संस्कार

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'sanskar' shabd prachin vaidik sahity mean nahian milata, kintu 'samh' ke sath 'kri' dhatu tatha 'sanskrit' shabd bahudha mil jate haian. rrigved mean 'sanskrit' shabd dharm (baratan) ke lie prayukt hua hai, yatha 'donoan ashvin pavitr hue baratan ko hani nahian pahuanchate.' rrigved mean 'sanskritatr' tatha 'ranay sanskrita' shabd prayukt hue haian. shatapath brahman mean aya hai-- 'san idan devebhyo havi: sanskuru sadhu sanskritan sanskurvityevaitadahh.' shatapath brahman mean aya hai 'stri kisi sanskrit (sugathit) ghar mean kh de purush ke pas pahuanchati hai'. chhandogy upanishad mean aya hai-- 'us yajn ki do vidhiyaan hai, man se ya vani se, brahma unamean se ek ko apane man se banata ya chamakata hai.' jaimini ke sootroan mean sanskar shabd anek bar aya hai aur sabhi sthaloan par yah yajn ke pavitr ya nirmal kary ke arth mean prayukt hua hai, yatha jyotishtom yajn mean sir ke kesh muan dane, daant svachchh karane, nakhoon katane ke arth mean; ya prakshen (jal chhi dakane) ke arth mean, adi. jaimini ke mean 'sanskar' shabd upanayan ke lie prayukt hua hai. shabar ki vyakhya mean 'sanskar' shabd ka arth bataya hai ki sanskar vah hai jisake hone se koee padarth ya vyakti kisi kary ke lie yogy ho jata hai. tantravartik ke anusar sanskar ve kriyaean tatha ritiyaan haian jo yogyata pradan karati haian. yah yogyata do prakar ki hoti hai; pap-mochan se utpann yogyata tatha navin gunoan se utpann yogyata. sanskaroan se navin gunoan ki prapti tatha tap se papoan ya doshoan ka marjan hota hai. vir mitroday ne sanskar ki paribhasha is tarah ki hai-- yah ek vilakshan yogyata hai jo shastravihit kriyaoan ke karane se utpann hoti hai.…yah yogyata do prakar ki hai-

• jisake dvara vyakti any kriyaoan (yatha upanayan sanskar se vedadhyayan arambh hota hai) ke yogy ho jata hai, tatha
• dosh (yatha jatakarm sanskar se viry evan garbhashay ka dosh mochan hota hai) se mukt ho jata hai.

sanskar shabd grihyasootroan mean nahian milata (vaikhanas mean milata hai), kintu yah dharmasootroan mean aya hai.

sanskaroan ka uddeshy

manu ke anusar dvijatiyoan mean mata-pita ke viry evan garbhashay ke doshoan ko garbhadhan-samay ke hom tatha jatakarm (janm ke samay ke sanskar) se, chaul (mundan sanskar) se tatha mooanj ki mekhala pahanane (upanayan) se door kiya jata hai. vedadhyayan, vrat, hom, traividy vrat, pooja, santanotpatti, panchamahayajnoan tatha vaidik yajnoan se manavasharir brahm-prapti ke yogy banaya jata hai. yajnavalky ka mat hai ki sanskar karane se bij-garbh se utpann dosh mit jate haian. nibandhakaroan tatha vyakhyakaroan ne manu evan yajnavalky ki in batoan ko kee prakar se kaha hai. sanskar tattv mean uddhrit harit ke anusar jab koee vyakti garbhadhan ki vidhi ke anusar sanbhog karata hai, to vah apani patni mean vedadhyayan ke yogy bhroon sthapit karata hai, puansavan sanskar dvara vah garbh ko purush ya nar banata hai, simantonnayan sanskar dvara mata-pita se utpann dosh door karata hai, bij, rakt evan bhroon se utpann dosh jatakarm, namakaran, annaprashan, choo dakaran evan samavartan se door hote haian. in ath prakar ke sanskaroan se, arthath garbhadhan, puansavan, simantonnayan, jatakarm, namakaran, annaprashan, choo dakaran evan samavartan se pavitrata ki utpatti hoti hai.

yadi ham sanskaroan ki sankhya par dhyan dean to pata chalega ki unake uddeshy anek the. upanayan jaise sanskaroan ka sambandh tha adhyatmik evan saanskritik uddeshyoan se, unase gun sampann vyaktiyoan se sampark sthapit hota tha, vedadhyayan ka marg khulata tha tatha anek prakar ki suvidhaean prapt hoti thi. unaka manauvaijnanik mahattv bhi tha, sanskar karane vala vyakti ek naye jivan ka arambh karata tha, jisake lie vah niyamoan ke palan ke lie pratishrut hota tha. namakaran, annaprashan evan nishkraman aise sanskaroan ka keval laukik mahattv tha, unase keval pyar, sneh evan utsavoan ki pradhanata matr jhalakati hai. garbhadhan, puansavan, simantonnayan aise sanskaroan ka mahattv rahasyatmak evan pratikatmak tha. vivah-sanskar ka mahattv tha do vyaktiyoan ko atmanigrah, atm-tyag evan paraspar sahayog ki bhoomi par lakar samaj ko chalate jane dena.

sanskaroan ki kotiyaan

harit ke anusar sanskaroan ki do kotiyaan haian;

• brahm evan,
• daiv.

garbhadhan aise sanskar jo keval smritiyoan mean varnit haian, brahm kahe jate haian. inako sampadit karane vale log rrishiyoan ke samakaksh a jate haian. pakayajn (pakaye hue bhojan ki ahutiyaan), yajn (homahutiyaan) evan somayajn adi daiv sanskar kahe jate haian.

sanskaroan ki sankhya

sanskaroan ki sankhya ke vishay mean smritikaroan mean matabhed raha hai. gautam ne 40 sanskaroan evan atma ke ath shil-gunoan ka varnan kiya hai. 40 sanskar ye haian- garbhadhan, puansavan, simantonnayan, jatakarm, namakaran, annaprashan, chaul, upanayan (kul 8), ved ke 4 vrat, snan (ya samavartan), vivah, panch mahayajn (dev, pitri, manushy, bhoot evan brahm ke lie), 7 pakayajn (ashtaka, parvan-sthalipak, shraddh, shraanvani, agrahayani, chaitri, ashvayuji), 7 haviryajn jinamean hom hota hai, kintu som nahian (agnayadhan, agnihotr, darshapoornamas, agrayan, chaturmasy, niroodhapashubandh evan sautramani), 7somayajn (agnishtom, atyagnishtom, ukthy, shodashi, vajapey, atiratr, aptoryam).

shankh evan mitakshara ki subodhini gautam ki sankhya ko manate haian. vaikhanas ne netavark sharir sanskaroan ke nam ginaye haian (jinamean utthan, pravasagaman, pindavardhan bhi sammilit haian, jinhean kahian bhi sanskaroan ki koti mean nahian gina gaya hai) tatha 22 yajnoan ka varnan kiya hai (panch ahnik yajn, sat pakayajn, sat haviryajn evan sat somayajn; yahaan panch ahnik yajnoan ko ek hi mana gaya hai, at: kul milakar 22 yajn hue). grihyasootroan, dharmasootroan evan smritiyoan mean adhikaansh itani lambi sankhya nahian milati. aangira ne (sanskarabhayookh evan sanskaraprakash tatha any nibandhoan mean uddhrit) 25 sanskar ginaye haian. inamean gautam ke garbhadhan se lekar paanch ahnik yajnoan (jinhean aangira ne age chalakar ek hi sanskar gina hai) tak tatha namakaran ke uparant nishkraman jo da gaya hai. inake atirikt aangira ne vishnubali, agrayan, ashtaka, shravani, ashvayuji, margashirshi (agrahayani ke saman), parvan, utsarg evan upakarm ko shesh sanskaroan mean gina hai. vyas ne 16 sanskar ginaye haian. manu, yajnavalky, vishnudharmasootr ne koee sankhya nahian di hai, pratyut nishek (garbhadhan) se shmashan (antyeshti) tak ke sanskaroan ki or sanket kiya hai. gautam evan kee grihyasootroan ne antyeshti ko gina hi nahian hai. nibandhoan mean adhikaansh ne solah sanskaroan ki sankhya di hai, yatha- garbhadhan, puansavan, simantonnayan, vishnubali, jatakarm, namakaran, nishkraman, annaprashan, chaul, upanayan, vedavrat-chatushtay, samavartan evan vivah. smritichandrika dvara uddhrit jatookarny mean ye 16 sanskar varnit haian- garbhadhan, puansavan, simant, jatakarm, namakaran, annaprashan, chaul, maunji (upanayan), vrat (4), godan, samavartan, vivah evan antyeshti. vyas ki di huee talika se isamean kuchh antar hai.

grihyasootroan mean sanskaroan ka varnan do anukramoan mean hua hai. adhikaansh vivah se arambh kar samavartan tak chale ate haian. hiranyakeshi grihy, bharadvaj grihy evan manav grihyasootr upanayan se arambh karate haian. kuchh sanskar, yatha karnavedh evan vidyarambh grihyasootroan mean nahian varnit haian. ye kuchh kalantar vali smritiyoan evan puranoan mean hi ullikhit hue haian. ham niche sanskaroan ka ati sankshipt vivaran upasthit kareangean.

rritu-sangaman

vaikhanas ne ise garbhadhan se prithakh sanskar mana hai. yah ise nishek bhi kahata hai aur isaka varnan mean karata hai. garbhadhan ka varnan mean hua hai. vaikhanas ne sanskaroan ka varnan nishek se arambh kiya hai.

garbhadhan (nishek), chaturthikarm ya hom

manu, yajnavalky, vishnu dharmasootr ne nishek ko garbhadhan ke saman mana jata hai. shaankhayan grihyasootr, paraskar grihyasootr tatha apastamb grihyasootr ke mat mean chaturthi-karm ya chaturthi-hom ki kriya vaisi hi hoti hai jo anyatr garbhadhan mean payi jati hai tatha garbhadhan ke lie prithakh varnan nahian paya jata. kintu baudhayan grihyasootr, kathak grihyasootr, gautam evan yajnavalky mean garbhadhan shabd ka prayog paya jata hai. vaikhanas ke anusar garbhadhan ki sanskar-kriya nishek ya rritu-sangaman (masik pravah ke uparant vivahit jo de ke sanbhog) ke uparant ki jati hai aur vah garbhadhan ko dridh karati hai.

puansavan

yah sabhi grihyasootroan mean paya jata hai; gautam evan yajnavalky mean bhi.

garbharakshan

shaankhayan grihyasootr mean isaki charcha huee hai. yah anavalobhan ke saman hai jo ashvalayan grihyasootr ke anusar upanishad mean varnit hai aur ashvalayan grihyasootr ne jisaka svayan varnan kiya hai.

simantonnayan

yah sanskar sabhi dharmashastr-granthoan mean ullikhit hai. yajnavalky ne keval simant shabd ka vyavahar kiya hai.

vishnubali

isaki charcha baudhayan grihyasootr, vaikhanas evan aangira ne ki hai kintu gautam tatha any prachin sootrakaroan ne isaki charcha nahian ki hai.

soshyanti-karm ya hom

khadir evan gobhil dvara yah ullikhit hai. ise kathak grihyasootr mean soshyanti-savan, apastamb grihyasootr evan bharadvaj grihyasootr mean kshiprasuvan tatha hiranyakeshi grihyasootr mean kshiprasavan kaha gaya hai. budhasmriti mean bhi isaki charcha hai.

jatakarm

isaki charcha sabhi sootroan evan smritiyoan mean huee hai.

utthan

keval vaikhanas evan shaankhayan grihyasootr ne isaki charcha ki hai.

namakaran

sabhi smritiyoan mean varnit hai.

nishkraman

ise upanishkraman ya adityadarshan ya nirnayan bhi kahate haian. yajnavalky, paraskar grihyasootr tatha manu ne ise kram se nishkraman, nishkramanika tatha nishkraman kaha hai. kintu kaushik sootr, baudhayan grihyasootr, manav grihyasootr ne kram ne ise nirnayan, upanishkraman evan adityadarshan kaha hai. vishnu dharmasootr evan shankh ne bhi ise adity darshan kaha hai. gautam, apastamb grihyasootr tatha kuchh any sootr isaka nam hi nahian lete.

karnavedh

sabhi prachin sootroan mean isaka nam nahian ata. vyas smriti, baudhayan grihyasootr evan katyayan-sootr ne isaki charcha ki hai.

annaprashan

pray: sabhi smritiyoan ne isaka ullekh kiya hai.

varshavardhan ya abdapoorti

gobhil, shaankhayan, paraskar evan baudhayan ne isaka nam liya hai.

chaul ya choo dakarm ya choo dakaran

sabhi smritiyoan mean varnit hai.

vidyarambh

kisi bhi smriti mean varnit nahian hai, keval aparark evan smritichandrika dvara uddhrit markandey puran mean ullikhit hai.

upanayan

sabhi smritiyoan mean varnit hai. vyas ne isaka vratadesh nam diya hai.

vrat (char)

adhikaanshataya sabhi grihyasootroan mean varnit haian.

keshant ya godan

adhikaanshat: sabhi dharmashastr-granthoan mean ullikhit hai.

samavartan ya snan

in donoan ke vishay mean kee mat haian. manu ne chhatr-jivanoparant ke snan ko samavartan se bhinn mana hai. gautam, apastamb grihyasootr, hiranyakeshi grihyasootr, yajnavalky, paraskar grihyasootr ne snan shabd ko donoan arthath chhatr-jivan ke uparant snan tatha guru-grihy se lautane ki kriya ke arth mean prayukt kiya hai. kintu ashvalayan grihyasootr, baudhayan grihyasootr, shaankhayan grihyasootr evan apastamb dharmasootr ne samavartan shabd ka prayog kiya hai.

vivah

mukhy lekh : vivah sanskar

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sabhi mean sanskar roop mean varnit hai.

mahayajn

mukhy lekh : mahayajn

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prati din ke paanch yajnoan ke nam gautam, aangira tatha any granthoan mean ate haian.

utsarg

vaikhanas evan aangira ne ise sanskar roop mean ullikhit kiya hai.

upakarm

vaikhanas evan aangira mean varnit hai.

antyeshti

manu evan yajnavalky ne isaki charcha ki hai.

shastroan mean aisa aya hai ki jatakarm se lekar choo dakarm tak ke sanskaroan ke krity dvijatiyoan ke purush varg mean vaidik mantroan ke sath kintu nari-varg mean bina vaidik mantroan ke kiye jayean. kintu tin uchch varnoan ke nari-varg ke vivah mean vaidik mantroan ka prayog hota hai.

sanskar evan varn

dvijatiyoan mean garbhadhan se lekar upanayan tak ke sanskar anivary mane gaye haian tatha snan evan vivah namak sanskar anivary nahian haian, kyoanki ek vyakti chhatr-jivan ke uparant sannyasi bhi ho sakata hai (jabalopanishad). sanskaraprakash ne klib bachchoan ke lie sanskaroan ki avashyakata nahian mani hai.

kya shoodroan ke lie koee sanskar hai? vyas ne kaha hai ki shoodr log bina vaidik mantroan ke garbhadhan, puansavan, simantonnayan, jatakarm, namakaran, nishkraman, annaprashan, chaul, karnavedh evan vivah namak sanskar kar sakate haian. kintu vaijavap grihyasootr mean garbhadhan (nishek) se lekar chaul tak ke sat sanskar shoodroan ke lie many haian. aparark ke anusar garbhadhan se chaul tak ke ath sanskar sabhi varnoan ke lie (shoodroan ke lie bhi) many haian. kintu madanaratn, roopanarayan tatha nirnayasindhu mean uddhrith hariharabhashy ke mat se shoodr log keval chh; sanskar, yatha-- jatakarm, namakaran, nishkraman, annaprashan, choo da evan vivah tatha panchahnik (prati din ke paanch) mahayajn kar sakate haian. raghunandan ke shoodrakrityatattv mean likha hai ki shoodr ke lie puranoan ke mantr brahman dvara uchcharit ho sakate haian, shoodr keval 'nam:' kah sakata hai. nirnayasindhu ne bhi yahi bat kahi hai. brahm puran ke anusar shoodroan ke lie keval vivah ka sanskar many hai. nirnayasindhu ne mat-vaibhinny ki charcha karate hue likha hai ki udar mat sath-shoodroan ke lie tatha anudar mat asath-shoodroan ke lie hai. usane yah bhi kaha hai ki vibhinn deshoan mean vibhinn niyam haian.

sanskar-vidhi

adhunik samay mean garbhadhan, upanayan evan vivah namak sanskaroan ko chho dakar any sanskar bahudha nahian kiye ja rahe haian. ashchary to yah hai ki brahman log bhi inhean chho date ja rahe hai. ab kahian-kahian garbhadhan bhi tyaga-sa ja chuka hai. namakaran evan annaprashan sanskar manaye jate haian, kintu bina mantrochcharan tatha purohit ko bulaye. adhikatar chaul upanayan ke din tatha samavartan upanayan ke kuchh dinoan ke uparant kiye jate haian. bangal aise prantoan mean jatakarm tatha annaprashan ek hi din sampadit hote haian. smrityarthasar ka kahana hai ki upanayan ko chho dakar yadi any sanskar nirdisht samay par n kiye jayean to vyahratihom ke uparant hi ve sampadit ho sakate haian. yadi kisi apatti ke karan koee sanskar n sampadit saka ho to padakrichchhr namak prayashchitt karana avashyak mana jata hai. isi prakar samay par chaul n karane par argh-krichchhr karana p data hai. yadi bina ke apatti ke jan-boojhakar sanskar n kiye jayean to doona prayashchitt karana p data hai. is vishay mean nirnayasindhu ne shaunak ke shlok uddhrit kiye haian. nirnayasindhu ne kee matoan ka uddharan diya hai. ek ke anusar prayashchitt ke uparant chho de hue sanskar pun: nahian kiye jane chahie, doosare mat ke anusar sabhi chho de hue sanskar ek bar hi kar liye ja sakate haian aur tisare mat se chho da hua chaulakarm upanayan ke sath sampadit ho sakata hai. dharmasindhu (tritiy parichchhed, poorvardh) ne uparyukt prayashchittoan ke sthan par apekshakrit saral prayashchitt bataye haian, yatha ek prajapaty tin padakrichchhoan ke barabar hai, prajapaty ke sthan par ek gay ka dan tatha gay ke abhav mean ek sone ka nishk (320 gunja), poora ya adha ya chauthaee bhag diya ja sakata hai. daridr vyakti chaandi ke nishk ka bhag ya usi mooly ka ann de sakata hai. kramash: in saral pariharoan (pratyamnayoan) ke karan logoan ne upanayan evan vivah ko chho dakar any sanskar karana chho d diya. adhunik kal mean sanskaroan ke n karane se prayashchitt ka svaroop chaul tak ke lie prati sanskar char ana dan rah gaya hai tatha ath ana dan chaul ke lie rah gaya hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh