संगम साहित्य

chitr:Disamb2.jpg sangam

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- sangam (bahuvikalpi)

'sangam' shabd ka arth hai - sangh, parishadh, goshthi athava sansthan. vastav mean sangam, tamil kaviyoan, vidvanoan, acharyoan, jyotishiyoan evan buddhijiviyoan ki ek parishadh thi. tamil bhasha mean likhe gaye prachin sahity ko hi sangam sahity kaha jata hai. sarvapratham in parishadoan ka ayojan pandy rajaoan ke rajakiy sanrakshan mean kiya gaya. sangam ka mahattvapoorn kary hota tha, un kaviyoan v lekhakoan ki rachanaoan ka avalokan karana, jo apani rachaoan ko prakashit karavana chahate the. parishadh athava sangam ki sanstuti ke uparant hi vah rachana prakashit ho pati thi. prapt sakshyoan ke adhar par yah nishkarsh nikalata hai ki, is prakar ki tin parishadoan ka ayojan pandy shasakoan ke sanrakshan mean kiya gaya.

tamil anushruti

tamil anushrutiyoan ke anusar tin parishadoan (sangam) ka ayojan hua tha, 'pratham sangam', 'dvitiy sangam' aur 'tritiy sangam'. tinoan sangam kul 9950 varsh tak chale. is avadhi mean lagabhag 8598 kaviyoan ne apani rachanaoan se sangam sahity ki unnati ki. koee 197 pandy shasakoan ne in sangamoan ko apana sanrakshan pradan kiya. 'sangam sahity' ka rachanakal vivadaspad hai. is vishay mean pramanik janakari ka abhav hai, phir bhi jo sanket milate haian, unake adhar par yahi anuman lagaya ja sakata hai ki, 'sangam sahity' ka sankalan 100 se 600 ee. ke madhy hua hoga. sangam sahity mean ullikhit 'narakul' shabd 'smaran prashn' ke arth mean prayukt hota tha.

sangamakalin kshetr evan sanbandhit devata

shabd	arth	devata
mullan	charagah tatha jangal	vishnu devata se sambandhit
maroodam	upajaoo nadi ghati ya shrutekshetr	indr se sambandhit
kurianji	paha diyaan tatha van	marugan se sambandhit
netal	tatiy kshetr	varun se sambandhit

mahattvapoorn granth

saganm sahity ke ve granth, jinaka kafi mahattvapoorn sthan hai, is prakar se haian-

• tolkappiyam
• ettutaukai

tolkappiyam

dvitiy sangam ka ek matr shesh granth ‘tolkappiyam’ agasty rrishi ke barah yogy shishyoan mean se ek 'tolkappiyar' dvara likha gaya granth hai. sootr shaili mean racha gaya yah granth tamil bhasha ka prachinatam vyakaran granth hai.

sangam kalin kritiyaan evan lekhak

lekhak	kritiyaan
kulashekhar	peroomal, tiroomoli
cheraman perumal nayanar	adimool
shekkilar	periy puran
ottakuttan	kalianguttipuran

ettutaukai (asht padavali)

ettutaukai tisare sangam mean sangrah kiye gaye granth haian. ettutaukai mean 8 sangrah milate haian, jo is prakar haian-

1. naninnai - isamean lagabhag 400 pady milate haian, jinaki rachana 175 kaviyoan ne milakar ki thi.
2. kurunthokai - isamean lagabhag 402 chhote git milate haian. ye prem pradhan git tamil samant 'poorikkoan' ke sanrakshan mean sangrahit kiye gaye.
3. enkuroonoor - 'kilar' dvara sangrahit 500 laghu gitoan vale is sangrah mean prem ke sabhi lakshan drishtigochar hote haian.
4. paditrapall - 8 kavitaoan ke is sangrah mean cher shasakoan ki prashansa ki gayi hai.
5. paripadal - 24 kavitaoan ke is sangrah mean devataoan ki prashansa ki gayi hai.
6. kalithauke - isamean pranay vishay par adharit 150 kavitaoan ka sangrah kiya gaya hai.
7. ahananooroo - pranay vishay par adharit 400 kavitaoan ka yah sangrah madura nivasi 'rudrasharma dvara' sangrahit kiya gaya.
8. purananooru - 400 gitoan ke is sangrah mean rajaoan ki prashansa ki gayi hai. halaanki 'tritiy sangam' ke adhikaansh granth nasht ho gaye haian, apitu avashisht tamil sahity isi sangam se sambandhit hai, jo granthoan aur mahakavyoan ke roop mean milate haian. yadyapi mahakavyoan ko 'sangam yug' ke bad rakha jata hai. sangam sahity ke adhikaansh granth, 'sauth iandiya, shaiv siddhant pablishiang sosaiti, tilevelli' dvara prakashit kiye gaye haian.

sangamakalin mahattvapoorn shabdavaliyaan

shabd	arth
kurichi	akhet evan khady sangrahan
mullee	pashupalan evan khady utpadan
marudam	khady utpadan evan bhandaran
nadaval	matsyagrahan evan namak utpadan

pattupattu (dashagit)

das gitoan ke sangrah vala yah granth sangam ka doosara sangrah granth hai. isaki pramukh rachanaean nimnalikhit haian-

1. tirumurukatruppadai- isaki rachana 'nakkirar' ne ki. isamean sangamakalin devata 'murugan' evan usake parvatiy sthaloan ki prashansa ki gayi hai.
2. nedunalvadai - 'nakkirar' ki das rachana mean virah ka svabhavik chitr prastut kiya gaya hai. 'nakkirar' ki tulana aangrezi lekhak 'j aaunasan' se ki jati hai.
3. perumpanatruppadai - 500 gitoan vale is sangrah ki rachana 'rudrak kannar' ne ki. is sangrah se kaanchi ke shasak 'tondaiman ilandiraiyan' ke vishay mean aitihasik janakari milati hai.
4. 'pattinapallai - pranav vishay par adharit is sangrah ki rachana 'rudrak kannar' ne ki. aisa mana jata hai ki chol naresh karikal ne 'rudrak kannar' ki rachanaoan se prabhavit hokar use bahut-sa dhan upahar mean diya. 'kannar' ki is rachana mean chol bandaragah 'kaveripatnam' ke vishay mean janakari milati hai.
5. porunaratrappadai - 'kanniyar' dvara rachit is kavita sangrah mean chol naresh karikal ki prashansa ki gayi hai.
6. maduraikaanchi - 'magudi maruthanar' dvara rachit is sangrah mean pandy naresh 'talaiyalanganamh nedunjeliyan' ki prashansa ki gayi hai.
7. sirupanatrappadai - is sangrah se cher, chol evan pandy rajaoan, unakirajadhaniyoan evan us samay ki samajik sthiti par prakash p data hai. isake rachanakar 'naththanar' the.
8. mullaippattu - 'napputhanar' krit is sangrah mean ek rani ke pati-virah ka varnan kiya gaya hai.
9. kurinvippattu - 'kapilar' dvara rachit is sangrah mean gramin jivan ki jhaanki prastut ki gayi hai.
10. malaipadukadam - 'kaushikanar' dvara rachit 600 gitoan vale is sangrah mean prakriti chitran evan nrityakala par prakash dala gaya hai.

padinekikanakku (laghu upadesh git)

tisare sangam ke is tisare b de sangrah mean niti evan upadeshaparak laghu git sangrahit haian.

mahakavy rachana

in sabhi sangrahoan ke atirikt tritiy sangam mean b de mahakavy bhi rache gaye, jo nimnalikhit haian -

shilappadikaram

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

yah 'tamil sahity' ka pratham mahakavy hai, jisaka shabdik arth hai - ‘noopur ki kahani’. is mahakavy ki rachana cher shasak 'sen guttuvan' ke bhaee 'ilaango adigal' ne lagabhag eesa ki doosari-tisari shatabdi mean ki thi. is mahakavy ki sampoorn katha nupoor ke charoan or ghoomati hai. is mahakavy ke nayak aur nayika 'kovalan' aur 'kannagi' haian.

manimekhalai

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

is mahakavy ki rachana madura ke ek bauddh vyapari 'sitalai sattanar' ne ki. 'manimekhalai' ki rachana 'shilappadikaram' ke bad ki gayi. aisi manyata hai ki jahaan par 'shilappadikaram' ki kahani khatm hoti hai, vahian se 'manimekhalai' ki kahani prarambh hoti hai. 'sattanar' krit is mahakavy ki nayika ‘manimekhalai’, 'shilappadikaram' ke nayak 'kovalanh' ki doosari patni 'madhavi veshya' ki putri thi.

jivak chintamani

1. REDIRECTsaancha:mukhy

'jivak chiantamani' jain muni evan mahakavi 'tirutakkadevar' ki amar kriti hai. is granth ko tamil sahity ke 5 prasiddh granthoan mean gina jata hai. 13 khandoan mean vibhajit is granth mean kul qarib 3,145 pad haian. ‘jivak chintamani’ mahakavy mean kavi ne jivak namak rajakumar ka jivanavritt prastut kiya hai. is kavy ka nayak ath vivah karata hai. vah jivan ke samast sukh aur duahkh ko bhog lene ke uparant rajy aur parivar ka tyag kar sannyas grahan kar leta hai.

uparyukt tin mahakavyoan ke atirikt sangamakalin do any mahakavy ‘valayapatti’ evan ‘kudalakeshi’ mane jate haian, kintu inaki vishay vastu ke sandarbh mean vistrit janakari upalabdh nahian hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

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