शांत रस

shant ras sahity mean prasiddh nau rasoan mean antim ras mana jata hai - "shantoapi navamo ras:." isaka karan yah hai ki bharatamuni ke ‘natyashastr’ mean, jo ras vivechan ka adi srot hai, naty rasoan ke roop mean keval ath rasoan ka hi varnan milata hai. shant ke us roop mean bharatamuni ne manyata pradan nahian ki, jis roop mean shrriangar, vir adi rasoan ki, aur n usake vibhav, anubhav aur sanchari bhavoan ka hi vaisa spasht niroopan kiya.

‘navaras'

ashtanatyarasoan ka svaroop niroopit karane ke pashchath ‘natyashastr’ mean shant ras ki sambhavana ka nirdesh nimnalikhit shabdoan mean kiya gaya hai aur ‘navaras’ shabd ka bhi ullekh sarvapratham yahian hua hai -

"at: shanto nam......
mokshadhyatmasamutth.....shantaraso nam sambhavati.
......evan nav rasa drashtanatyashairlakshananvita:",

arthat moksh aur adhyatm ki bhavana se jis ras ki utpatti hoti hai, usako shant ras nam dena sambhavy hai. natyajn logoan ki drishti mean is prakar vividh lakshanoan se yukt nau ras hote haian. ukt aansh ke atirikt ‘natyashastr’ mean hi ek sthan par yah bhi pratipadit kiya gaya hai ki shant ras mean hi rati adi ath sthayi bhavoan ki utpatti hoti hai aur shant mean hi unaka vilay ho jata hai -

"svan svan nimittamasath shantadbhav: pravartate.
punarnimittapaye ch shant evopaliyate."

shant ras ka mahatv

is pratipatti se shant ras ka mahatv any rasoan ki tulana mean sarvopari siddh hota hai. kuchh vicharakoan ne isi adhar par ki shant bhavashoony sthiti ka dyotak hai, usaki anabhineyata siddh ki aur usaka khandan kiya, jisaka virodh ‘abhinavabharati’ aur ‘rasagangadhar’ adi anek granthoan mean milata hai. inamean kaha gaya hai ki ‘bhav-shoonyata’ shant ko ras manane mean badhak nahian ho sakati, kyoanki kisi ras ke abhinay mean abhineta bhav lipt nahian mana gaya hai.

• abhinavagupt ne shant ras aur usake sthayi bhav ki samasya par gambhiratapoorvak atyant sookshm drishti se vichar kiya aur apane poorv ke sabhi matoan ka khandan karate hue svatantr mat ki sthapana ki. jin matoan ka ullekh ‘abhinavabharati’ mean hua hai, unamean se ek sham ko sthayi, tapasya tatha yogiyoan ke sampark ko vibhav, kam, krodh adi ke abhav ko anubhav aur dhriti, mati adi ko sanchari manata hua shant ras ki kalpana sampoorn rasaangoan ke sath karata hai.
• parantu doosara mat sham aur shant ko paryayavachi batakar any anek tarkoan dvara shant ras ki prithakh satta ka nishedh karata hai. kuchh ke anusar nirved shant ras ka sthayi bhav hai, par kuchh any vicharak panak ras ki tarah rati, utsah adi athoan sthayiyoan ko sammilit roop se shant ka sthayi manane ke paksh mean haian.
• abhinavagupt ne ukt sabhi matoan ka khandan pandityapoorn ritiyoan se karate hue ant mean ‘tattvajnan’ ko shant ras ka sthayi bhav mana. unake mat se jis prakar ‘kam’ rati adi se abhihit hokar kavi aur nat dvara rasasvaroop mean asvady hokar prakat hota hai, usi prakar ‘moksh’ namak purusharth apane yogy bhi vishesh chittavritti ke yog se ras avastha ko prapt kar sakata hai. shant ras yahi hai. nirved ko achary ne shok ke pravah ko phailane vali vishesh chittavritti mana, jisaki utpatti do prakar se hoti hai -

1. ek to daridray adi se,
2. doosare tattvajnan se.

• tattvajnan se utpann nirved any sab sthayiyoan ko daba lene vala hai aur unaki apeksha adhik sthayitv vala bhi hai. par yadi is nirved ko shant ras ka sthayi bhav mana jayega, to tattvajnan ko vibhav manana p dega, kyoanki usi se yah utpann hota hai. parantu ise uchit nahian mana gaya. vastav mean tattvajnan se nirved utpann nahian hota, tattvajnan hi nirved ya vairagy se upajata hai. sham aur nirved ko saman svikar karake sham aur shant mean hras aur hasy ki tarah siddh aur sadhy, sadharan aur asadharan ka bhed bhi unhoanne bataya. is prakar bahut tark-vitark ke bad tattvajnan ko hi antim manyata pradan ki.
• age ke shastrakaroan ne shant ras ke sthayi bhav-vishayak unake mat ko svikar nahian kiya. isake mool mean kadachith do karan mukhy the. ek to yah ki ‘tattvajnan’ ko sthayi bhav kahana jnan ko bhav ka sthan dena hai, jo sahaj grahy nahian ho saka aur n vah uchit hi pratit hota hai. doosare, jab sham ko shant mean vahi bhed hai, jo has aur hasy mean, to phir jis prakar hasy ka sthayi has ho sakata hai, usi prakar shant ka sthayi bhi sham ho sakata hai. is par apatti karana samichani nahian hai, kyoanki bharat ne hi use nirdharit kiya hai.
• shant ras ke sthayi bhav sambandhi vad-vivad ka yahian ant nahian hua, sahity mean aur bhi mat vyakt kiye ge haian.
• ‘agnipuran’ mean ‘rati’ ke abhav se shant ras ki utpatti mani gee hai.
• rudrat ne ‘samyak jnan’ ko anandavardhan ne ‘trishnakshayasukh’ ko tatha age kuchh any vidvanoan ne ‘sarvachittavrittiprashamh’, ‘nirvisheshachittavritti’, ‘dhriti’, ‘utsah’ adi ko bhi shant ras ka sthayi nirdharit kiya. shrriangaradi ki tarah shant ras ke bhed-prabhed karane ki or acharyoan ka dhyan pray: nahian gaya hai. keval ‘ras-kalika’ mean rudrabhatt dvara char bhed kiye ge haian -

1. vairagy,
2. dosh-vigrah,
3. santosh,
4. tattv-sakshatkar, jo ki many nahian hue.

• shant ke samanantar kuchh naye rasoan ki kalpana bhi ki gee, jisamean ‘sangitasudhakar’ ke rachayita haripal dvara kalpit brahmaras tatha ‘rasamanjari’ ke praneta bhanudatt dvara kalpit karpany ras vishesh ullekhaniy haian.
• jain ‘anuyogadvarasootr’ mean ‘prashant’ namak ras ki charcha milati hai.
• bhoj (11shatabdi eesvi poorva.) ke ‘sarasvatikanthabharan’ mean dhirodatt adi chaturvidh nayakoan ke adhar par kuchh rasoan ki siddhi mani gee hai, jinamean dhiraprashant ke anuroop ‘prashant’ ya ‘shant’ ras dhriti ki sthiti siddh hoti hai.
• dhananjay, mammat aur vishvanath prabhooti *sanskrit ke prasiddh paravarti acharyoan ne shant ras ka lakshan nimnalikhit roop mean diya hai. dhananjay - "shamaprakarshoan nirvachyo muditadestadatmata" , arthath shant ras anirvachy aur sham ka prakarsh hai tatha mod usaka svaroop hai. is par vyakhyakar dhanik ka kathan hai - "munirajoan ne us ras ko shant kaha hai, jisamean sukh, du:kh, chinta, dvesh, rag, ichchhadi kuchh nahian rahate aur jisamean sab bhavoan ka sham pradhan rahata hai."
• mammat - "nirvedasthayibhavoasti navamo ras:", arthath nirved sthayivala shant ras navaan ras hota hai.
• vishvanath ne ‘sahityadarpan’ mean is prakar ki vyakhya ki hai - "shant ras ki prakriti uttam, sthayi bhav sham, kundendu varn tatha devata shri narayan haian. sansar ki anityata, vastujagat ki nitsarata aur paramatma ke svaroop ka jnan isake alamban haian. bhagavan ke pavitr ashray, tirthasthan, ramy ekant van tatha mahapurushoan ka satsang uddipan hai. anubhav romaanchadi aur sanchariyoan mean nirved, harsh, smaran, gati, unmad tatha praniyoan par daya adi ki ganana ki ja sakati hai."
• sanskrit sahity mean, visheshakar dhananjay dvara nirved ko sthayi manane ka virodh kiya gaya hai, par kuchh ritikalin hindi kavyacharyoan ne mammat ka mat manate hue ‘sham’ ke sthan par ‘nirved’ ko hi shant ras ka sthayi bhav bataya hai.

kulapati mishr -

"tattv shanate kabit mean, jahan pragatai nirved.
kahai sant ras jasuko, so hai naumo bhed."

nandaram -

"jako thaee bhav sukavi hamiradev bakhanat."

padmakar -

"suras sant nirved hai jako thaee bhav."

kulapati mishr

kulapati mishr ke uparyukt lakshan par abhinavagupt ke mat ki chhaya hai. any pramukh kavyacharyoan mean chintamani, bhikharidas aur keshavadas ne ‘sham’ ko hi manyata pradan ki. beni pravin ne ‘navasatarang’ mean ‘thaee jasu birag’ likhakar virag ko aur ‘sahityasagar’ ke rachayita biharilal bhatt ne ‘shanti sthayi bhav hai’ likhakar shanti ko shant ras ka sthayi mana hai. chintamani ne bhi ‘sam kahiyat vairagyate’ ke dvara sham aur vairagy ko samanarthi mana hai.

• keshavadas ne to ‘sham’ ke karan shant ras ko hi ‘sham ras’ nam de diya hai -

"sabate hoy udas man basai ek hi thaur.
tahisoan sam ras kahat kesab kabi siramaur."

• panditaraj jagannath ne mahabharatadi prabandhoan mean shant ras ki pradhanata batayi hai aur use ‘akhil lokanubhavasiddh’ bhi ghoshit kiya hai. jain kavi banarasidas ne apane ‘samayasar’ natak mean shant ras ko rasaraj manate hue likha hai - ‘navamo sant rasaniko nayak’. sanskrit tatha any bharatiy bhashaoan ka jnan-bhaktiparak sampoorn sahity moolat: shant ras ke antargat ata hai, yadyapi usamean shesh ath rasoan ka paryapt parivistar milata hai.
• vairagy bharatiy vicharadhara ka mahattvapoorn tatha shaktishalini pravritti rahi hai aur usaka prabhav bharatiy sahity par nirantar bana raha hai. hindi sahity ke bhaktikal mean shant ras ko mahatv prapt hua hai. vinay sambandhi bhaktibhavana mean isi ras ka prasar hai. soor ke vinay ke padoan mean tatha tulasi ki ‘vinayapatrika’ mean isaki poorn abhivyakti huee hai. sant kaviyoan mean nirved, sham, vairagy ki vyapak bhavana paee jati hai. premamargi soofi kaviyoan ke prabandh kavyoan mean yatr-tatr isaki avatarana hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

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sanbandhit lekh

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