समुद्रगुप्त

samudragupt (335-376)
samudragupt gupt rajavansh ka chautha raja aur chandragupt pratham ka uttaradhikari tha. vah bharatiy itihas mean sabase b de aur saphal senanayak mean se ek mana jata hai. samudragupt ka shasanakal bharat ke liye svarnayug ki shuruat kaha jata hai. samudragupt ek udar shasak, vir yoddha aur kala ka sanrakshak tha. usaka nam java path mean 'tanatrikamandaka' ke nam se prakat hai. samudragupt ke kee agraj bhaee the, phir bhi usake pita ne samudragupt ki pratibha ko dekhakar use apana uttaradhikari niyukt kiya tha. samudragupt ne apane jivan kal mean kabhi bhi parajay ka svad nahian chakha. usake bare mean vi. e. smith ne akalan kiya hai ki samudragupt prachin kal mean bharat ka nepoliyan tha.

gupt vansh ka uttaradhikari

chandragupt pratham ke bad samudragupt magadh ke sianhasan par baitha. chandragupt ke anek putr the. par gun aur virata mean samudragupt sabase badh-chadhakar tha. lichchhavi kumari shrikumaradevi ka putr hone ke karan bhi usaka vishesh mahattv tha. chandragupt ne use hi apana uttaradhikari chuna, aur apane is nirnay ko rajyasabha bulakar sabhi sabhyoan ke sammukh udghoshit kiya. yah karate hue prasannata ke karan usake sare sharir mean romaanch ho aya tha, aur aankhoan mean aansoo a ge the. usane sabake samane samudragupt ko gale lagaya, aur kaha - 'tum sachamuch ary ho, aur ab rajy ka palan karo.' is nirnay se rajyasabha mean ekatr hue sab sabhyoan ko prasannata huee.

grihakalah

sambhavatah chandragupt ne apane jivan kal mean hi samudragupt ko rajyabhar sambhalava diya tha. prachin ary rajaoan ki yahi parampara thi. chandragupt ke is nirnay se usake any putr prasann nahian hue. unhoanne samudragupt ke viruddh vidroh kiya. inaka neta 'kach' tha. pratit hota hai, ki unhean apane vidroh mean saphalata bhi mili. 'kach' nam ke kuchh sone ke sikke bhi upalabdh hue haian. inamean gupt kal ke any sone ki sikkoan ki apeksha sone ki matra bahut kam hai. isase anuman hota hai, ki bhaiyoan ki is kalah mean rajyakosh ke oopar bahut bura asar p da tha, aur isilie kach ne apane sikkoan mean sone ki matra kam kar di thi. par kach der tak samudragupt ka muqabala nahian kar saka. samudragupt anupam vir tha. usane shighr hi bhaiyoan ke is vidroh ko shant kar diya, aur pataliputr ke sianhasan par dridhata ke sath apana adhikar jama liya. kach ne ek sal ke lagabhag tak rajy kiya. kach namak gupt raja ki satta ko manane ka adhar keval ve sikke haian, jin par usaka nam 'sarvarajochchheta' visheshan ke sath diya gaya hai. anek vidvanoan ka mat hai, ki kach samudragupt ka hi nam tha. ye sikke usi ke haian, aur bad mean digvijay karake jab vah 'asamudrakshitish' ban gaya tha, tab usane kach ke sthan par samudragupt nam dharan kar liya tha.

digvijay

grihakalah ko shant kar samudragupt ne apane samrajy ke vistar ke lie sangharsh prarambh kiya. is vijay yatra ka varnan prayag mean ashok ke maury ke prachin stambh par b de sundar dhang se utkirn hai. sabase pahale aryavart ke tin rajaoan ko jitakar apane adhin kiya gaya. inake nam haian—

