सिन्धु लिपि

chitr:Disamb2.jpg sindhu

ek bahuvikalpi shabd hai any arthoan ke lie dekhean:- sindhu (bahuvikalpi)

[[chitr:Lekhan-Samagri-1.jpg|thumb|250px|siandhu sabhyata ki utkirn mudra]] sindhu ghati ki sabhyata se sanbandhit chhote-chhote sanketoan ke samooh ko sindhu lipi kahate haian. ise sindhu-sarasvati lipi aur h dappa lipi bhi kahate haian. sindhu sabhyata ka udaghatan 1920 ee. ke bad hua. yadi hamare puratattvavetta adhik sachet hote to is sabhyata ki khoj unnisavian shatabdi mean hi ho gee hoti. mesone ne 1820 mean pahali bar h dappa ke tiloan ko pahachana tha. 1865 mean briten-bandhuoan-j aaun aur viliyam ko lahaur se karachi tak ki rel lain banane ka theka mila. viliyam ne multan-lahaur lain ka nirman kiya aur is lain ki gitti ke lie h dappa ki eetoan ka aandhadhuandh istemal kiya. 'aj relaga diyaan sau mil tak aisi patariyoan par se guzarati haian, jo ee. poo. tisari sahashatabdi ki bani huee eetoan par mazabooti se tiki huee haian. eetoan ki is loot ke dauran kee prakar ke puravashesh prapt hue. inamean se adhik akarshak puravasheshoan ko mazadooroan aur ianjiniyaroan ne rakh liya'.

itihas

h dappa lipi (sindhu lipi) ka sarvadhik purana namoona 1853 ee. mean mila tha par spashtatah yah lipi 1923 tak prakash mean aee. siandhu lipi mean lagabhag 64 mool chihn evan 205 se 400 tak akshar haian jo selakh di ki ayatakar muharoan, taanbe ki gutikaoan adi par milate haian. yah lipi chitratmak thi. yah lipi abhi tak gadhi nahian ja saki hai. is lipi mean prapt sabase b de lekh mean qarib 17 chihn haian. kalibanga ke utkhanan se prapt mitti ke thikaroan par utkirn chihn apane parshvavarti dahine chihn ko katate haian. isi adhar par 'brajavasi lal' ne yah nishkarsh nikala hai - 'saiandhav lipi dahini or se bayian or ko likhi jati thi.' abhi hal mean 'ke.en. varma' evan 'pro. es.ar. rav' ne is lipi ke kuchh chihnoan ko padhane ki bat kahi hai. saindhav sabhyata ki kala mean muharoan ka apana vishisht sthan tha. ab tak qarib 200 muharean prapt ki ja chuki haian. isamean lagabhag 1200 akele mohanajoda do se prapt huee haian. ye muhare belanakar, vargakar, ayatakar evan vrittakar roop mean mili haian. muharoan ka nirman adhikatar selakh di se hua hai. is paki mitti ki moortiyoan ka nirman 'chikoti paddhati' se kiya gaya hai. par kuchh muharean 'kachal mitti', gomed, chart aur mitti ki bani huee bhi prapt huee haian. adhikaansh muharoan par sankshipt lekh, ek shrriangi, saand, bhaians, bagh, gaida, hiran, bakari evan hathi ke chitr ukere gaye haian. inamean se sarvadhik akritiyaan ek shrriangi, saand ki mili haian. lothal or deshalapur se taanbe ki muhare mili haian. mohanajoda do se prapt ek trimukhi purush ko ek chauki par padmasan mudra mean baithe hue dikhalaya gaya hai. usake sir mean siang hai tatha kalaee se kandhe tak usaki donoan bhujaean choo diyoan se ladi huee haian. usake dahine or ek hathi aur ek bagh tatha baee or ek bhaiansa aur ek gaida kh de hue haian. chauki ke niche do hiran kh de haian. mohanajoda do se prapt ek any muhar bhakt ghutane ke bal jhuka hua hai. is bhakt ke pichhe manaviy mukh se yukt ek bakari kh di hai aur niche ki or sat bhakt-gan nrity mean magn dikhae ge haian. mohanajoda do evan lothal se prapt ek any muhar par 'nav' ka chitr bana mila hai. h dappa siloan ka sarvadhik prachalit prakar chaukor hai. mohanajoda do, lothal evan kalibanga se rajamudraank mile haian, jinasean yah sanket milata hai ki sambhavatah in muharoan ka prayog un vastuoan ki gaantho par muhar lagane mean kiya jata tha jinaka bahar ke deshoan ko niryat kiya jata tha.

kaniangham ki yatra

janaral kaniangham (1814-93) ne 1856 mean h dappa ki yatra karake vahaan se kuchh muharean prapt ki thian, jin par sindhu lipi ke sanket utkirn the. kaniangham in puravasheshoan ke mahattv ko samajh to ge the, kintu ve h dappa ke anveshanoan ko age nahian badha sake. unhoanne 1875 mean in muharoan mean se kuchh ko prakashit karake hi santosh kar liya.

anveshan

sindhu sabhyata ke do pramukh sthal mohanajoda do aur h dappa ke arambhik anveshan ka shrey do bharatiy puratattvavettaoan ko hai. janavari 1921 mean dayaram sahani ne h dappa mean khudaee arambh ki aur 1922 mean rakhaladas banarji ne mohanajoda do mean khudaee arambh ki. bad mean puratattv vibhag ke dayarektar-janaral j aaun marshal (1876-1958) ne yah kam apane hath mean le liya. marshal ke netritv mean 1931 tak h dappa tatha mohanajoda do ki khudaee hoti rahi. is khudaee ka vistrit vivaran marshal ne tin khandoan vale ek brihadakar granth “moheanjo-d do end d iandas sivilijeshan” (landan, 1931) ke roop mean prakashit kiya. h dappa (maantagomari zila, pakistan) aur mohanajoda do (sindh, pakistan) ke prakash mean ane ke bad sindhu sabhyata ke any anek sthal bhi dhire-dhire samane ae. vartaman shatabdi ke tisare dashak mean aaurel stain (1862-1943) ne baloochistan mean anek tiloan ki khoj ki. sindhu sabhyata ke anveshan mean bharatiy puratattvavettaoan ne bhi mahattvapoorn yogadan diya hai. 1927 aur 1931 ke bich nanigopal majoomadar (1893-1938) ne h dappa aur mohanajoda do ke bich ke pradesh ki chhanabin ki aur kirathar paha diyoan mean khudaee karate samay hi dakuoan ke hathoan unaki mrityu huee. mohanajoda do ki khudaee mean bharatiy puravid madhosvaroop vats tatha kashinath dikshit marshal ke sahayogi the. 1925 mean dikshit ne sindhu sabhyata ke do aur sthal lohumjo-d doan tatha lumujonejo khoje. arnest maike ke netritv mean 1935-1936 mean sindh ke navabashah zile ke chanhu-d do namak sthan par khudaee huee. is sthan se sindhu sabhyata ke uttarakal ki mahattvapoorn samagri prapt huee. 1945 mean m aaurtimar hvilar ne h dappa ki pun: vidhivat khudaee arambh ki. is khudaee mean bahut si nee chizean milian, jinamean h dappa ka parakota vishesh mahattv ka hai.

bharat vibhajan

1947 mean bharat vibhajan ke karan mohanajoda do, h dappa tatha sindhu sabhyata ke any anek sthal bharatiy puratattvavettaoan ke hathoan se nikal ge. kintu sindhu sabhyata keval sindhu pradesh mean hi simit nahian thi. bharatiy puravidoan ne vartaman bharat mean lagabhag 200 aise sthan khoj nikale haian, jo sindhu sabhyata ke haian. 1950-1953 mean rajasthan ki ghagghar (prachin drishadvati) nadi ke kachhar mean sindhu sabhyata ke lagabhag tis sthaloan ka pata chala hai. ambala zile ke rop d sthan ke najadik bhi h dappa sanskriti ke puravashesh prapt hue haian. kathiyava d (gujarat rajy) mean bhi sindhu sabhyata ke anek sthal mile haian. gujarat ke bhavanagar zile mean sthit padari ke bartan ke thikaroan par h dappaee lipi prapt huee hai, sath hi tin vishisht chitrit bhand v taanbe ki kalatmak vastuean prapt huee haian.

lothal se prapt sindhu muhar

1935 mean surendranagar ke pas rangapur ke tiloan ki khudaee arambh huee thi. 1950 ke bad ki khudaee mean rangapur ke samip ke ek tile se h dappa sanskriti ke puravashesh mile haian. utsahit hokar puravidoan ne any tiloan ko bhi khodana shuroo kiya. kee sthanoan par sindhu sanskriti ke avashesh mile. inamean pramukh haian-sabaramati aur bhagava nadiyoan ke bich, arab sagar se 16 kilomitar door, lothal. mitti par sindhu lipi ki muharoan ke aise chhape bhi lothal se mile haian, jo anyatr kahian nahian mile the. kal-nirdharan ki “karban-14 vidhi” jaanchan se jnat hua hai ki lothal mean 2200 se 1700 ee. poo. tak basti rahi. lothal ki khudaee mean eetoan ki bani huee 218 mitar lambi aur 37 mitar chau di chaturbhujakar ek godi (d aaukayard) bhi mili hai. is godi ko ek nahar dvara bhagava nadi se jo da gaya tha. aisa jan p data hai ki samudri jahaz ya naukaean bhagava nadi mean ati thian. mesopotamiya ki ek utkirn mudra bhi lothal se mili hai. in pramanoan se yah prakat hota hai ki samudri marg se bhi sumer-bebilon aur sindhu pradesh ke bich gahare vyapari sambandh the.

khoj

san 1947 ke bad bharat mean sindhu sabhyata ke jo kee sthal khoje ge, unamean pramukh haian-rajasthan mean ghagghar ke tat par sthit kalibanga. yahaan h dappa aur poorv-h dappa kal ke avashesh mile haian. h dappa ki tarah yahaan bhi parakote se ghira hua ek ooancha durg tha. parantu yahaan ki sabase mahattvapoorn khoj hai-hal se jota gaya ek khet, jo pramanit karata hai ki sindhujan hal ka prayog karate the. sindhu sabhyata ke ek any sthal banavali (hisar zila, hariyana) se mitti ka bane hal ka ek khilauna bhi mila hai. parantu yahaan se sindhu lipi ki muharean nahian milian. isi tarah, zile ke kunal sthan se poorv-h dappa kal ki muharean to mili haian, parantu un par lipi-sanket ukere hue nahian haian.

dhaulavira

idhar ke varshoan mean dhaulavira (kachchh, gujarat) mean ek vikasit h dappa sanskriti ka udaghatan hua hai. is sindhu nagar ko parakote ke bhitar ek vishisht ayojan aur vinyas ke anusar basaya gaya tha. yahaan ki ek advitiy upalabdhi hai-sindhu lipi ke das b de chihnoan se bana hua lekh. durg ke uttari dvar ke pas zamin par p de hue is lekh ka pratyek akshar 37 sentimitar ooancha hai. sphatik ke tuk doan se nirmit ye akshar tin mitar lambe lak di ke ek takhte par jo de ge the. anuman hai ki yah lekh nagar ke pravesh dvar ke oopar 'namapatt' ki tarah laga hua tha.

utkhanan

azadi ke bad sindhu sabhyata ke aur bhi kee sthaloan par utkhanan kary hua. inamean mukhy haian-surakot da (kachchh), maanda (jammoo), bhagavanapura (kurukshetr zila), hulas (saharanapur zila, uttar pradesh), mitathal (hariyana) adi. sindhu sabhyata ke logoan ki arambhik bastiyaan baloochistan mean dekhane ko milati haian. bad mean sindhu ke kachhar mean h dappa tatha mohanajoda do jaise poorn vikasit nagar prakat hote haian. kalantar mean in logoan ne ganga-yamuna ke doab mean bhi apani bastiyaan basaee.

avashesh

1958 mean dilli se 45 kilomitar uttar-poorv ki or, yamuna ki ek sahayak nadi ke kinare, alamagir namak sthan par h dappa sanskriti ke avashesh mile haian, par alamagir h dappa ke logoan ki poorv ki or ki antim sima nahian hai. h dappa ki tarah ke mridabhaand ganga ke kinare bulandashahar tatha saharanapur ziloan mean bhi mile haian. dakshin ke pathar mean bhi kuchh sthaloan par sindhu sabhyata ke chihn prapt hue haian. is tarah mohanajoda do tatha h dappa ke pakistan mean chale jane ke bad bhi bharatiy puravidoan ke phav doan ke lie aisa vishal bharatiy kshetr vidyaman hai, jisamean sindhu sabhyata ke avashesh prapt hue haian aur age bhi prapt ho sakate haian.

kal nirdharan

misr tatha sumer ki prachin sabhyataoan ki tarah sindhu sabhyata ka kal-nirdharan sambhav nahian hai. misr tatha sumer ki pragaitihasik sabhyataoan ke kal-nirdharan mean vahaan mili lekhan-samagri kafi sahayak siddh huee hai. kintu sindhu lipi ke abhi tak n padhe jane ke karan sindhu sabhyata ke kal-nirdharan mean any vidhiyoan ki sharan leni p dati hai. sindhu sabhyata ki kuchh utkirn muharean mesopotamiya ki khudaee mean bhi mili haian. ye muharean vahaan khudaee ke jin staroan mean mili haian, un staroan ka kal puravidoan ko jnat hai. in mesopotamiyaee sthaloan ki puratatvik khojabin se prakat hota hai ki in muharoan ke vahaan pahuanchane ka samay 2300 ee.poo. ke as-pas raha hoga. is tatha any anumanoan ke adhar par puravid is parinam par pahuanche haian ki sindhu sabhyata 2600 se 2000 ee. poo. tak apane charamotkarsh par thi.

sindhu lipi ki muharean

sindhu sabhyata ke vibhinn sthaloan se ab tak 3000 se adhik utkirn mudraean ya muharean prapt huee haian. selakh di, chini mitti tatha hathidaant ki bani in muharoan par pashu, pakshi tatha manav ki akritiyoan ke sath sindhu lipi ke sanket utkirn haian. puravidoan ke lie yah ek paheli hai ki ye muharean, in par utkirn pratikoan sahit, kis uddeshy se banaee gee thian. mesopotamiya se bhi belan (siliandar) ke akar ki muharean mili haian, parantu vahaan kalashoan ya bhaandoan par mitti ke phalakoan ki sil lagane ke lie in muharoan ka istemal hota tha. sindhu sabhyata ki muharoan ka bhi upayog sil lagane ke lie hi hota tha, aisa nishchit roop se nahian kaha ja sakata. lothal ki mitti par in aankit muharoan ki chhapean mili haian, kintu vaisi chhapean any kisi bhi sthan ki mitti par nahian mili haian. anek puravidoan ne in muharoan ki kalpana sikke, tavij, tred-mark adi ke roop mean ki hai.

manyataean

sindhu lipi ke bare mean bhi puralipividoan ne nana prakar ki kalpanaean prastut ki haian. sabase pahale 1925 mean el.e. vadel ne is lipi ko padhane ka prayas kiya tha. unaki manyata thi ki sumeri log tatha vaidik ary ek hi vansh ke the. unhoanne sindhu lipi ko sumeri lekhoan ke adhar par padhane ka prayas kiya aur is lipi mean kuchh vaidik devataoan ko bhi khoj nikala. vadel ka anukaran karate hue d aau. prananath ne sindhu sanskriti ko ary sanskriti to mana, parantu usaki bhasha ko unhoanne ady-sanskrit ya ady-prakrit ka nam diya. unhoanne kafi bad ki brahmi lipi ke dhvanimanoan ko sindhu lipi ke sanketoan par lagoo karane ka prayatn kiya. d aau. prananath ka yah bhi sujhav tha ki taantrik pratikoan ke adhar par sindhu lipi ke sanketoan ka adhyayan kiya jana chahie. is sujhav ka anukaran karate hue shankaranand tatha beni madhav barua ne sindhu lipi ko padhane ka yatn kiya. in donoan sajjanoan ne is lipi ko varnamalatmak hi mana. mumbee ke seant jeviyars k aaulej ke bharat-puravid fadar heras ne kalpana ki ki sindhu sabhyata ke log dravi d jati ke the, isilie unaki bhasha bhi dravi d parivar ki-prak-tamil-honi chahie. prasiddh misr-puravid fliandars petri ne misri lipi ke samy ke adhar par sindhu lipi mean keval bhavachitroan ki hi kalpana ki. petri ka mat tha ki sindhu sabhyata ki in muharoan par keval afasaroan ki padaviyaan aankit haian.

hrozni ke anusar

pratham mahayuddh ke jamane mean prasiddh puralipivid hrozni ne hitti kalikshar lipi ka udaghatan kiya tha. usake bad unhoanne sansar ki bahut-si puralipiyoan ko padhane ki koshit ki thi, jinamean krit ki lipi ko padhane ki asaphal koshish bhi shamil hai. hrozni ne 1939 mean sindhu lipi ke bare mean bhi ek nibandh prakashit kiya. unaki manyata thi ki sindhu sabhyata ke log prak-hitti the arthat bharat-yooropiy bhasha-parivar ke the. isilie unhoanne sindhu lipi mean hitti bhasha ko khojane ka prayatn kiya.

meriggi ke anusar

itali ke prasiddh puravid meriggi ne petro ki is keval bhavachitroan vali manyata ko asvikar karake, sindhu lipi ko bhavachitroan aur dhvani-sanketoan se yukt ek mishrit yojana mana. unhoanne kuchh sanketoan ko bhavachitr mana aur kuchh sanketoan ko dhvani sanket. unhoanne isake bad sindhu lipi ke aanty-prayatnoan ka adhyayan karake usamean vibhakti-sanketoan ki bhi khoj ki. jab meraggi ne apani is yojana ke anusar sindhu lipi ko padhane ki koshish ki, to unhean in lekhoan mean krishi se sambandhit batoan ki hi pradhanata dikhaee di.

de-hevesi ke anusar

1934 mean de-hevesi ne ek adabhut kalpana ki. unhoanne sindhu lipi ko eestar dvip ki lipi ke sath jo dane ka prayatn kiya aur sanketoan ka samy darasane ke lie in donoan lipiyoan mean se 48 sanketoan ki ek talika bhi prakashit ki. sarasari drishti se koee bhi is talika ko dekhega, to vishvas kar baithega ki sindhu lipi aur eestar dvip ki lipi mean adabhut samy hai. parantu gaharaee se vichar karane par yah samy ek bhulava matr jan p data hai. ek to hevesi ne in do lipiyoan ke keval 48 sanketoan mean hi samanata darasaee hai aur bhi zor-jabari se, jabaki sindhu lipi mean sanketoan ki sankhya isase ath guna adhik hai.
doosare, ham janate haian ki eestar dvip ki lipi ek hazar sal se adhik puratan nahian ho sakati hai, jabaki sindhu lipi lagabhag sadhe char hazar sal purani hai. tisare, eestar dvip (prashant mahasagar) aur sindhu pradesh ke bich itani adhik doori hai ki kisi bhi prakar yah kalpana nahian ki ja sakati hai ki sindhu sabhyata ke nivasi itani door apani is lipi ko le ge hoange. atah dikkal ke is mahat antar par vichar karean, to hevesi ki yah manyata kori kalpanik u dan hi jan p dati hai.

sindhu lipi ki kathinaee

sindhu lipi ka aisa koee lekh ab tak nahian mila hai, jisamean 26 se adhik sanket hoan. muharoan par lipi-sanketoan ke sath pashu-pakshiyoan ki jo akritiyaan utkirn haian, unake adhyayan se jnat hota hai ki sindhu lipi daeean or baeean or ko likhi jati thi. yah bhi pata chalata hai ki jahaan lipi-sanket do panktiyoan mean haian, vahaan par ‘byustraphidan’ paddhati se unhean likha gaya hai, yani pahali pankti daeean or se baeean or ko likhi gee hai, aur doosari pankti baeean or se daeean or ko. jnat hota hai ki sindhu lipi mean lagabhag 400 sanketoan ka prayog hota tha, kintu ek hi sanket ke vividh roopoan ko chho d diya jae to in sanketoan ki sankhya lagabhag 250 rah jati hai. ab yah ek spasht bat hai ki, itane adhik sanketoan vali lipi varnamalatmak to nahian ho sakati. yah bhi spasht hai ki chitralipi ya bhavachitratmak lipi ke lie itane sanket paryapt nahian haian.

