संकेतन
sanketan ya sanket sanpreshan ka yuddh mean dirgh kal se prayog ho raha hai. sadharan jivan mean bhi sandesh bhejane ki avashyakata bahudha p dati hi hai, par sena ki ek tuk di se doosari ko, athava ek pot se any ko soochanaean, adesh adi bhejane ke kary ka vishesh mahattv hai. isake lie pratyek sanbhav upay kam mean lae jate haian. paidal aur ghu dasavar, sandeshavahakoan ke sivay, prachin kal mean jhandiyoan, prakash tatha dhuean dvara sanketoan se sandesh bhejane ke praman milate haian. afrika mean yahi kary naga doan se liya jata raha hai. adhunik kal mean sanketan ka upayog s dakoan par avagaman tatha relaga diyoan ke niyantran mean bhi kiya ja raha hai.
prachalan
kaha jata hai ki grisavasiyoan ne tr aauy nagar ki vijay (1194 ee. poo.) ki soochana prajvalit agni ke prakash dvara 300 mil door pahuanchaee thi. ianglaiand mean spen ke jahaji be de, armeda, ki chadhaee (1588 ee.) ki soochana, 6 se 8 mil ki doori vale sthanoan par agni jalakar, samast dakshini ianglaiand mean bheji gee. sanketoan dvara sandeshoan ke pahuanchane ke isi prakar ke any anek udaharan itihas mean upasthit haian. kalaantar mean jis prakar sthal par sanketan ka vikas hua, usi prakar aur lagabhag vaise hi sadhanoan se sagar par jahajoan ke bich bhi sandesh bhejane ki ritiyaan prachalit hueean.[1]
avishkar
sanh 1666 mean gh dimukh ki sooiyoan se milate-julate upakaran ki sahayata se adhunik semaphor koot sadrish sanketan ka avishkar ianglaiand mean hua aur san 1792 mean kl aaud shap namak fraansisi ne semaphor sanketan niyamoan ke anusar, lil aur peris ke madhy, doorasandesh bhejane ka prabandh kiya. age chalakar kee logoan ne semaphor paddhati ka vikas kiya, kiantu inamean sabase saral tatha upayogi do baanhoan se semaphor sanketan pranali thi, jisako aidamiral sar hom p aaurpham ne sanh 1803 mean janm diya aur jo aj tak nausenaoan mean prayukt hoti hai. doorasanketan ke lie soory ke prakash ka upayog bahut prachin kal se chala a raha hai. kahate haian, sikandar ne is kary ke lie dhal par chamachamati dhatu ki satah ka prayog kiya tha, kiantu bad mean darpanoan ka tatha inhian ke samunnat roop 'hiliyograph' ka prayog hona aranbh hua. is upakaran dvara sandesh bharat mean sanh 1877-1878 mean, sanh 1879-1880 ke afafan aur juloo yuddh mean, sanh 1899-1901 ke dakshini aphriki yuddh mean aur pratham vishvayuddh ke samay poorvi kshetroan mean, barabar bheje ge. sanketan ke lie aise laianpoan ka, jinake sammukh chalakapat lage hote haian, prayog sanh 1914 tak hota raha hai. bijali ke laianp ban jane par, inake jalane aur bujhane ka kam chalakapat ke sthan par svichoan se liya jane laga. inaka bhi pratham vishvayuddh mean bahut prayog hua.
dhvani sanketan
sanh 1852 mean m aaurs koot ke avishkar tatha bijali ke vikas ke karan, dhvani se sanket bhejane ki riti nikali. sanh 1854 ke krimiya yuddh mean kshetriy tar[2] ka sarvapratham upayog kiya gaya. dakshini afrika ke yuddh mean vibhinn mukhyavasoan ko kshetriy teligraphoan se sanbanddh kiya gaya tha, yadyapi yuddh ke agr kshetroan mean sanpark sthapit karane ka kary hiliyograf aur jhandoan se hi liya jata raha. sandesh bhejane ke lie teliphon ka prayog sarvapratham sanh 1904-1905 ke roos-japan yuddh mean aur sanh 1907 se british sena mean kiya gaya, par sainy daloan mean vyapak roop se isaka prayog sanh 1914 ke vishvayuddh se praranbh hua.[1]
betar ke tar ka prayog
betar ke tar ka upayog bhi sarvapratham dakshini afrika ke yuddh mean hua, par sanh 1918 tak yah dal ki svatantr tuk diyoan tak simit raha. yuddh ke agrim kshetroan mean upayog ke lie, sanh 1919 se 1939 tak ke kal mean, betar ke teliphon banae ge aur inhean kavachit tuk diyoan ke upayog ke lie vikasit kiya gaya. sanh 1941 se 1944 ke bich sab sainy daloan mean rediyo teliphon ka prayog hone laga. tar vale teliphonoan ka prayog nishchal sthiti ke samay tatha betar ke teliphonoan ka chal karyavahiyoan mean samany ho gaya. betar ke tar ya teliphon ke prayog ka phal yah hua ki bheje hue sandesh shatru sainy dvara bhi prapy ho ge aur is karan suraksha ke vichar se sandeshoan ko koot roop mean bhejana avashyak ho gaya tatha sanket vibhag ke kartavyoan mean kootoan tatha bijaankoan ko taiyar karane, sanbandhit anubhagoan tatha sainy tuk diyoan mean inaka vitaran karane, aur betar ke tar ki shrriankhalaoan ki jaanch karane ka kary badh gaya.
anusamudri sanketan
ek jahaj se doosare jahaj ke bich sanketan ki sabase adhik avashyakata hoti hai. yah kary prachin kal se prakash, pal aur jhandoan ke, vividh prayogoan, ya topoan ki badh se kiya jata raha, kiantu ye puratan ritiyaan sarvatha santoshajanak siddh nahian huee. sanh 1777 mean british jahaji be de ke pradhan, l aaurd hau ne jhandoan dvara sandesh bhejane ki pranali par ek pustak taiyar ki. bad mean isake die sanketoan mean anek sudhar hue, kiantu phir bhi ye sanket poornat: santoshajanak nahian siddh hue. age chalakar jin sandeshoan ke lie nirdesh uparyukt pustak mean nahian the, unake lie 19vian shati mean semaphor tatha sphurit laianpoan ka prayog kiya jane laga. sarch laitoan mean chalakapat lagakar aur badaloan se prakash ka paravartan karakar, sandesh adhik spasht aur bahut door tak bhejana sanbhav ho gaya.[1]
20vian shati ke praranbh mean yah spasht ho gaya ki samudr par sanvadavahan ke lie betar ka tar b de kam ki chij hai. isamean shighr pragati huee aur sanh 1914 tak betar ke tar se sanketan ka sab jagah prachalan ho gaya. dvitiy vishvayuddh ke samay jahaji be doan mean sanketan tatha topoan ki mar yiantran ke lie betar ke tar ka prayog poorn roop se vikasit ho gaya aur sab jahajoan par prashikshit kootajn, betar ke tar ka prayog janane vale navik tatha uchch yogyata vale sanketajn niyukt kie ge.
aantarrashtriy sanketan
19vian shati ke aranbh mean aantarrashtriy prayog ke lie sanket pranaliyaan taiyar aur prakashit ki geean. inamean sabase adhik prasiddh kaipten mairayait ki pranali thi, jisamean kisi bhi sanketan ke lie adhik se adhik char jhandoan ka prayog kar 9,000 sanket bheje ja sakate the. sanh 1855 mean ek samiti ne aisa koot taiyar kiya, jisamean 70,000 sanket the aur 18 jhandoan ka prayog aangrezi varnamala ke sab vyanjanoan ka niroopan ho jata tha. sanh 1889 mean vashiangatan mean huee aantarrashtriy parishad ne aangrezi varnamala ke pratyek akshar ke lie ek jhanda arthath kul 26 jhandoan ka, ek koot tatha javabi pataka sthir ki. is koot ka prayog pratham vishvayuddh mean kiya gaya, par yah bhi asantoshajanak siddh hua. isalie sanh 1927 vali vibhinn rashtroan ki vashiangatan parishad ne sudhar ke lie nimnalikhit sujhav die-
- rediyo teligraphi tatha chakshush sanketan ke lie alag-alag sanket pustakean taiyar ki jaean
- aankoan ke lie das jhande tatha tin pratisthapit jhande aur badha die jaean
- m aaurs ke sanketan ko rediyo teligraphi ke anukool kar diya jae
- doorasanket aur achal semaphor ko bandal kar diya jae
- jahajoan ke sanketakshar ve hi hone chahie, jo rediyo bulane ke hoan tatha ye char aksharoan se banane chahie.
in sujhavoan ke anusar sthir nishchayoan mean bhi avashyakatanusar samany parivartan kie ge. semaphor varnamala ka, jisaka upayog hath mean lie jhan do dvara kiya jata hai tatha m aaurs kod ka, jisako sphur prakash dhvani, ya betar ke tar dvara sanketan ke kam mean laya jata hai, prayog sabhi desh saman roop mean karate haian. mahatv ke sab bandaragahoan mean toophanoan ke tatha jvar-bhata ke ane ki soochanaoan ke lie vishisht sanket ooanchaee par ya mastooloan par pradarshit kie jate haian.
vaimanikiy sanket
vaimaniki mean chakshush sanketan ka sthan rediyo teliphon tatha rediyo teligraphi ne le liya hai, kiantu eyarodrom ki karyavidhi ka nirdesh karane vale kuchh chakshush sanket eyarodrom ki bhoomi par tatha ooanche dhvajadand par pradarshit kie jate haian. jin vayuyanoan mean rediyo teliphon nahian hota, unako eyarodrom niyantrak ke adesh m aaurs koot mean ek vishesh prakar ke laianp dvara die jate haian. any sandeshoan aur sanketoan ke lie rediyo teliphon ka prayog kiya jata hai.[1]
relave sanketan
grigari ne sanh 1841 mean yatayat ki suraksha ke lie yantr chalit semaphor sanketan ki yukti nikali thi, par bad mean isaka sthan any ritiyoan ne, jaise- rangin prakash dvara sanketan, marg paripath tatha svayan chalit ga di niyantran upaskar ne le liya. rangin prakash dvara sanketan ki ek vidhi mean tin rangoan ke prakash ka prayog kiya jata hai. lal rang se 'ruk jao', pile se 'age ke signal par rukane ke lie taiyar rahate hue age b do' tatha hare prakash se 'age badhe jao' ka sanket kiya jata hai. char prakar ki prakashavali vidhi mean ek ke oopar doosara, aise do pile prakashoan ka prayog bhi kiya jata hai, jisaka arth hota hai ki 'savadhani se age badho aur age ek pile, athava do pile prakashoan par any sanket ke lie taiyar raho.' margaparipathavali riti mean lain par ga di ka agaman ek rile svich dvara sanket prachalan paripath ko khol deta hai. svayan chalit ga di niyantran upaskar mean, relapath par sthit aisi yukti hoti hai, jo rel ke ianjan tatha ga di ke bahar rahate hue bhi, rel ke ianjan ke niyantrakoan ka avashyakatanusar parichalan karati hai. uparyukt ritiyoan ke sivay sandesh preshan ke lie ab uchchavritti, laghuparas rediyo ke tatha redar ke upayog ki sanbhavanaoan ki jaanch ki ja rahi hai.
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