सूफ़ी मत

soofi mat islami jagat se ju da hua ek rahasyavadi panth hai. soofi eeshvar ki aradhana premi aur premika ke roop mean karate haian. soofi log apane udgam ke arambh se hi mooladhara islam se pray: prithakh the. prarambh se hi inaka uddeshy manavata ki seva aur adhyatmikata ki pragati raha hai. soofi mat ke manane valoan ko 'soofigar' ya 'soofi' kaha jata hai. rahasyavadiyoan ka janm islam ke aantargat bahut pahale hi ho gaya tha. yahi bad mean soofi kahalaye the. inamean se adhikaansh aise the, jo mahanh bhakt the aur samriddhi ke bhoan de pradarshan aur islami samrajy ki sthapana ke bad utpann naitik-patan ke karan du:khi the. atah in soofiyoan ko rajy se koee sarokar nahian tha. bad ke dinoan mean bhi uname yah parampara jari rahi.

itihas

islami itihas mean dasavian shatabdi anek karanoan se mahattvapoorn mani jati hai. isi samay abbasi khilafat ke avasheshoan se turkoan ka uday hua aur isi kal mean darshan aur vishvasoan mean mahattvapoorn parivartan hue. darshan ke kshetr mean is samay mutajil athava tark-buddhivadi darshan ka adhipaty samapt hua, jo quran aur hadis, hazarat muhammad aur unake sahayogiyoan ki parampara, par adharit thi. isi samay soofi rahasyavad ka janm hua. tark-buddhivadiyoan par sanshayavad aur nastikata phailane ka arop lagaya gaya. vishesh roop se tark diya gaya ki addhaitavadi darshan, jo eeshvar aur usaki srishti ke mool roop se ek hone ki bat karata hai, isalie dharmadrohi hai, kyoanki isase srashta aur srishti mean bhed samapt ho jata hai.

soofi shabd ki utpatti

'aboo nasr al siraj' ki pustak 'kitab-ul-luma' mean kiye gaye ullekh ke adhar par mana jata hai ki soofi shabd ki utpatti arabi shabd 'soof' (oon) se huee, jo ek prakar se ooni vastr ka soochak hai, jise prarambhik soofi log pahana karate the. 'safa' se bhi utpatti mani jati hai. safa ka arth 'pavitrata' ya 'vishuddhata' se hai. is prakar achar-vyavahar se pavitr log soofi kahe jate the. ek any mat ke anusar- hajarat muhammad sahab dvara madina mean nirmit masjid ke bahar safa arthat 'makka ki paha di' par kuchh logoan ne sharan lekar apane ko khuda ki aradhana mean lin kar liya, isalie ve soofi kahalaye. soofi chintak islam ka anusaran karate the, parantu ve karmakand ka virodh karate the. inake pradurbhav ka ek mahattvapoorn karan yah bhi tha ki us samay (saltanat kal) ulema varg mean logoan ke kattarapanthi drishtikon ki pradhanata thi. saltanat kalin sultan sunni musalaman hone ke karan sunni dharmavettaoan ke adeshoan ka palan karate the aur sath hi shiya sampraday ke logoan ko mahatv nahian dete the. soofiyoan ne inaki pradhanata ko chunauti di tatha ulemaoan ke mahatv ko nakar diya.

shiksha

vibhinn soofi sampraday tatha unake sansthapak

sampraday	sansthapak	samay
chishti sampraday	khvaja mueenuddin chishti	12 vian shatabdi
suharavardi sampraday	shihabuddin suharavardi	12vian shatabdi
kadiri sampraday	shekh abdul kadir jilani	16vian shatabdi
shattari sampraday	shah abdul shattari	15vian shatabdi
firadausi sampraday	badaruddin	-
naqshabandi sampraday	khvaja baki villah	16vian shatabdi

prarambhik soofiyoan mean 'rabiya' (8vian sadi) evan 'mansoor hallaj' (10 vian sadi) ka nam mahattvapoorn hai. mansoor hallaj aise pahale soofi sadhak the, jo svayan ko 'analahak' ghoshit kar soofi vicharadhara ke pratik bane. soofi sansar mean sabase pahale ibnul arabi dvara diye gaye siddhant 'vahadat-ul-vujood' ka ulemaoan ne jamakar virodh kiya. vahadat-ul-vujood ka arth hai- 'eeshvar ek hai aur vah sansar ki sabhi vastuoan ka nimitt hai.' is prakar vahadat-ul-vujood ekeshvaravad ka samanarthi hai. ulema varg ke logoan ne brahma tatha jiv ke madhy malik evan gulam ke rishte ki kalpana ki, doosari or soofiyoan ne eeshvar ko adrishy, sampoorn vastavikata aur shashvat sauandary ke roop mean mana. soofi sant eeshvar ko 'priyatama' evan svayan ko 'priyatam' manate the. unaka vishvas tha ki eeshvar ki prapti prem-sangit se ki ja sakati hai. atah soofiyoan ne saundary evan sangit ko adhik mahatv diya. soofi guru ko adhik mahatv dete the, kyoanki ve guru ko eeshvar prapti ke marg ka path pradarshak manate the. soofi sant bhautik evan bhog vilas se yukt jivan se door saral, sade, sanyamapoorn jivan mean astha rakhate the. prarambh mean soofi andolan khurasan praant ke as-pas visheshakar balkh shahar evan irak tatha misr mean kendrit raha. bharat mean is andolanoan ka arambh dilli saltanat se poorv hi ho chuka tha.

bharat mean pravesh

'paramparavadiyoan' ki rachanaean islami kal ki char vicharadharaoan mean bant gee. inamean se hanafi vicharadhara sabase adhik udaravadi thi. ise hi poorvi turkoan ne apanaya aur ye poorvi turk hi kalantar mean bharat aye. rahasyavadiyoan ka janm islam ke aantargat bahut pahale hi ho gaya tha. in logoan ko hi bad ke samay mean 'soofi' kaha jane laga. inamean se adhikaansh aise the, jo mahanh bhakt the aur samriddhi ke bhoande pradarshan aur islami samrajy ki sthapana ke bad utpann naitik-patan ke karan dukhi the. atah in soofiyoan ko rajy se koee sarokar nahian tha. ye log badashahoan, raja aur maharajaoan dvara pradan kiye jane vale dan-upahar adi ko svikar nahian karate the. bad ke ane vale samay mean bhi uname yah parampara jari rahi. mahila rahasyavadi 'rabiya' (mrityu athavian shatabdi) aur 'mansoor-bin-halaj' (mrityu dasavian shatabdi) jaise prarambhik soofiyoan ne eeshvar aur vyakti ke bich prem sambandh par bahut bal diya. kintu unaki sarveshvaravadi drishti ke karan unamean aur paramparavadi tatvoan ke bich sangharsh ki sthiti utpann ho gee. in paramparavadiyoan ne afavahoan ke bal par mansoor ko phaansi lagava di. isake bavajood muslim janata mean soofivadi vichar j d jamate gaye.

alagazali

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soofi sant evan unaki upadhiyaan

soofi sant	upadhi
shekh nizamuddin auliya	mahaboobe ilahi
shekh nasiruddin mahamood	chirag-e-dilli
saiyyad muhammad gesoodaraj	banda navaj
shekh ahamad sarahindi	mujadih aliphasani

alagazali, jinaki mrityu 1127 ee. ke lagabhag huee aur jinhean paramparavadi tatv aur soofi donoan hi samman ki drishti se dekhate the, rahasyavad aur islami paramparavad ke bich mel karane ka prayatn kiya. isamean vah kafi saphal bhi hue. unhoanne yah kahakar ki eeshvar aur usake gunoan ka jnan tark se n hokar atmajnan se hi ho sakata hai, tarkabuddhivadi darshan ko ek aur dhakka pahuanchaya. is prakar daivi pustak 'quran' rahasyavadiyoan ke lie mahattvapoorn thi.

bauddh tatha hindoo riti-rivajoan ka prabhav

soofiyoan ki ashram vyavastha, pashchatap, vrat aur pranayam jaisi kriyaoan ke srot, kuchh vidvan kabhi-kabhi bauddh aur hindoo yaugik paddhati mean dhooandhate haian. islam ke uday se poorv bauddh dharm madhy eshiya mean phaila hua tha aur buddh ke sant hone ki kathaean islami kathaoan mean bhi sammilit ho gayi thi. islam ke uday ke pashchath bhi yogi pashchimi eshiya mean jate rahe. sanskrit ki yog par pustak 'amrit kund' ka farasi mean anuvad bhi hua. atah yah spasht hai ki hindoo aur bauddh karmakandoan aur ritiyoan ko soofiyoan ne bharat ane se pahale hi atmasat kar liya tha. lekin yah vivad ka vishay hi hai ki kya bauddh karmakandoan aur vishesh roop se vedant darshan ne soofi mat ko bahut adhik prabhavit kiya hai. darshan ki utpatti ka mool bindu khojana bahut kathin hota hai. soofi sant aur kee adhunik vicharak soofi darshan ka mool 'quran' mean hi dhooandhate haian. mahattvapoorn bat yah nahian hai ki darshanoan ka mool kahaan hai, balki yah ki soofiyoan tatha hindoo yogiyoan aur rahasyavadiyoan ke bich prakriti, eeshvar, atma aur padarth ke sambandh mean vicharoan mean kafi samanata hai aur yahi bat parasparik sahanashilata aur ek doosare ke siddhatoan ko samajh sakane ki bat ko sthapit karati hai. soofi mat ke manavatavad ko tatkalin prasiddh farasi shayar, sanai ne bahut sundar shabdoan mean vyakt kiya hai-

'astikata aur nastikata donoan usaki or dau d rahe haian,
aur udaghoshana karate haian ek sath-'vah ek hai, koee nahian baantata usaka rajay.'

vibhajan

isi samay ke asapas soofi barah vargoan athava silasiloan mean vibhajit ho gaye. pratyek 'silasila' ka ek neta hota tha, jo pramukh rahasyavadi hota tha aur apane shishyoan ke sath 'khanaqah' arthat ashram mean rahata tha. soofi vicharadhara mean 'guru' arthat 'pir' aur 'shishy' arthat 'murid' ke bich sambandh ka mahatv bahut adhik tha. pratyek pir apana uttaradhikari arthat 'bali' niyukt karata tha, jo usake bad kam ko age badhata tha. soofi silasile mukhyatah do vargoan mean vibhajit ho ge. pahala hai 'ba-shar', arthat ve jo islami vidhan (shar) ko manakar chalate haian, aur doosara 'be-shar', arthath ve jo 'shar' se bandhe hue nahian haian. bharat mean donoan silasile milate haian. yadyapi in soofi santoan ne apane mat nahian chalaye, kintu unamean kuchh janata mean prasiddh ho gaye aur jinaka hindoo aur muslim donoan saman roop se adar dete haian.

'ba-shar' silasiloan mean se keval do hi uttar bharat mean adhik prachalit hue aur terahavian tatha chodahavian shatabdi mean unake anuyayiyoan ki sankhya bhi bahut badh gayi. ye do silasile the 'chishti' aur 'suharavardi'. chishti silasile ki bharat mean sthapana 'khvaja moinuddin chishchi' ne ki thi, jo 1192 mean prithviraj chauhan ki parajay aur mrityu ke kuchh samay bad hi bharat aye the. kuchh samay to lahaur aur dilli mean rahane ke bad ve ajamer jakar bas gaye, jo us samay ka ek mahattvapoorn rajanitik kendr tha aur jahaan musalaman bhi kafi sankhya mean the. inaki gatividhiyoan ki koee pramanik samagri nahian hai. unhoanne koee pustak bhi nahian likhi. kintu aisa lagata hai ki unake uttaradhikariyoan ke sath-sath unaki prasiddhi bhi badhati gayi.

soofi santoan ka yogadan

shekh moinuddin, jinaki mrityu 1235 mean huee, unake shishy the- bakhtayar kaki aur unake shishy hue farid-uddin ganj-e-shakar. farid-uddin ne 'haansi' (adhunik hariyana) aur 'ajodhan' (adhunik panjab), ko apana kary kshetr banaya. unaka dilli mean bhi bahut man tha. ve jab bhi dilli ate the, logoan ki bahut b di sankhya unaki seva mean upasthit hoti thi. unaka drishtikon itana vishal aur manaviy tha ki unaka kuchh kavyavad sikkhoan ke dharm-granth 'adi-granth' mean bhi sammilit kiya gaya. chishchi santoan mean sabase prasiddh sant hue hai 'nizamuddin auliya' aur 'nasiruddin chirag-e-dilli'. ye sant hinduoan sahit janata ke nimn vargoan ke sath mukt sambandh rakhate the. unaka jivan bahut pavitr aur sidha-sada tha aur ve logoan se unaki zuban hindi ya hindavi mean batachit karate the. ve dharm parivartan karane mean vishvas nahian rakhate the, yadyapi bad mean bahut se parivaroan aur vargoan ne in santoan ki sadabhavana ke karan dharm-parivartan kar liya. soofi santoan ne apane pravachanoan me eeshvar ki nikatata ka abhas utpann karane ke lie git-sangit ki paddhati apanayi, jise 'sama' kaha jata hai. isase ve aur prasiddh hue. isake atirikt v aksar pravachan dene ke lie hindi kavy ka prayog karate the, taki shrotaoan par adhik prabhav p de. nizamuddin auliya ne yog ki 'pranayam paddhit' apanayi. isase yogi unhean siddh kahane lage the.

chaudahavian shatabdi ke madhy mean 'nasiruddin chirag-e-dilli' ki mrityu ke pashchath chishti dilli mean utane prabhavashali nahian rahe. parinamatah chishti sant idhar-udhar phail gaye aur poorvi bharat tatha dakshini bharat mean apana sandesh phailane lage.

suharavardi silasila

suharavardi silasila bhi usi samay bharat aya, lekin usaka karyakshetr mukhyatah panjab aur multan raha. is mat ke sarvadhik prasiddh sant 'shekh shahabuddin suharavardi' aur 'hamiduddin nagauri' hue haian. chishchiyoan ki bhaanti suharavardi sant phakk d jivan vyatit karane mean vishvas nahian karate the. ve rajy ki seva svikar karate the. unamean se kuchh dharm-vibhag ke uchch-padadhikari bhi the. doosari or chishti shasan ki rajaniti se door rahate the aur shasakoan aur sarakaroan ki sangati se bachate the. parantu itana tay hai ki donoan ne hi janata ke vibhinn vargoan mean janamat banakar unamean ek sath rahane ki bhavana utpann karake shasakoan ki sahayata ki.

panne ki pragati avastha

adhar

prarambhik

madhyamik

poornata

shodh

sanbandhit lekh

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