शंख लिपि
thumb|250px|shankh lipi shankh lipi prachin lipiyoan mean se ek hai, jo aj bhi ek anasulajhi paheli bani huee hai. inamean likhit abhilekh aj tak nahian padhe ja sake haian. bharat tatha java aur borniya mean prapt bahut se shilalekh shankh lipi mean haian. is lipi ke varn 'shankh' se milate-julate kalatmak hote haian. isilie ise shankh lipi kahate haian.
vistar
shankh lipi ko viratanagar se sanbandhit mana jata hai. udayagiri ki guphaoan ke shilalekhoan aur stanbhoan par yah lipi khudi huee hai. is lipi ke aksharoan ki akriti shankh ke akar ki hai. pratyek akshar is prakar likha gaya hai ki usase shankhakriti ubharakar samane dikhaee p dati hai. isalie ise shankh lipi kaha jane laga. rajasthan ke jayapur mean sthit bijar athava bijak ki paha diyoan mean b di sankhya mean aisi kandaraean haian, jinamean ek rahasyamay lipi utkirn hai. is lipi ko abhi tak padha nahian ja saka hai. shankh lipi ke nam se jani jane vali is lipi ke lekh b di sankhya mean bijak ki paha di, bhim ki dooangari tatha ganesh dooangari mean bani guphaoan mean aankit haian. in lekhoan ke akshar shankh ki akriti ke haian. vaijnanikoan ko is lipi ke abhilekh bharatiy upamahadvip ke bharat, indoneshiya, java tatha borniya adi deshoan se mile haian, jinase yah dharana banati hai ki jis tarah kisi kalakhand mean siandhu lipi janane vali sabhyata bharatiy upamahadvip mean vikasit huee thi, usi tarah shankh lipi janane vali koee sabhyata kisi kal khand mean bharatiy upamahadvip mean phali-phooli. ye log kaun the? inaka kalakhand kya tha? adi prashnoan ka uttar abhi tak nahian diya ja saka hai. bharat mean shankh lipi ke abhilekh uttar mean jammoo-kashmir ke akhanoor se lekar dakshin mean sudoor karnatak tatha pashchimi bangal ke susuniya se lekar pashchim mean gujarat ke joonagadh tak upalabdh haian. ye abhilekh is lipi ke ab tak jnat vishalatam bhandar haian.
rajagir ki prasiddh sonabhanda ki guphaoan mean lage daravajoan ki prastar chaukhatoan par evan bhittiyoan par shankh lipi mean kuchh sandesh likhe haian, jinhean padha nahian ja saka hai. bihar mean mundeshvari mandir tatha any kee sthanoan par yah lipi dekhane ko milati hai. madhy pradesh mean udayagiri ki guphaoan mean, maharashtr mean manasar se tatha bangal evan karnatak se bhi is lipi ke lekh mile haian. is lipi ke lekh mandiroan evan chaityoan ke bhitar, shail guphaoan mean tatha svatantr roop se bane stambhoan par utkirn milate haian.
kalakhand
utkirn abhilekhoan mean lipi ko atyant susajjit vidhi se likha gaya hai. kuchh vidvan is lipi ko brahmi lipi ke nikat manate haian. viratanagar se prapt abhilekhoan ki tithi tisari shatabdi eesvi mani gee hai. ek lekh mean ‘chail-chaitara’ padha gaya hai, jo sanskrit ka ‘shail-chaity’ mana gaya hai. isaka arth hota hai- ‘paha di par sthit chaity.’ isase anuman lagaya jata hai ki eesa ki tisari shatabdi mean yahaan koee paha di bauddh chaity tha. viratanagar tisari shatabdi ke asapas tak bauddh dharm ka b da kendr tha. maury samrat ashok ke bhabroo tatha viratanagar abhilekh isi sthan se mile haian. in paha diyoan mean anek chaity evan viharoan ke avashesh prapt hue haian.
prachin bauddh granth 'lalitavistar mean un 64 lipiyoan ke nam ginae ge haian, jo buddh ko sikhaee gee thian. unamean nagari lipi ka nam nahian hai, brahmi lipi ka nam hai. 'lalit vistar' ka chini bhasha mean anuvad eesvi 308 mean hua tha. jainoan ke pannavana sootr aur samavayaang sootr mean 18 lipiyoan ke nam die ge haian, jinamean pahala nam banbhi (brahmi) lipi ka hai. bhagavatisootr ka aranbh 'namo banbhi libie' (brahmi lipi ko namaskar) se hota hai. yadyapi in lipiyoan ka kal nirdharan nahian kiya ja saka hai, kiantu ye lipiyaan mahavir svami evan gautam buddh ke yug mean prachalan mean thian. shankh lipi bhi unamean se ek hai. is lipi ke lekh aj tak padhe nahian ja sake haian.
prachalan samay
brahmi lipi uttar bharat mean eesa se char sau sal pahale prachalan mean aee, kiantu dakshin bharat tatha shrilanka mean yah lipi eesa se 600 sal pahale prachalan mean thi. shankh lipi ka udbhav bhi usi kal mean mana jana chahie. bharahut stambhoan par mile is lipi ke abhilekh eesa se 300 varsh purane haian. udayagiri ki guphaoan mean shankh lipi ke lekh gupt kalin haian, jinake paanchavian shatabdi eesvi ka hona anumanit hai. devagadh ke stambhoan ki tithi paanchavian shatabdi eesvi ki hai. atah is par lekhoan ke utkirnan ki tithi paanchavian-chhathi shatabdi eesvi ki honi chahie. soloman ne gujarat ke pathari namak sthan se shankh lipi ka ek aisa shilalekh dhooandha tha, jise pratihar kalin mana jata hai. isase anuman kiya ja sakata hai ki shankh lipi pratihar kal mean bhi maujood thi.
ek akhyan ke anusar gautam buddh apane jivan kal ke prarambh mean jain dharm ke pravartak mahavir svami ke shishy the. jab ve mahavir svami se alag hokar udayagiri ae to mahavir ke lie shankh lipi mean sandesh chho dakar ae. yah ek akhyan hai, jisaki vishvasaniyata adhik nahian hai.
akshar
prapt shilalekhoan ke adhar par anuman lagaya gaya hai ki is lipi mean 12 akshar haian. is lipi ke lekhoan mean bahut chhote-chhote sandesh khude hue haian. arthath in lekhoan mean pavitr shabd, eeshvariy nam, ‘shubhaste panthanah santu’ evan ‘aaul di baist’ jaise mangal kamana karane vale shabd utkirn ho sakate haian. soloman namak ek vidvan ne siddh kiya hai ki is lipi mean utane akshar maujood haian, jinamean sanskrit bhasha ke samast shabdoan ko vyakt kiya ja sake. uttar pradesh ke devagadh mean is lipi ke aksharoan ka akar brahmi lipi ke aksharoan se kuchh hi b da hai, jabaki udayagiri ki guphaoan mean shankh lipi ke aksharoan ko kee mitar ki ooanchaee vala banaya gaya hai. kuchh vidvan is lipi ka kal chauthi se nauanvi shatabdi eesvi nirdharit karate haian; kiantu yah kal nirdharan sahi nahian lagata. is lipi ko brahmi lipi ki samakalin mana ja sakata hai.
khoj aur namakaran
shankh lipi ek prachin lipi hai jo pahale poori tarah se ajnat thi. isako padhana puratatvavidoan, puralekhavidoan, itihasakaroan aur desh ke liye ek mahattvapoorn ghatana hai kyoanki yah desh ke prachin itihas aur saanskritik yogadan ki vyakhya ke liye naye ayam kholati hai. bharat mean kalakatta takasal ke parakhakarta jems prisap ne 1837 mean, sabase pahale brahmi lipi ko samajha tha. is khoj ne ashok ke shilalekhoan ko padhane ko prerana di, jo poore desh mean ashok stambhoan, chattanoan aur gufaoan par aankit the. is khoj se n keval mauryakalin bharat ke itihas ka vaijnanik drishtikon se punarlekhan hua, balki kshetriy adhar par brahmi lipi ke sampoorn vikas ki khoj karane ka adhar bana, jisase bad mean desh ki any lipiyoan ki samajh vikasit huee aur prachin bharat ke itihas ka punarlekhan naye sire se hua, jisamean sahityik aur any srotoan dvara upalabdh aank doan ko dhyan mean rakha gaya.[1]
jems priansep ne ek aur mahattvapoorn prachin bharatiy lipi kharoshthi ki vyakhya karane mean bhi yogadan diya. unhean ek aur prarambhik bharatiy ajnat lipi ko prakat karane ka shrey jata hai. 1936 mean unhean vartaman uttarakashi zile ke barahat mean ek pital ke trishool par ajnat varnoan mean likha hua ek abhilekh dekha tha. 1837 mean unhoanne ‘adim lekhan shaili’ mean utkirn us jaise do aur laghu shilalekhoan ka ullekh kiya. bad mean apani aur khojoan se unhoanne use shankh lipi ka nam diya kyoanki shilalekh ke sabhi varn shankh ke akar jaise lag rahe the. is nam ko em kitto, je di begalar, kaniangham, si em plite, braiands, ech kern, je pi vogel, ke pi jayasaval, bi si chhab da, si shivaramamoorti, di si sirakar, ech bi sarakar, ar soloman aur bi en mukharji jaise prakhyat vidvanoan ne bhi svikar kar liya.
poore madhy pradesh mean is tarah ke kee shilalekhoan ko dekha gaya. isaka namakaran abhi tak chal raha hai kyoanki lipi ka mool nam abhi tak ajnat hai, niche diye ge kuchh naye sujhavoan ke bavajood. is vishay par shodh abhi bhi jari hai. goodh lipi ki vyakhya ke sambandh mean kalakatta vishvavidyalay ke profesar bi en mukharji ka navinatam siddhaant kee vivadoan ek bavajood lagabhag sarvabhaumik roop se svikrit hai.
bhaugolik vitaran
tathakathit shankh lipi ke jnat shilalekhoan ki sankhya thik-thak b di hai. ye uttar mean akhanoor (jammoo aur kashmir) se lekar dakshin mean sadooanr (bellari zila, karnatak) tak aur poorv mean joonagadh (gujarat) se pashchim mean susuniya (baankura zila, pashchim bangal) tak bharatiy upamahadvip ke b de hisse mean shankh lipi ke avashesh mile haian. isilie is lipi ko 'akhil bharatiy lipi' mana ja sakata hai. isake kuchh shilalekh upamahadvip ke bahar bhi mile haian- iandoneshiya mean char, java mean tin aur borniya mean ek.[1]
pramukh visheshataean
in shilalekhoan ko ek nazar dekhane par nimnalikhit visheshataean dikhati haian-
- ye shilalekh patthar ki satahoan, chitrit shail ashrayoan, sanrachana ki divaroan, stambhoan, sidhiyoan aur moortiyoan par utkirn haian.
- adhikaansh shilalekh bahut adhik alankrit haian jo unhean vishisht banata hai. halaanki har jagah aisa nahian hai. vidisha mean kiye gaye aanveshan mean udayagiri paha diyoan ki gufa sankhya paanch mean mila shankh lipi ka shilalekh bina kisi alankaran ya sulekh ka tha. jabalapur zile ke tigova mean kankali devi mandir mean ek stambh par utkirn shilalekh bhi aisa hi tha.
- kabhi-kabhi aksharoan ki akritiyaan vilakshan ya vichitr haian.
- varn pravahalekhan shaili mean likhe gaye haian. kahian-kahian jo di gee anavashyak lakirean aspashtata badhane ke liye haian.
- varnoan ko amataur par unaki oordhvadhar sthiti se dakshinavart ya vamavart tirachha khiancha gaya hai. tirachhepan ka kon 60 digri se 90 digri tak ho sakata hai.
- aksharoan ko aksar vritt aur/ ya sajavati paitarn ke bhitar likha gaya hai. alankaran badhane ke liye aksar vishisht chihn jo de gaye haian. vistarit vishisht chihnoan ke alag-alag khandoan mean yahaan-vahaan atirikt rekhaean aur jo di gee haian. isake alava, atirikt panktiyaan aur dizain bhi jinaka varnoan ke sath koee svabhavik jo d nahian baith raha aur jo chhalavaran badhane ke liye jo di gee haian.
- shankh lipi shilalekh hamesha sankshipt hote haian. ab tak akhil bharatiy star par nau se adhik varnoan ke shilalekh nahian mile haian. halaanki vidisha zile mean kee aise shilalekh mile haian jinamean pandrah varn haian. isi tarah ke pashchim bangal ke baankura zile mean susuniya paha diyoan par mile haian.
- ab tak profesar mukharji dvara vyakhya kiye ge shilalekhoan se pata chalata hai ki shilalekhoan mean prayukt bhasha zyadatar sanskrit ya sanskrit aur prakrit mishr bhasha hai.[1]
kalakhand
shankh lipi ke upayog ka jnat kalakhand pahali shatabdi eesa poorv/ ee. se 8vian ee. shatabdi tak mana jata hai. profesar bi en mukharji anek apratyaksh sandarbhoan ke adhar par is nishkarsh par pahuanche haian. vidisha zile ke ahamadapur mean aanveshanoan ne isake sarvapratham upayog ke sandarbh mean profesar mukharji ke siddhant ki pushti ki hai, jahaan mile puratatvik sakshy is or pahale ke kalakhand tak le jate haian. ahamadapur mean shailashray sankhya e-9 mean pahali shatabdi ee.poorv/ee. ka ek lamba brahmi shilalekh mila, jo shankh lipi ke shilalekh ke oopar utkirn hai. isase yah siddh hota hai ki shankh lipi ka upayog pahali shatabdiee.poo./ee. se pahale se ho raha tha.
lipi vyakhya mean pragati
jaisa ki oopar kaha ja chuka hai, 1836 mean jems priansep dvara is lipi ki khoj ke bad bhi in shilalekhoan ki vyakhya nahian ki ja saki thi. hal ke varshoan ke dauran is lipi ki vyakhya ke lie ek santoshajanak tarika taiyar kiya gaya hai. 1976 mean kalakatta vishvavidyalay ke prachin bharatiy itihas, sanskriti aur puratattv vibhag ke seantar f aaur edav aaust stadiz ne profesar bi en mukharji ke nirdeshan mean ‘shankh lipi shilalekh’ par ek pariyojana shuroo ki thi, jise yooese ke ek adhyeta richard soloman ne nishpadit kiya tha. d aau. soloman ke shodh parinam 1980 mean unaki prarambhik riport ‘shankh shilalekh’ mean, kalakatta vishvavidyalay dvara prakashit kiye ge the. d aau. soloman ne desh mean abhi tak ke jnat shankh shilalekhoan par ek suvyavasthit pralekhan riport taiyar karake is vishay ke shodh ki pragati mean mahattvapoorn yogadan diya hai. lipi ke vibhinn pahaluoan ke bare mean unaka avalokan matr asthaee athava apramanit tha aur lipi ki vyakhya ke sandarbh mean koee santoshajanak praman dene mean vah saphal nahian huye.
isake tin sal bad, 1983 mean profesar bi en mukharji lipi ki vyakhya ka sootr samajhane mean saphal rahe. jab vah apani lakhanoo yatra mean kaisarabag sangrahalay ka rizarv sangrah dekhane gaye, tab unhoanne gupt kal ka ek adamakad patthar ka gho da dekha jo mool roop se tatkalin narth vest frantiyar pr aauvians (ab uttar pradesh) ke khairigadh mean mila tha. isaki pith par ek shankh lipi shilalekh utkirn tha jo pooanchh ke sire se shuroo hua tha aur poori pith se hote hue kandhoan se niche ki or jhuke sire tak utkirn tha. unhoanne kee dinoan ke liye kee konoan se shilalekh ko parakha aur paya ki shilalekh mean kee brahmi akshar the jo ati alankrit rekhaoan ke sath pravahamay shaili mean likhe gaye the aur kuchh akshar apani samany avasthiti se 69 se 90 digri tak ke kon par visthapit ya sthanantarit (vamavart) the. aantat: lipi ko poora padhane mean saphalata mili jisamean ‘shri mahendradity’ utkirn th. profesar mukharji ne is aitihasik tathy ke madhyam se apane siddhaant ki pushti ki ki ek gho de ki smritisvaroop pratikriti thi jisaki bali gupt shasak kumaragupt pratham (414/5-455/56) ne di thi. jinhean maheandradity ki upadhi mili thi.[1]
gho de ki gardan par pathaniy brahmi lipi mean utkirn ek chhote shilalekh se unake padhe ge shabdoan ki aur adhik pushti huee. unhoanne apane nishkarshoan ko ek monograf mean prakashit kiya hai ‘desifॅrmet aauf shel skript, uttar pradesh sarakar, lakhanoo, 1983. isake bad profesar mukharji ne desh bhar mean mile shankh lipi shilalekhoan ko padhane mean saphalatapoorvak apana siddhaant lagoo kiya. unamean se kuchh haian- devagadh mean ek mandir mean ek stambh par ‘shri govianda’, uttar pradesh ke prasiddh lala bhagat stambh par ‘ba (ya va) lapayadity’, bharahut stoop ke ek stambh ki reliang par utkirn ‘savachare 90 phuva phuchava’ (samvatsar 90 poorv utsav), jo ab bharatiy sangrahalay, kalakatta mean sanrakshit hai. unhoanne apane anek lekhan karyoan aur bharat aur videshoan mean apane bhashanoan mean shankh lipi ki vyakhya ki apani pranali ke bare mean bataya hai aur unaka siddhaant ab vishv bhar ke vidvanoan ne svikar kar liya hai. bharatiy puratattv sarvekshan ne bhi is pranali ke adhar par shankh lipi shilalekh ki vyakhya ke lie ek pariyojana shuroo ki thi.
profesar mukharji ne is shreni ke kisi shilalekh ki vyakhya karane mean puralekhavidoan ko bahut savadhan rahane ki chetavani di hai. unake anusar, kisi ko sabhi sambhavit konoan se shilalekh ki jaanch karani chahie, kyoanki mool akshar asamany sthitiyoan mean likhe ho sakate haian. ek shodhakarta bahut karib se chhanabin karane par ek ya do se adhik aksharoan ko pahachanane mean saksham ho sakega, jinake svaroop ya vividh roop, use unake alankrit ya atirikt parivardhan ko hatakar samajhana hoga aur unaki tulana usi aitihasik kal ke aur us kshetr ke brahmi lipi varnoan se karani hogi, jahaan se vah shilalekh mila ho. puralekhavid ko shankh shilalekh ke aksharoan ki tulana us kshetr aur avadhi ke brahmi aksharoan ke roopoan se karane ki koshish karani chahie aur usamean maujood alankrit rekhaoan aur paitarn ko hamesha dhyan mean rakhana chahie.
shankh lipi ke namakaran ke sambandh mean bhi prophesar mukharji ke kuchh naye sujhav haian. prachin bharat ki do prasiddh lipiyaan brahmi aur kharoshthi haian. isake sath hi pahali/doosari shatabdi ee. ke bauddh granth, lalitavistar mean ek lipi ‘avamoordh-lipi’ ka ullekh hai jisamean ‘lipi ke oopari hissoan ke sire’ mu de huye haian ya ‘niche latakate’ huye bane haian. isi tarah ek any bauddh granth ‘mahavastu avadan’ ka udaharan hai, jisamean ek aisi lipi ka ullekh hai jise ‘vyatyast lipi’ke nam se jana jata hai, jisaka shabdik arth ‘ulati lipi’ hai. in donoan lipiyoan ke udaharan se shankh lipi ki vishishtata ko achchhi tarah se samajha ja sakata hai. jaise mool aksharoan ka samany oordhvadhar sthiti se kshaitij ya ardh-kshaitij sthiti mean visthapan. d aau. mukharji ne maujooda shankh lipi ka nam uparyukt do granthoan mean varnit do namoan mean se ek karane ka sujhav diya hai jo pahali/doosari shatabdi ee. ke haian, jab tathakathit shankh lipi prachalan mean thi. d aau. mukharji manate haian ki unake dvara prastavit siddhaant ‘shankh lipi’ se sambandhit sabhi samasyaoan ko hal nahian kar sakata hai, lekin yah nishchit roop se is rahasyamayi lipi ko samajhane ki disha mean ek saphal kadam hai.[1]
madhy bharat mean shankh shilalekh
madhy bharat mean shankh shilalekhoan jo is tarah ke shilalekhoan vale desh ka sabase samriddh kshet mana jata hai, ko dhooandhane aur vaijnanik roop se unaka pralekhan karane ke prayas mean madhy pradesh ke sarakar ke puratattv vibhag, sagar vishvavidyalay aur jabalapur vishvavidyalay ke sahayog se 1989 mean aanveshan kiye ge. is kshetr mean vartaman chhattisagadh, uttar pradesh aur maharashtr ke asapas ke zile shamil haian. is aanveshan mean tim ko 303 shankh lipi shilalekh mile. inaki ek suvyavasthit riport jald hi lekhak dvara prakashit kiye jane ka prastav hai. inamean se kuchh ka vivaran niche diya gaya hai.
- madhy pradesh mean sabase zyada shilalekh vala kshetr vidisha hai. zile mean sthit shankh shilalekhoan ki kul sankhya 158 hai, jinamean se 92 ahamadapur ke chitrit shail-ashrayoan mean paye ge. gufa maser ke shail-ashrayoan mean 31 shilalekh mile. udayagiri paha diyoan ke smarakoan mean 32 aise shilalekh paye ge. isase pahale vidisha mean 1913-1914 ke dauran kiye ge puratatvik utkhanan mean aise tin shilalekhoan ka pata chala tha.
- rayasen vidisha se sata zila isake bad ka mahattvapoorn sthal hai. bhimabetaka ke chitrit shail-ashrayoan mean 33 pramanik shankh shilalekh mile. is sthan par kuchh jali shilalekh bhi haian. then-ka-talab shail-ashrayoan mean 8 aur makoriya ashrayoan ki divaroan aur chhat par 2 shankh shilalekh chitrit mile. saanchi ke ashok stambh mean ek suandar nakkashidar shankh shilalekh hai. is prakar rayasen zile mean kul 54 shilalekh khoje gaye.
- bhopal shail-ashrayoan mean chitrit 30 shilalekh aur ek-ek shilalekh patthar ke ek khambhe aur patthar ki ek patiya par utkirn mile.
- sagar zile mean mahattvapoorn puratatvik sthal eran mean vibhinn smarakoan par 18 suandar shankh shilalekh utkirn haian. ye shilalekh vibhinn avadhiyoan ke haian.
- satana zile ke bharahut ke stoop ke avasheshoan se tin shankh shilalekh mile the jo ab bharatiy sangrahalay kalakatta mean sanrakshit haian.
- jabalapur zile ke tigova mean kankali devi mandir mean do achchhi tarah se sanrakshit shilalekh haian. pahala ek stambh par aur doosara mandir ki divar par.
- chhattisagadh ke durg zile mean kanvar palari mean ek shankh shilalekh hai jo narasianhanath mandir mean ek stambh par utkirn hai.
- uttar pradesh ke jhaansi zile mean, devagadh mean dashavatar mandir, varah mandir aur siddh ki gufa mean utkirn chh: shankh shilalekh mile haian.
- uttar pradesh ke baanda zile ke kalianjar qile mean jaldabazi mean kiye ge aanveshan mean tin suandar shankh shilalekh utkirn mile. shankh shilalekhoan ke drishtikon se is sthal ke samriddh hone ki sambhavana hai.
- madhy pradesh se sate maharashtr ke nagapur zile mean, kalhan nadi par bane mahadev ghat par ek shankh shilalekh hone ki janakari mili hai. ramatek taluka ke manasar se bhi aise hi kuchh shilalekhoan ki janakari mili hai, jo vikrit avastha mean haian.
- aisa pratit hota hai ki madhy pradesh mean desh bhar ke shankh shilalekhoan ka khajana hai.[1]
uddeshy
ek svabhavik prashn jo har kisi ke man mean uthata hai ki aise chhote shilalekhoan ko likhane ka uddeshy kya tha jinamean keval kuchh akshar likhe gaye haian, jo ya to kisi ka nam haian ya koee dharmik utsav haian. profesar mukharji ashchary vyakt karate haian ki kya puralekhoan ko aspasht tarike se isilie likha ya utkirn kiya gaya taki sambandhit vastu ko adhik pavitr manate hue darshak ise shraddhapoorvak dekhane ke lie majaboor ho sake aur turant use padh ya samajh n sakean. is tarah likhane ke pichhe yah ichchha thi ki kisi nam, ghatana, abhilekh ya mantr ko samany logoan ki bhi d se chhipaya ja sake, jo ki prachin bharat mean ek samany bat thi. yah ummid ki ja rahi hai ki is gupt lipi ka pata lagane aur usaki vyakhya karane mean bhavishy ke unnat shodh phaladayak parinam deange aur kee any dilachasp pahaluoan ko ujagar kareange.
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