sumeri lipi

sumeri lipi ke adhyayan se jnat hota hai ki arambh mean usamean lagabhag 2000 sanketoan ka prayog hota tha aur kalantar mean yah sankhya keval 900 rah gee. sanketoan ki sankhya mean kami hote jana lipi ke vikas ko vyakt karata hai. (chini lipi in niyam ka apavad hai.) sindhu lipi ke bare mean aur ek mahattvapoorn bat yah hai ki sindhu sabhyata ke lagabhag ek hazar varshoan ke dirgh-jivan kal mean bhi isake sanketoan ke svaroopoan mean koee vishesh parivartan dekhane mean nahian ata. sindhu sabhyata ke any puravasheshoan ke nirikshan se bhi yah bat siddh hoti hai ki 2600 ee. poo. ke as-pas jis sabhyata ke hamean darshan hote haian, vah apane vikas ke utkarsh par pahuanch chuki thi aur agale ek hazar varshoan tak usamean koee vishesh parivartan dekhane ko nahian milata. sindhu lipi ka sthayi svaroop bhi isi tathy ki or ishara karata hai ki, sindhu sabhyata lagabhag ek hazar varshoan tak vaisi-ki-vaisi bani rahi hai.

lipi-anveshan

sindhu lipi ki bhaanti hi usaki bhasha bhi ajnat hi hai. aisi sthiti mean lipi-anveshan ke lie koee dvaibhashik lekh hi sahayak siddh ho sakata hai. kintu abhi tak is tarah ka koee ka dvaibhashik lekh prapt nahian hua hai. sindhu sabhyata aur sumeri sabhyata ke gahare vyaparik sambandh the. sindhu lipi ki muharean mesopotamiya mean mili haian aur mesopotamiya ki muharean sindhu pradesh mean. isalie hamean asha rakhani chahie ki kisi din bharat ya irak mean koee aisa dvaibhashik lekh prapt ho jayega, jisamean sindhu lipi tatha kilakshar lipi mean ek hi bat aankit ki gee ho.

sindhu lipi ke dosh

oopar sindhu lipi ke bare mean jitani bhi parikalpanaoan ka ullekh kiya hai, unake doshoan ko asani se samajha ja sakata hai. in parikalpanaoan ki doshapoornata isi se spasht hai ki in puralipividoan mean se kisi ko is lipi ka udaghatan karane mean aanshik saphalata bhi nahian mili hai. kuchh puravidoan ne is lipi ki antarik rachana ka tatha isake sanketoan ka yaantrik vishleshan karane ka bhi prayatn kiya hai. gad, sidani smith, laangadan aur hantar inamean pramukh haian. gad ne sindhu lipi mean prachin bharopiy bhasha ki kalpana ki hai aur isake tin sanketoan ko ‘shabd’ ke arth mean padhane ka prayatn kiya hai. hantar ne sindhu lipi tatha brahmi lipi mean kuchh samy khojane ki koshish ki. gad tatha hantar donoan hi sindhu lipi ko aksharatmak manate haian. isake viparit, sidani smith ne kisi bhi bhasha ka sahara n lete hue isake sanketoan ka yaantrik vishleshan karane ka prayatn kiya hai. unhoanne apana adhyayan is lipi ke nirdharak-sanketoan, poorv-sarg tatha aanty-sarg sanketoan ko tay karane tak hi simit rakha.
kuchh puravidoan ne sindhu lipi ke sanketoan ki tulana bad ke ahat (panchamark) sikkoan par pae jane vale chihnoan ke sath karane ki bhi koshish ki hai. mauryakal ke sohagaura tamrapatr par paye ge sanket sindhu lipi ke avashesh mane ge haian. parantu is parikalpana ke lie abhi tak koee thos adhar prapt nahian hua hai. is prakar ke kuchh pratik-chihn to aj bhi dekhe ja sakate haian. isilie is manyata ke bare mean nishchit roop se kuchh nahian kaha ja sakata.

sudhaanshu kumar ray ke anusar

siandhu lipi ke udaghatan ke ek-do davedar pray har sal samane ate haian. 1968 mean sudhaanshu kumar ray ke anveshan ki samacharapatroan mean khoob charcha rahi. unhoanne apane anveshan ke bare mean do pustikaean bhi prakashit ki haian. sudhaanshu kumar ray sindhu mean ady-sanskrit bhasha ke darshan karate haian. unake matanusar, sindhu lipi ajakal ki devanagari lipi jaisi varnamalatmak hai. unhoanne is lipi ke 48 varnaksharoan ki khoj ki hai. sath hi, sanyuktakshar tatha svar-matraoan ko bhi khoj nikala hai. ve sindhu lipi mean kuchh nirdharak sanket evan bhavachitroan ke bhi darshan karate haian. ray ka mat hai ki sindhu lipi ki muharoan ka istemal vyakaran ke niyam sikhane ke lie hota tha. ve kahate haian, "mohanajoda do" nishchay hi sansar ka pratham vishvavidyalay-nagar tha aur usaka vishal snanagar, dhany-kothar adi usake chhatravas se sambandhit the." samajh mean nahian ata ki yadi ray ne sachamuch hi sindhu lipi ke rahasy ka udaghatan kar liya tha, to unhoanne apane adhyayan ko kisi shastriy patrika mean kyoan nahian prakashit kiya?

pashupati-mudra

vi.en. krishnarav bharatiy puratattv-sarvekshan mean takaniki sahayak ke pad par rahe haian. sudhaanshu kumar ray ki tarah ve bhi sindhu lipi mean vaidik sanskrit bhasha ke darshan karate haian. unaka anveshan prasiddh ‘pashupati-mudra’ se arambh hota hai. is mudra ke bich mean ek yogi ya shiv ki akriti hai. oopar lipi-sanket haian aur daean-baean v niche pashu-akritiyaan utkirn haian. niche baeean or ka kona toota hua hai. krishnarav bhi yah svikar karate haian ki sindhu lipi daeean aur baeean or likhi gee hai. atah is tathakathit ‘pashupati mudra’ mean ve unhian pashu-akritiyoan par vichar karana chahate haian, jinaka muanh baeean or ko hai. sher ko, jisaka muanh daeean or hai, ve koee mahattv nahian dete. isi tarah yogi ke asan ke niche bani bakare ya hiran ki akriti ko bhi ve mahattv nahian dete. is akriti ke baeean or, khandit bhag mean, ek aur pashu-akriti rahi hai. unake anusar daeean or ke pashu haian-mahish (bhaians), khadg (gaianda). oopar ke kone mean manushy (nar) ki akriti hai. baeean or shadri (hathi) aur punah manushy ki akriti hai. krishnarav ka kahana hai ki mudra mean oopar utkirn paanch lipi-sanket in paanch pashuoan ke sanskrit namoan ke adyakshar haian; jaise, mahish (m), khadg (kh), nar (na), shadri (sh) aur nar (n). adyaksharoan se ‘makhanashan’ shabd banata hai, jo krishnarav ke anusar ‘indr’ ka dyotak hai.

lipi-sanket

ek any mudra mean yogi ki isi prakar ki akriti hai aur isake oopar paanch lipi-sanket haian. is mudra-lekh ko padhate hue krishnarav daeean or ke do sanketoan ko chho d dete haian aur shesh tinoan sanketoan ko ‘eeshan’ (rudr) padhate haian. is mudra mean koee pashu-akriti nahian hai. isilie krishnarav ne yahaan adyakshar-siddhant ka sahara nahian liya hai. ek hi tarah ki akriti ek mudra mean makhanashan (indr) aur doosari mudra mean eeshan (rudr) kaise ho sakati hai? zahir hai ki unake anveshan mean g dab d hai. krishnarav ne sindhu lipi ko padhane ke lie prachin misr ki lipi, sumeri lipi, rooni lipi adi ke sanketoan ke manoan ka sahara liya hai. yoorop ki rooni lipi kisi bhi halat mean do hazar sal se adhik prachin nahian hai. isake viparit, sindhu sabhyata ka ant 1500 ee. poo. ke pahale hi ho gaya tha. aisi halat mean age ki ek lipi ke sanket manoan ko sindhu lipi par kaise lagoo kiya ja sakata hai. krishnarav ne sindhu lipi mean kuchh videshi shasakoan ke nam bhi khoje haian. ek or ve isamean misr ke pratham shasak man (menes ya naramer, 3200 ee. poo.) ka nam khojate haian, to doosari or raja soloman (ee. poo. dasavian shatabdi) ka. sabhi batoan par vichar karane se jnat hota hai ki krishnarav ne dikkal ki simaoan ka bilkul bhi khyal nahian rakha aur unaka yah anveshan pusht nahian hai.

d aau. fatahasianh ke anusar

doosare davedar haian, rajasthan prachyavidya pratishthan, jodhapur ke nideshak d aau. fatahasianh. pratishthan ki shodh-patrika ‘svaha’ mean unhoanne apana arambhik anveshan prakashit kiya hai. fatahasianh sindhu sabhyata ko ary sabhyata manate haian aur sindhu lipi mean vaidik bhasha evan "brahman granthoan aur upanishadoan ke pratik" khojate haian. sindhu lipi mean vaidik bhasha khojane ke prayas se koee saiddhantik virodh nahian hai, par sindhu sabhyata ke upalabdh puratattvavashesh isi tathy ki or ishara karate haian ki sindhu sabhyata vaidik sabhyata se bhinn thi aur vaidik sahity ke adhyeta achchhi tarah janate haian ki rrigved ke yatudharm mean aur kalantar mean rachit brahman granthoan tatha upanishadoan ke dharm mean b da antar hai. ham yah svikar karate haian ki brahman aur upanishadoan mean aryoan ki sanskriti aur deshaj sanskriti ka samanvay hua hai. par brahmanoan aur upanishadoan ke pratik adhyatmavad aur rahasy ka jama pahane hue haian. inake viparit, rrigved-kalin dharm-karm utana adhyatmavadi aur rahasyamay nahian tha. atah rrigved ko chho dakar bad ke brahmanoan aur upanishadoan ke pratikoan ko sindhu lipi par aropit karana, apani adhyatmikata ka parichay dene ke alava aur kuchh nahian hai.

aksharatmak v bhavachitratmak lipi

d aau. fatahasianh ne sindhu lipi mean aksharatmak v bhavachitratmak lipi-tray aur lipi-chatushtay ke sanket khoje haian. unaka kahana hai ki sindhu lekh char prakar ki lipiyoan mean likhe ge haian. unaka anuman hai ki inamean se tin lipiyaan daeean or baeean or ko likhi gee haian aur chauthi sambhavatah baeean or se daeean or ko.

sanganak

tisare davedar haian, finalaind ke char vaijnanik-asko parapola, pi. alto, simo parapola aur es. koskenniemi. inamean ek bharatavid, doosara asiri puravid, tisara bhashavid aur chautha ganitajn hai. inhoanne sanganak (kampyootar) ki sahayata se sindhu lipi ke lekhoan ka vishleshan kiya hai. shabdoan ke arambh aur ant mean ane vale vyakaranatmak pratyayoan ki baranmabarata jnat karane ke lie hi sanganak ki sahayata li gee hai. roosi puravid bhi sanganak ki sahayata se sindhu lipi ke anveshan mean jute hue haian. unhoanne sanganak ki madad se hi may lipi ka udaghatan kiya tha. ianglaind ke maikel veantris ne isi prakar antarik vishleshan karake krit ki raikhik-b lipi ka udaghatan kiya tha. bhasha ajnat hone par puralipi ke anveshan ka yahi tariqa sarvottam hai.

prak-dravi d bhasha

roosi aur fini vaijnanik ke anusar sindhu lipi mean prak-dravi d bhasha ke darshan hote haian. fini vaijnanik ne apane anveshan mean kuchh sanketoan ke arth jan lie haian. inamean se kuchh yahaan die ja rahe haian-

sambandh karak sampradan karak, ekavachan kartta karak, bahuvachan sambandh karak, bahuvachan sampradan, bahuvachan raja

adami stri, kanghi tara chhah tare (krittika nakshatr) mandir, rajamahal

in fini vaijnanikoan ki vidhi vaijnanik hai, isamean sandeh nahian. parantu inake adhyayan mean bhi kamiyaan haian. prak-dravi d bhasha ke vyakaran ke bare mean inaki janakari poornat yatharth nahian hai. inake adhyayan ki yah shuruat matr hai.

lothal ka utkhanan kary

lothal ke utkhanan kary ka netritv karane vale prasiddh puratattvavetta d aau. shikaripur ranganath rav ne bhi sindhu lipi ke bare mean apana anveshan prakashit kiya hai.

maulik chihn

rav ka mat hai ki arambhik h dappa sanskriti (2500-1900 ee. poo.) ki sindhu lipi mean 390 chihn the, jinamean lagabhag 40 maulik chihn the. kintu paravarti h dappa sanskriti (1900-1600 ee. poo.) ki sindhu lipi mean sirf 20 maulik chihn rah ge the. isaka arth yah hua ki paravarti sindhu lipi varnamalatmak ban chuki thi.

yah kaise hua?

yah kaise hua? rav ka kahana hai ki yah pashchim eshiya ki semetik lipi ke prabhav se hua. unhoanne kanani aur finishiyan jaisi uttari semetik lipiyoan ke sanketoan mean aur paravarti sindhu lipi ke sanketoan mean samy bhi khoja hai. itana hi nahian, unhoanne semetik ‘vyanjanamala’ ke dhvanimanoan ki sahayata se hi paravarti sindhu lipi ke 20 chihnoan ki ‘varnamala’ ko padhane ka prayatn kiya hai. rav ka kahana hai ki paravarti sindhu lipi ki ‘varnamala’ mean 14 ya 15 vyanjanakshar haian aur 5 svarakshar. ham janate haian ki semetik lipiyoan mean svarakshar nahian the. lekin yoonaniyoan ne uttari semetik lipi ke adhar par apani bhasha ke lie jab nee lipi banaee, to usamean unhoanne svaroan ke lie chihn bana lie the. rav ka adhyayan yadi sahi hai to hamean kahana p dega ki paravarti h dappa sanskriti ke logoan ne bhi aisa hi kiya tha.

is ‘sindhu varnamala’ ki bhasha kya thi?

is ‘sindhu varnamala’ ki bhasha kya thi? apane adhyayan se rav is parinam par pahuanche haian ki sindhu logoan ki bhasha bharat-yooropiy parivar ki tatha bharat-eerani varg ki thi. sath hi ve yah janakari bhi dete haian ki jo 360 shabd unhoanne khojean haian, unamean 30 shabd bharat-yooropiy bhasha ke nahian haian.

parinam

rav is parinam par pahuanche haian ki sindhu lipi ki bhasha vedoan ki prachin sanskrit bhasha se kafi milati hai. unhoanne kuchh muharoan par ‘raja’ ke lie ‘pal’, ‘palak’, ‘tr’ adi shabdoan ki khoj bhi ki hai. rav ne ‘sindhu varnamala’ ka semetik lipiyoan ke sath samy darasane ke lie jo talika di hai, usamean unhoanne brahmi lipi ke kuchh akshar die haian. atah lagata hai ki brahmi varnamala paravarti ‘sindhu varnamala’ se bani thi. par ve yah bhi svikar karate haian ki sindhu lipi daeean or se baeean or ko likhi jati thi. sankshep mean, yah hai es.ar. rav ka adhyayan. lekin gaharaee se dekhean to, isamean kee nyoonataean haian. isilie hamean manana p data hai ki sindhu lipi abhi bhi ajnat bani huee hai.

mudralekhoan ki bhasha

sindhu lipi ke udaghatan ke ne davedar d aau. natavar jha ki manyata hai ki sindhu mudralekhoan ki bhasha vaidik sanskrit hai aur lipi poorv-brahmi. ve kahate haian ki adhikaansh sindhu muharoan mean poorvavarti vaidik shabdoan ko, pramukhatah rrigved ke shabdoan ko, prastut kiya gaya hai. itana hi nahian, d aau. natavar jha ka mat hai ki sindhu lekhoan mean kshetramiti se sambandhit shulvasootroan aur pramukh upanishadoan ke vishayoan ka bhi prastutikaran dekhane ko milata hai.

nighantu shabd sangrah

d aau. natavar jha ko apani is parikalpana ke lie prerana mili yask dvara sankalit nighantu namak vaidik shabd-sangrah se aur un shabdoan par likhe ge unake nirukt namak bhashy se. yask eesa poorv qarib paanch-chhah sau sal pahale hue. kuchh panditoan ka mat hai ki nighantu namak vaidik shabd-sangrah yask ne svayan taiyar kiya tha, aur kuchh any panditoan ka mat hai ki unhean yah parampara se prapt hua. lagata hai ki nighantu kisi ek vyakti ki kriti nahian hai.

yask

mahabharat ke shantiparv mean mokshaparv ke 342 vean adhyay ke do shlokoan mean yask ka ullekh hai aur kaha gaya hai ki unhoanne patalalok mean nasht hue niruktashastr ko punah prapt kiya. kuchh bad ke do shlokoan mean bataya gaya hai ki ‘vrish’ ka arth dharm hai aur prajapati-kashyap ne mujhe (vasudev ko) ‘vrishakapi’ kaha hai. nirukt ke adhyetaoan ko mahabharat ke un ullekhoan ki kafi pahale se janakari rahi hai. ‘vrishakapi’ shabd nighantu mean bhi milata hai. isilie kuchh pandit parinam par pahuanche ki prajapati-kashyap nighantu ke praneta haian. nighantu v nirukt ke d aau. lakshmanasaroop jaise gambhir adhyeta is yukti ko svikar nahian karate. magar d aau. natavar jha ka mat hai ki "yask ne apane nirukt ke nirman ke lie kashyap prajapati dvara nirmit nighantu namak kosh ko adhar banaya tha." is sandarbh mean ek maje ki bat yah hai ki yask-sanhita jo 14 niruktakar hue haian, unamean vedamantroan ko arthahin batane vale kauts ka to nam hai, kintu prajapati-kashyap ka nahian hai. bavajood isake, d aau. natavar jha ne sirf mahabharat ke uparyukt shlokoan ko gaddamadd karake apana mat banaya ki prajapati-kashyap ka vaidik shabd-sangrah sindhu lekhoan mean prastut hua hai, aur chooanki unake anusar yask ne ‘patalalok’ ya zamin ke bhitar dabe (yani sindhu sabhyata ke sthaloan mean dabe) is shabd-sangrah ka uddhar kiya, isilie sindhu lekhoan ko yask ke nighantu v nirukt ke adhar par padha ja sakata hai.

vyanjanamalatmak

d aau. natavar jha ke matanusar sindhu lipi pramukhatah vyanjanamalatmak hai. isamean keval tin hi svar-varn haian aur shabd ke arambh ke sabhi aksharoan ko keval ek hi sanket (U) se vyakt kiya gaya hai. mudraoan ko unhoanne baeean or se daeean or ko padha, to kuchh ko daeean or se baeean or ko aur kuchh ko donoan or se.

vaidik sabhyata ka aang

d aau. natavar jha ne apane is prayas mean sindhu sabhyata ki upalabdh puratattvik samagri par aur isake nirdharit kalakram par tanik bhi dhyan nahian diya. ve bina kisi adhar ke sindhu sabhyata ke utkarsh kal ko eesa ke paanch hazar sal pahale rakhate haian aur vaidik kal ko usake bhi kafi pichhe le jate haian. unaka uddeshy hai yen-ken-prakaren yah siddh karana ki sindhu sabhyata vaidik sabhyata ka hi ek paravarti aang hai. aisi niradhar manyataean vedoan ke prati hamari aandhabhakti ko to badhava de sakati haian, parantu prak-aitihasik kal ki sindhu sabhyata par koee naya prakash nahian dalati. airavatham mahadevan ne singhu lekhoan ka sangrah prakashit kiya hai. unaki manyata hai ki sindhu muharoan mean unake svamiyoan ke nam aankit haian. ve in lekhoan mean dravi d parivar ki bhasha khoji jane ki ummid rakhate haian.

vyakaranatmak vishleshan

sindhu lipi mean koee dravi d bhasha khojata hai, koee vaidik bhasha. yah bat bhi nazaraandazanahian karani chahie ki sindhu lipi mean in donoan ke alava koee tisari bhasha nihit ho sakati hai. isilie is lipi ke anveshan ka sarvottam tariqa yahi hai ki krit ki raikhik-b lipi ki tarah isaka adhyayan isake atirikt vyakaranatmak vishleshan se arambh kiya jae.

sumer ke sath sambandh

sumer ke sath sindhu sabhyata ke gahare sambandh the. yadi koee dvaibhashik lekh prapt ho gaya hota to is lipi ke udaghatan mean asani hoti. lagata hai ki kisi dvaibhashik lekh ke prapt hone par hi ab is lipi ka rahasyodaghatan ho paega. kintu tab tak isake antarik vishleshan ke prayas jari rahane chahie.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh