sandarbh mean jisako drishti kaha jata hai, vahi sookshm padarthoan ke sambandh mean antardrashti hai. bharatiy chintakoan ne darshan shabd ka prayog sthool aur sookshm arthath bhautik aur adhyatmik donoan arthoan mean kiya hai, tathapi jahaan any darshanoan mean adhyatmik chintan par adhik bal diya gaya hai, vahaan nyay darshan mean praman-mimaansa aur vaisheshik darshan mean pramukh roop se pramey-mimaansa arthat bhautik padarthoan ka vishleshan kiya gaya hai. is drishti se vaisheshik darshan ko adhyatmonmukh jijnasa pradhan darshan kaha ja sakata hai. nyay aur vaisheshik darshan pramukh roop se is vicharadhara par ashrit rahe haian ki jagat mean jin vastuoan ka hamean anubhav hota hai ve sat haian. at: unhoanne drishyaman jagath se pare jo samasyaean ya gutthiyaan haian, un par vichar kendrit karane ki apeksha drishyaman jagat ko vastavik manakar usaki satta ka vishleshan karana hi adhik upayukt samajha. vastuvadi aur jijnasa pradhan hone ke karan tatha pramey-pradhan vishleshan ke karan vaisheshik darshan vyavaharik ya laukik drishti se bhi bahut mahattvapoorn hai. nyay-vaisheshik ke anusar jnata, jney aur jnan ki prithakh-prithakh vastu-satta hai, jabaki vedant mean yah mana jata hai ki jnata jnanasvaroop hai aur jney bhi jnan se prithakh nahian hai. nyay aur vaisheshik yadyapi samanatantr haian, phir bhi nyay praman-pradhan darshan hai jabaki vaisheshik pramey-pradhan. isake atirikt any kee sankalpanaoan mean bhi in donoan darshanoan ka parthaky hai.

vaisheshik nam ka karan

vaisheshik darshan apane ap mean mahattvapoorn hone ke atirikt any darshanoan tatha vidyasthanoan ke pratipady siddhantoan ke jnan aur vishleshan mean bhi bahut upakarak hai. kautily ne vaisheshik ka prithakh roop se to ullekh nahian kiya, kintu sanbhavat: samanatantr anvikshiki mean vaisheshik ka bhi antarbhav manate hue kautily ne yah kaha ki anvikshiki sab vidyaoan ka pradip hai.

bharatiy chintan-parampara mean nyay, vaisheshik, saankhy, yog, mimaansa, vedant prabhriti chh: astik darshanoan aur charvak, bauddh, jain in tin nastik darshanoan ka apana-apana sthan v mahattv raha hai.

• saankhy mean trividh du:khoan ki nivritti ko,
• yog mean chittavritti ke nirodh ko,
• mimaansa mean dharm ki jijnasa ko aur
• vedant mean brahm ki jijnasa ko ni:shreyas ka sadhan bataya gaya hai; jabaki vaisheshik mean padarthoan ke tattvajnanaroopi dharm arthath unake samany aur vishisht roopoan ke vishleshan se paralaukik ni:shreyas ke sath-sath ih laukik abhyuday ko bhi sadhy mana gaya hai. any darshanoan mean pray: jnan ki satta ko siddh man kar usake astitvabodh aur vijnan ko moksh ya ni:shrey ka sadhan bataya gaya hai, kintu vaisheshik mean drishyaman vastuoan ke sadharmy-vaidharmyamoolak tattvajnan ko sadhy mana gaya hai. is prakar vaisheshik darshan mean lokadharmita tatha vaijnanikata se samanvit adhyatmikata parilakshit hoti hai. yahi karan hai ki nyay-vaisheshik ko vyakaran ke saman any shastroan ke jnan ka bhi upakarak ya pradip kaha gaya hai.

advait vedant mean brahm ko hi ekamatr sat kaha gaya hai. bauddhoan ne sarv shoonyan jaise kathan kiye, saankhyoan ne prakriti-purush ke vivek ki bat ki. is prakar in sabane bhautik jagath ke samoohik ya sarvasamany kisi ek tattv ko bhautik jagath se bahar dhooandhane ka prayatn kiya. kintu vaisheshikoan ne n keval samagr brahmand ka, apitu pratyek padarth ka tattv usake hi andar dhooandhane ka prayas kiya aur yah bataya ki pratyek vastu ka niji vaishishtray hi usaka tattv ya svaroop hai aur pratyek vastu apane ap mean ek satta hai. is mool bhavana ke sath hi vaisheshikoan ne drishyaman jagat ki sabhi vastuoan ko chh: ya sat vargoan mean samahit karake vastuvadi drishti se apane mantavy prastut kiye. in chh: ya sat padarthoan mean sarvapratham dravy ka ullekh kiya gaya hai, kyoanki usako hi kendrit karake any padarth apani satta ka bhan karate haian. pahale to vaisheshikoan ne chh: hi padarth mane the, par bad mean unako yah abhas hua ki vastuoan ke bhav ki tarah unaka abhav bhi vastutattv ke niroopan mean sahayak hota hai. at: gun, karm samany vishesh ke sath-sath abhav ka bhi vaisheshik padarthoan mean samavesh kiya gaya. abhipray yah hai ki sabhi 'vastuoan ka niji vaishishtray hi unaka svabhav hai' – kya is adhar par hi is shastr ko vaisheshik kaha gaya? is jijnasa ke samadhan ke sandarbh mean anek vidvanoan ne jo vichar prastut kiye, unaka sar is prakar hai –

1. vishesh padarth se yukt hone ke karan yah shastr vaisheshik kahalata hai. any darshanoan mean vishesh ka upadesh vaisa nahian hai jaisa ki isamean hai. vishesh ko svatantr padarth manane ke karan is darshan ki any darshanoan se bhinnata hai. vishesh padarth vyavartak hai. at: is shastr ki sanjna vaisheshik hai.
2. vishesh gunoan ka uchchhed hi mukti hai, n ki du:kh ka atyantik uchchhed. mukti ka pratipadan charvaketar sabhi darshan karate haian, kintu vishesh gun ko lekar mukti ka pratipadan isi darshan mean kiya gaya hai.
3. vigat: shesh: yatr s vishesh:- is prakar ka vigrah karane par vishesh ka arth 'niravashesh' ho jata hai aur is prakar sabhi padarthoan ka chh: ya sat mean antarbhav ho jata hai.
4. 'visheshanan vishesh:'—aisa vigrah karane par yah arth ho jata hai ki padarthoan ke lakshan- parikshan dvara jo shastr unaka bodh karavaye, vah vaisheshik hai.
5. is darshan mean atma ke bhed tatha usamean rahane vale vishesh gunoan ka vyakhyan kiya gaya hai. kapil ne atma ke bhedoan ko svikar kiya, kintu unako vishesh gun vala nahian mana. vedant to atma ke bhed aur gunoan ko svikar nahian karata. at: atma ke vishesh gun aur bhed svikar karane se is darshan ko vaisheshik kaha jata hai.
6. anek pashchatty aur bharatiy vidvanoan ne vaisheshik ko dipharensiyalist darshan kaha hai, kyoanki unaki drishti mean yah bhedabuddhi (vaishishtray-vichar) par adharit hone ke karan bhedavadi hai.

vaisheshik shabd ki vyutpatti

vaisheshik shabd ki vyutpatti vibhinn bhashyakaroan, tikakaroan aur vrittikaroan ne apane-apane drishtikon se ki. unamean se kuchh ka yahaan ullekh karana aprasangik n hoga.

1. achary chandr : vaisheshik vishishtopadeshta.
2. chandrakant : yadidan vaisheshikan nam shastramarabdhan tatkhalu tantrantarath visheshasyarth- syabhidhanath (chandrakantabhashyamh).
3. manibhadrasoori: naiyayikebhyo dravyagunadisamagrya vishishtamiti vaisheshikamh (shaddarshanasamuchchay-vritti- pri. 4).
4. gunaratn: nityadravyavrittayoantya vishesha: evan vaisheshikamh (vinayadibhy: svarthe ikh) tadh vaisheshikan vidanti adhiyate va (tadvaityadhit ityani) vaisheshika: teshamidan vaisheshikamh (shaddarshanasamuchchayavritti).
5. udayanachary: (k)vishesho vyavachchhed: tattvanishchay: ten vyavaharantityarth: (kiranavali pri. 613), (kh) tattvamanaropitan roopamh. tachch sadharmyavaidharmyabhyamev vivichyate (kiranavali pri. 5)
6. shridhar : sadharmy-vaidharmyamh ev tattvamh (asyarth: - vaidharmaroopath tattvath utpannan yath shastran tadev vaisheshikamh) – nyayakandali).
7. durvekamishr : dravyakunakarmasamanyavisheshasamavayatmake padarthavisheshe vyavaharantiti vaisheshika: (dharmottarapradip:).
8. adhunik samikshak : udayavir shastri prabhriti adhikatar vidvanoan ka bhi yahi vichar hai –kanad ne jin param sookshm prithivyadi bhootatattvoan ko jagath ka mool upadan mana hai, unaka nam vishesh hai. at: isi adhar par is shastr ka nam vaisheshik p da.

vaisheshikasootr mean vaisheshik shabd keval ek bar prayukt hua hai- jisaka arth hai- visheshata.

uparyukt kathanoan par vichar karane ke anantar yahi mat samuchit pratit hota hai ki nity aur anity padarthoan ke antim paramanuoan mean rahane vale aur unako ek doosare se vyavritt karane vale vishesh namak padarth ki udbhavana par adharit hone ke karan is darshan ka nam vaisheshik p da. yogasootr par apane bhashy mean vyas ne bhi isi mat ka samarthan kiya hai.

padarth tattv niroopanam

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• raghunath shiromani ne vaisheshik ke sat padarthoan ki samiksha ki aur vishesh ke padarthatv ka khandan kiya.

vaisheshik darshan ki tattv mimaansa

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• maharshi kanad ne vaisheshikasootr mean dravy, gun, karm, samany, vishesh aur samavay namak chh: padarthoan ka nirdesh kiya aur prashastapad prabhriti bhashyakaroan ne pray: kanad ke mantavy ka anusaran karate hue padarthoan ka vishleshan kiya.
• shivadity (10vian shati) se poorvavarti achary chandramati ke atirikt pray: any sabhi prakhyat vyakhyakaroan ne padarthoan ki sankhya chh: hi mani, kintu shivadity ne saptapadarthi mean kanadokt chh: padarthoan mean abhav ko bhi jo d kar saptapadarthavad ka pravartan karate hue vaisheshik chintan mean ek krantikari parivartan kar diya. yadyapi chandramati (6thi shati) ne dashapadarthi (dashapadarthashastr) mean kanadasammat chh: padartho mean shakti, ashakti, samany-vishesh aur abhav ko jo dakar dash padarthoan ka ullekh kiya tha, kintu chini anuvad ke roop mean upalabdh is granth ka aur isamean pravartit dashapadarthavad ka vaisheshik ke chintan par koee vishesh prabhav nahian p da. haan, aisa pratit hota hai ki abhav ke padarthatv par chandramati ke samay se lekar shivadity ke samay tak jo charcha huee, usako manyata dete hue hi shivadity ne abhav ka padarthatv to pratishthapit kar hi diya. kuchh vidvanoan ka yah bhi mat hai ki kanad ne arambh mean moolat: dravy, gun aur karm ye tin hi padarth mane the. shesh tin ka pravartan bad mean hua. adhikatar yahi mat prachalit hai, phir bhi sankshepat: chh: padarthoan ka pariganan kanad ne hi kar diya tha.

vaisheshik darshan ka vaishishty

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vaisheshik siddhantoan ka atiprachinatv pray: sarvasvikrit hai. maharshi kanad dvara rachit vaisheshikasootr mean bauddhoan ke siddhantoan ki samiksha n hone ke karan yah bhi svikar kiya ja sakata hai ki kanad buddh ke poorvavarti haian. jo vidvan kanad ko buddh ka poorvavarti nahian manate, unamean se adhikatar itana to manate hi haian ki kanad doosari shati eesvi poorv se pahale hue hoange. sankshepat: saankhyasootrakar kapil aur brahmasootrkar vyas ke atirikt any sabhi astik darshanoan ke pravarttakoan mean se kanad sarvadhik poorvavarti haian. at: vaisheshik darshan ko saankhy aur vedant ke atirikt any sabhi bharatiy darshanoan ka poorvavarti manate hue yah kaha ja sakata hai ki keval darshanik chintan ki drishti se hi nahian, apitu atiprachin hone ke karan bhi is darshan ka apana vishisht mahattv hai.

vaisheshik darshan ki achar-mimaansa

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pray: sabhi darshanoan ke akar granthoan mean jnan mimaansa aur tattv mimaansa ke sath-sath kisi-n-kisi roop mean achar ka vivechan bhi antarnihit rahata hai. dharm, arth, kam, moksh ke samyak vivek ke sath jivan mean santulit kary karana hi achar hai. yahi karan hai ki pratyek vivekashil vyakti kabhi-n-kabhi yah sochane ke lie badhy ho jata hai ki jivan kya hai? sansar kya hai? sansar se usaka sanyog ya viyog kaise aur kyoan hota hai? kya koee aisi shakti hai, jo usaka niyantran kar rahi hai? kya manushy jo kuchh hai usamean vah koee parivartan la sakata hai? vyashti aur samashti mean kya antar ya sambandh hai? ek vyakti ka any vyaktiyoan ya jagat ke prati kya kartavy hai? ye aur kee any aise prashn haian jo ek or rahasyamayi paralaukikata ko sparsh karate haian. prakarantar se yah kaha ja sakata hai ki jo prayatn-shrriankhala sarthak aur samyakh uddeshy ki poorti ke lie drisht ko adrisht ke sath ya drisht ko drisht ke sath jo dati hai, vah laukik kshetr mean achar kahalati hai. sabhi bharatiy astik darshanoan mean achar nahian kiya. at: vaisheshik granthoan mean yatr-tatr jo katipay sanket upalabdh hote haian, unake adhar par hi yah kaha ja sakata hai ki vaisheshikoan ka acharaparak drishtikon bhi vedamoolak hi hai.

vaisheshik darshan ki jnan mimaansa

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jnan (prama) kya hai? jnan aur ajnan (aprama) mean kya bhed hai? jnan ke sadhan athava nishchayak ghatak kaun haian? in aur isi prakar ke kee any prashnoan ke uttar mean hi jnan ke svaroop ka kuchh parichay prapt kiya ja sakata hai. jnan apane ap mean vastut: ek nirapeksh saty hai, kintu jab usako paribhashit karane ka prayas kiya jata hai to vah vishleshak ki apani simaoan ke karan grahyavastha mean sapeksh saty ki paridhi mean a jata hai. phir bhi bharatiy manyataoan ke anusar kanad adi rrishi saty ke sakshat drashta haian. at: unhoanne jo kaha, vah pray: jnan ka nirapeksh vishleshan hi mana jata hai.

vaisheshik pramukh granth

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vaisheshik siddhantoan ki parampara atiprachin hai. mahabharat adi granthoan mean bhi isake tattv upalabdh hote haian. mahatma buddh aur unake anuyayiyoan ke kathanoan se bhi yah pramanit hota hai ki siddhantoan ke roop mean vaisheshik ka prachalan 600 ee. se pahale bhi vidyaman tha. maharshi kanad ne vaisheshik sootroan ka granthan kab kiya? isake sanbandh mean anusandhata vidvan kisi ek tithi par abhi tak sahamat nahian ho paye, kintu ab adhikatar vidvanoan ki yah dharana banati ja rahi hai ki kanad mahatma buddh ke poorvavarti the aur siddhant ke roop mean to vaisheshik parampara ati prachin kal se hi chali a rahi hai.

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sanbandhit lekh

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shrutiyaan

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