1. ahichchhatr ka raja achyut
2. padmavati ka raja nagasen
3. raja kotakulaj

sambhavatah achyut aur nagasen bharashiv ke vansh ke sath sambandh rakhane vo raja the. yadyapi bharashiv nagoan ki shakti ka pahale hi patan ho chuka tha, par kuchh pradeshoan mean inake chhote-chhote raja ab bhi rajy kar rahe the. guptoan ke utkarsh ke samay inhoanne chandragupt pratham jaise shaktishali raja ki adhinata mean 'samant' ki sthiti svikar kar li thi. par samudragupt aur usake bhaiyoan ki grihakalah se labh uthakar ye ab phir se svatantr ho ge the. yahi dasha kotakul mean utpann raja ki bhi thi, jisaka nam prayag ke stambh ki prashasti mean mit gaya hai. 'kot' nam se aankit sikke panjab aur dilli mean upalabdh hue hai. is kul ka rajy sambhavatah isi pradesh mean tha. sabase poorv samudragupt ne in tinoan rajaoan ko jitakar apane adhin kiya, aur in vijayoan ke bad b di dhoomadham ke sath pushpapur pataliputr mean punah pravesh kiya.

bharatavarsh par ekadhikar

usaka samay bharatiy itihas mean `digvijay` namak vijay abhiyan ke lie prasiddh hai; samudragupt ne mathura aur padmavati ke nag rajaoan ko parajit kar unake rajyoan ko apane adhikar mean le liya. usane vakatak rajy par vijay prapt kar usaka dakshini bhag, jisamean chedi, maharashtr rajy the, vakatak raja rudrasen ke adhikar mean chho d diya tha. usane pashchim mean arjunayan, malav gan aur pashchim-uttar mean yaudhey, madr ganoan ko apane adhin kar, saptasiandhu ko par kar valhik rajy par bhi apana shasan sthapit kiya. samast bharatavarsh par ekadhikar qayam kar usane `digvijay` ki. samudr gupt ki yah vijay-gatha itihasakaroan mean 'prayag prashasti` ke nam se jani jati hai.

samudrgupt ki digvijay

is vijay ke bad samudr gupt ka rajy uttar mean himalay, dakshin mean viandhy parvat, poorv mean brahmaputr nadi aur pashchim mean chanbal aur yamuna nadiyoan tak ho gaya tha. pashchim-uttar ke malav, yaughay, bhadraganoan adi dakshin ke rajyoan ko usane apane samrajy mean n mila kar unhean apane adhin shasak banaya. isi prakar usane pashchim aur uttar ke videshi shak aur 'devaputr shahanushahi` kushan rajaoan aur dakshin ke sianhal dvip-vasiyoan se bhi usane vividh upahar liye jo unaki adhinata ke pratik the. usake dvara bharat ki digvijay ki gee, jisaka vivaran ilahabad qile ke prasiddh shila-stambh par vistarapoorvak diya hai.

`vikramadity' samudrgupt

aryavat mean samudragupt ne 'sarvarajochchhetta' niti ka palan nahian kiya. aryavat ke anek rajaoan ko harane ke pashchath usane un rajaoan ke rajy ko apane rajy mean mila liya. parajit rajaoan ke nam ilahabad - stambh par milate haian - achyut, nagadatt, chandr-varman, baladharma, ganapati nag, rudradev, nagasen, nandi tatha matil. is mahanh vijay ke bad usane ashvamedh yajn kiya aur `vikramadity' ki upadhi dharan ki thi. is prakar samudragupt ne samast bharat par apani pataka phahara kar gupt-shasan ki dhak jama di thi.

mathura par vijay

uttarapath ke jite gaye rajyoan mean mathura bhi tha, samudragupt ne mathura rajy ko bhi apane samrajy mean shamil kiya. mathura ke jis raja ko usane haraya. usaka nam ganapati nag milata hai. us samay mean padmavati ka nag shasak nagasen tha, jisaka nam prayag-lekh mean bhi ata hai. is shilalekh mean nandi nam ke ek raja ka nam bhi hai. vah bhi nag raja tha aur vidisha ke nagavansh se tha. samudragupt ke samay mean gupt samrajy ki rajadhani pataliputr thi. is samrajy ko usane kee rajyoan mean baanta.

samudragupt ke paravarti rajaoan ke abhilekhoan se jnat hota hai ki ganga-yamuna ka doab 'aantarvedi' vishay ke nam se jana jata tha. skandagupt ke rajy kal mean aantarvedi ka shasak 'sharvanag' tha. is ke poorvaj bhi is rajy ke raja rahe hoange. sambhavah samudragupt ne mathura aur padmavati ke nagoan ki shakti ko dekhate hue unhean shasan mean uchch padoan par rakhana sahi samajha ho. samudragupt ne yaudhey, malava, arjunayan, madr adi prajatantrik rajyoan ko kar lekar apane adhin kar liya. digvijay ke pashchath samudragupt ne ek ashvamedh yajn bhi kiya. yajn ke soochak sone ke sikke bhi samudragupt ne chalaye. in sikkoan ke atirikt anek bhaanti ke svarn sikke bhi milate hai.

dakshin vijay

aryavart mean apani shakti ko bhali-bhaanti sthapit kar samudragupt ne dakshin disha ki or prasthan kiya. is vijay yatra mean usane kul barah rajaoan ko jitakar apane adhin kiya. jis kram se inako jita gaya tha, usi ke anusar inaka ullekh bhi prashasti mean kiya gaya hai. ye raja nimnalikhit haian -

koshal ka mahendr

yahaan koshal ka abhipray dakshin koshal se hai, jisamean adhunik madhy pradesh ke vilasapur, rayapur aur sambalapur pradesh sammilit the. isaki rajadhani shripur (vartaman sirapur) thi. dakshin koshal se uttar ki or ka sab pradesh gupt samrajy ke aantargat tha, aur achyut tatha nagasen ki parajay ke bad yah poornataya usake adhin ho gaya tha. aryavart mean parajit hue nagasen ki rajadhani gvaliyar kshetr mean 'padmavati' thi. ab dakshin ki or vijay yatra karate hue sabase pahale dakshin koshal ka hi svatantr rajy p data tha. isake raja mahendr ko jitakar samudragupt ne apane adhin kiya.

mahakantar ka vyaghraraj

mahakoshal ke dakshin-poorv mean mahakantar (jangali pradesh) tha. isi ke sthan mean ajakal goandavana ke saghan jangal hai.

kaural ka mantraraj

mahakantar ke bad 'kaural' rajy ki bari aee. yah rajy dakshini madhy pradesh ke sonapur pradesh ke asapas tha.

pishtapur ka maheanndragiri

godavari zile mean sthit vartaman pithapuram hi prachin samay mean pishtapur kahalata tha. vahaan ke raja mahendragiri ko bhi parast kar ke samudragupt ne apane adhin kiya.

kottar ka raja svamidatt

kottar ka rajy ganjam zile mean tha.

airandapall ka daman

airandapall ka rajy kaliang ke dakshin mean tha. isaki sthiti 'pishtapur' aur 'kottar' ke p dos mean sambhavatah vijagapattam zile mean thi.

kaanchi ka vishnugop

kaanchi ka abhipray dakshin bharat ke kaanjivaram se hai. andhr pradesh ke poorvi ziloan aur kaliang ko jitakar apane adhin kiya.

avamukt ka nilaraj

yah rajy kaanchi ke samip mean hi tha.

veangi ka hastavarman

yah rajy krishnaa aur godavari nadiyoan ke bich mean sthit tha. veangi nam ki nagari is pradesh mean ab bhi vidyaman hai.

pallak ka ugrasen

yah rajy nellor zile mean tha.

devarashtr ka kuber

is raja ke pradesh ke sambandh mean aitihasikoan mean matabhed hai. kuchh vidvan ise satara zile mean manate haian, aur any vijagapattam zile mean. kaanchi, veangi aur avamukt rajyoan ke shasak pallav vansh ke the. sambhavatah un sab ki sammilit shakti ko samudragupt ne ek sath hi parast kiya tha. devarashtr ka pradesh dakshin se uttar ki or lautate hue marg mean aya tha.

kausthalapur ka dhananjay

yah rajy uttari arkot zile mean tha. isaki smriti kuttaloor ke roop mean ab bhi surakshit hai.

pun: yuddh

dakshin bharat ke in vibhinn rajyoan ko jitakar samudragupt vapas laut aya. dakshin mean vah kaanchi se age nahian gaya tha. in rajaoan ko keval parast hi kiya gaya tha, unaka mool se uchchhed nahian kiya gaya tha. prayag ki samudragupt prashasti ke anusar in rajaoan ko harakar pahale qaid kar liya gaya tha, par bad mean anugrah karake unhean mukt kar diya gaya tha.

gupt samrajy mean vilay

aisa pratit hota hai, ki jab samudragupt vijay yatra ke lie dakshin gaya hua tha, uttari bharat (aryavart) ke adhinasth rajaoan ne phir se vidroh ka jhanda kh da kar diya. unhean phir se dobara jita gaya. is bar samudragupt unase adhinata svikar karake hi santusht nahian hua, apitu usane unaka mool se uchchhed kar diya. is prakar j d se ukha de hue rajaoan ke nam ye haian - rudradev, matil, nagadatt, chandravarma, ganapatinag, nagasen, achyutanandi aur balavarma. inamean se nagasen aur achyut ke sath samudragupt ke yuddh ho chuke the. unhian ko parast karane ke bad samudragupt ne dhoomadham ke sath pataliputr (pushpapur) mean pravesh kiya tha. ab ye raja phir se svatantr ho ge the, aur is bar samudragupt ne inaka samoolonmoolan karake inake rajyoan ko apane rajy mean mila liya. rudradev vakatak vanshi prasiddh raja rudrasen pratham tha. matil ki ek mudra bulandashahar ke samip mili hai. isaka rajy sambhavatah isi pradesh mean tha. nagadatt aur ganapatinath ke namoan se yah soochit hota hai, ki ve bharashiv nagoan ke vansh ke the, aur unake chhote-chhote rajy aryavart mean hi vidyaman the. ganapatinath ke kuchh sikke besanagar mean bhi upalabdh hue haian. chandravarma pushkaran ka raja tha. dakshini rajapootana mean sisuniya ki ek chattan par usaka ek shilalekh bhi mila hai. sambhavatah balavarma kotakulaj nripati tha, jise pahali bar bhi samudragupt ne parajit kiya tha. ye sab aryavarti raja is bar poorn roop se gupt samrat dvara parast hue, aur inake pradesh poori tarah se gupt samrajy mean shamil kar lie ge.

kautily arthashastr ke anusar

atavik rajaoan ke prati samudragupt ne prachin maury niti ka prayog kiya. kautily arthashastr ke anusar atavik rajaoan ko apana sahayogi aur sahayak banane ka udyog karana chahie. atavik senaean yuddh ke lie bahut upayogi hoti thian. samudragupt ne in rajaoan ka apana 'paricharak' bana liya tha.

samudragupt ki adhinata

isake bad samudragupt ko yuddhoan ki avashyakata ki nahian huee. in vijayoan se usaki dhak aisi baith gee thi, ki any pratyant (sima-prantoan mean vartaman) nripatiyoan tatha yaudhey, malav adi ganarajyoan ne svayamev usaki adhinata svikrit kar li thi. ye sab kar dekar, ajnaoan ka palan kar, pranam kar, tatha rajadarabar mean upasthit hokar samrat samudragupt ki adhinata svikrit karate the. is prakar karad banakar rahale vale pratyant rajyoan ke nam haian -

1. samatat ya dakshin-poorvi bangal
2. kamaroop ya asam
3. nepal
4. davak ya asam ka nogaanv pradesh
5. kartripur ya kumayooan aur gadhaval ke parvaty pradesh.

niahsandeh ye sab gupt samrajy ke pratyant ya sima pradesh mean sthit rajy the.

adhinasth rajy

is prakar jin ganarajyoan ne gupt samrat ki adhinata ko svikar kiya, ve nimnalikhit the - malav, arjunayan, yaudhey, madrak, abhir, prarjun, sanakanik, kaq aur kharaparik. inamean se malav, arjunayan, yaudhey, madrak aur abhir prasiddh ganarajy the. kushan samrajy ke viruddh vidroh kar inhoanne apani svatantrata ko punah sthapit kiya tha, aur dhire-dhire apani shakti bahut badha li thi. ab samudragupt ne inhean apane adhin kar liya, par usane inako j d se ukha d phaiankane ka prayatn nahian kiya. vah keval kar, pranam, rajadarabar mean upasthiti tatha ajnavirtita se hi santusht ho gaya. in ganarajyoan ne bhi samrat ki adhinata svikar kar apani prithakh satta ko banae rakha. prarjun, kak, sanakadik aur kharaparik chhote-chhote ganarajy the, jo vidisha ke samipavarti pradesh mean sthit the. anek vidvanoan ke mat mean inaki sthiti uttar-pashchim ke gandhar sadrish rajyoan ke kshetr mean thi.

samudragupt ka prashasti gayan

dakshin aur pashchim ke any bahut se raja bhi samrat samudragupt ke prabhav mean the, aur use adarasoochak upahar adi bhejakar santusht rakhate the. is prakar ke tin rajaoan ka to samudragupt prashasti mean ullekh bhi kiya gaya hai. ye 'devaputr hishahanushahi', 'shak-murund' aur 'shaihalak' haian. daivaputr shahanushahi se kushan raja ka abhipray hai. shak-murund se un shak kshatrapoan ka grahan kiya jata hai, jinake anek chhote-chhote rajy is yug mean bhi uttar-pashchimi bharat mean vidyaman the. uttari bharat se bharashiv, vakatak aur gupt vanshoan ne shakoan aur kushanoan ke shasan ka ant kar diya tha. par unake anek rajy uttar-pashchimi bharat mean ab bhi vidyaman the. sianhal ke raja ko saihalak kaha gaya hai. in shaktishali rajaoan ke dvara samudragupt ka adar karane ka prakar bhi prayag ki prashasti mean spasht roop se likha gaya hai.

kanyopayan

ye raja atmanivedan, kanyopayan, dan, garu dadhvaj se aankit ajnapatroan ke grahan adi upayoan se samrat samudragupt ko prasann rakhane ka prayatn karate the. atmanivedan ka abhipray hai, apani sevaoan ko samrat ke lie arpit karana. kanyopayan ka arth hai - kanya vivah mean dena. raja log kisi shaktishali samrat se maitri sambandh banaye rakhane ke lie is upay ka prayah prayog karate the. sambhavatah sianhal, shak aur kushan rajaoan ne bhi samudragupt ko apani kanyaean vivah mean pradan ki thian. dan ka abhipray bheant-upahar se hai. samrat samudragupt se ye raja shasan (ajnapatr) bhi grahan karate the. in sab upayoan se ve mahapratapi gupt samrat ko santusht rakhate the, aur usake kop se bache rahate the. is prakar pashchim mean gandhar se lagakar poorv mean asam tak aur dakshin mean sianhal (lanka) dvip se shuroo kar uttar mean himalay ke kirtipur janapad tak, sarvatr samudragupt ka danka baj raha tha. aryavart ke pradesh sidhe usake shasan mean the, dakshin ke raja usake anugrah se apani satta qayam rakhe hue the. simapradeshoan ke janapad aur ganarajy use baqayada kar dete the, aur doorasth raja bheant-upahar se tatha apani sevaean samarpan kar usake sath maitri sambandh sthapit kie hue the. prayag ki prashasti mean gupt samrat ki is anupam shakti ko kitane sundar shabdoan mean yah kahakar prakat kiya hai, ki prithvi bhar mean koee usaka 'pratirath' (khilaf kh da ho sakane vala) nahian tha, sari dharani ko usane ek prakar se apane bahubal se baandh sa rakha tha.

ashvamedh yajn

sampoorn bharat mean ekachhatr abadhit shasan sthapit kar aur digvijay ko poorn kar samudragupt ne ashvamedh yajn kiya. shilalekhoan mean use 'chirotsann ashvamedhaharta' (der se n hue ashvamedh ko phir se prarambh karane vala) aur 'anekashvamedhayaji' (anek ashvamedh yajn karane vala) kaha gaya hai. in ashvamedhoan mean keval ek purani paripati ka hi anusaran nahian kiya gaya tha, apitu is avasar se labh uthakar kripan, din, anath aur atur logoan ko bharapoor sahayata dekar unake uddhar ka bhi prayatn kiya gaya tha. prayag ki prashasti mean isaka bahut spasht sanket hai. samudragupt ke kuchh sikkoan mean yajniy ashv ka bhi chitr diya gaya hai. ye sikke ashvamedh yajn ke upalakshy mean hi jari kie ge the. in sikkoan mean ek taraf jahaan yajniy ashv ka chitr hai, vahian doosari taraf ashvamedh ki bhavana ko in sundar shabdoan mean prakat kiya gaya hai - 'rajadhirajah prithivimavajity divan jayati aprativary viryah'—rajadhiraj prithvi ko jitakar ab svarg ki jay kar raha hai, usaki shakti aur tez apratim hai.

gun aur charitr

samrat samudragupt ke vaiyaktik gunoan aur charitr ke sambandh mean prayag ki prashasti mean b de sundar sandarbh paye jate haian. ise mahadand nayak dhruvabhooti ke putr, sandhivigrahik mahadandanayak harishen ne taiyar kiya tha. harishen ke shabdoan mean samudragupt ka charitr is prakar ka tha - 'usaka man vidvanoan ke satsang-sukh ka vyasani tha. usake jivan mean sarasvati aur lakshmi ka avirodh tha. vah vaidik marg ka anuyayi tha. usaka kavy aisa tha, ki kaviyoan ki buddhi vibhav ka bhi usase vikas hota tha, yahi karan hai ki use 'kaviraj' ki upadhi di gee thi. aisa kaun sa aisa gun hai, jo usamean nahian tha. saik doan deshoan mean vijay prapt karane ki usamean apoorv kshamata thi. apani bhujaoan ka parakram hi usaka sabase uttam sathi tha. parashu, ban, shanku, shakti adi astroan-shastroan ke saik doan ghavoan se usaka sharir sushobhit tha. usaki niti yah thi, ki sadhu ka uday aur asadhu ka pralay ho. usaka hriday itana komal tha, ki bhakti aur jhuk jane matr se vash mean a jata tha.'

samudragupt ke sikke

samudragupt ke sat prakar ke sikke is samay mean milate haian.

1. pahale prakar ke sikkoan mean usaka jo chitr hai, usamean vah yuddh ki poshak pahane hue hai. usake baean hath mean dhanush hai, aur daean hath mean ban. sikke ke doosari taraf likha hai, "samarashatavitat-vijayi jitari aparajitoan divan jayati" saik doan yuddhoan ke dvara vijay ka prasar kar, sab shatruoan ko parast kar, ab svarg ko vijay karata hai.
2. doosare prakar ke sikkoan mean usaka jo chitr hai, usamean vah parashu lie kh da hai. in sikkoan par likha hai, "kritant (yam) ka parashu lie hue aparajit vijayi ki jay hoan.
3. tisare prakar ke sikkoan mean usaka jo chitr hai, usamean usake sir par ushnish hai, aur vah ek sianh ke sath yuddh kar use ban se marata hua dikhaya gaya hai. ye tin prakar ke sikke samudragupt ke vir roop ko chitrit karate haian.
4. par inake atirikt usake bahut se sikke aise bhi haian, jinamean vah asan par aram se baithakar vina bajata hua pradarshit kiya gaya hai. in sikkoan par samudragupt ka keval nam hi hai, usake sambandh mean koee ukti nahian likhi gee hai. isamean sandeh nahian ki jahaan samudragupt vir yoddha tha, vahaan vah sangit aur kavita ka bhi premi tha.

sianhal se sambandh

samudragupt ke itihas ki kuchh any batean bhi ullekh yogy haian. is kal mean silon (sianhal) ka raja meghavarn tha. usake shasan kal mean do bauddh-bhikshu bodhagaya ki tirthayatra ke lie ae the. vahaan par unake rahane ke lie samuchit prabandh nahian tha. jab ve apane desh ko vapis ge, to unhoanne is vishay mean apane raja meghavarn se shikayat ki. meghavarn ne nishchay kiya, ki bodhagaya mean ek bauddh-vihar sianhali yatriyoan ke lie banava diya jae. isaki anumati prapt karane ke lie usane ek doot-mandal samudragupt ki seva mean bheja. samudragupt ne b di prasannata se is kary ke lie apani anumati de di, aur raja meghavarn ne 'baudhivriksh' ke uttar mean ek vishal vihar ka nirman kara diya. jis samay prasiddh chini yatri hyoo-tsaang bodhagaya ki yatra ke lie aya tha, yahaan ek hazar se oopar bhikshu nivas karate the.

patarani

samrat samudragupt ki anek raniyaan thi, par patarani (agramahishi pattamahadevi) ka pad dattadevi ko prapt tha. isi se chandragupt dvitiy vikramadity ka janm hua tha. pachas varsh ke lagabhag shasan karake 378 ee. mean samudragupt svarg ko sidhare.

putr

samudr gupt ke do putr the-

1. ramagupt
2. chandragupt.

• samudr gupt ke bad usaka jyeshth putr ramagupt magadh ka samrat hua tha.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh