सल्तनतकालीन स्थापत्य एवं वास्तुकला
[[chitr:Qutub-Minar-Delhi.jpg|thumb|qutub minar, dilli]] saltanat kal mean bharatiy sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean jis shaili ka vikas hua, vah bharatiy tatha islami shailiyoan ka sammishrin thi. isalie sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko ‘indo islamik’ shaili kaha gaya. kuchh vidvanoan ne ise 'indo-sarasenik' shaili kaha hai. phargyoosan mahoday ne ise pathan shaili kaha hai, kintu yah vastav mean bharatiy evan islami shailiyoan ka mishran thi. sar j aaun marshal, eeshvari prasad jaise itihasavidoan ne sthapaty kala ki is shaili ko 'indoan-islamik' shaili v hindoo-muslim shaili kahana uchit samajha. indoan-islamik sthapaty kala shaili ki visheshataean nimn prakar thian-
- saltanat kal mean sthapaty kala ke antargat hue nirman karyoan mean bharatiy evan eerani shailiyoan ke mishran ka sanket milata hai.
- saltan kal ke nirman kary jaise- qila, maqabara, masjid, mahal evan minaroan mean nukile meharaboan-gumbadoan tatha sankari evan ooanchi minaroan ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
- is kal mean mandiroan ko to dakar unake malabe par bani masjid mean ek naye dhang se pooja ghar ka nirman kiya gaya.
- saltanat kal mean sultanoan, amiroan evan soophi santoan ke smaran mean maqabaroan ke nirman ki parampara ki shuruat huee.
- is kal mean hi imaratoan ki mazabooti hetu patthar, kankarit evan achchhe qism ke choone ka prayog kiya gaya.
- saltanat kal mean imaratoan mean pahali bar vaijnanik dhang se meharab evan gumbad ka prayog kiya gaya. yah kala bharatiyoan ne araboan se sikhi. turk sultanoan ne gumbad aur meharab ke nirman mean shila evan shahatir donoan pranaliyoan ka upayog kiya.
- saltanat kal mean imaratoan ki saj-sajja mean jivit vastuoan ka chitrin nishiddh hone ke karan unhean sajane mean anek prakar ke phool-pattiyaan, jyamitiy evan quran ki ayatean khudavayi jati thian. kalantar mean turk sultanoan dvara hindoo saj-sajja ki vastuoan jaise- kamalabel ke namoone, svastik, ghantiyoan ke namoone, kalash adi ka bhi prayog kiya jane laga. alankaran ki sanyukt vidhi ko saltanat kal mean ‘arabask vidhi’ kaha gaya.
kal vibhajan
| imarat | shasak |
|---|---|
| quvvat-ul-islam masjid | kutubuddin aibak |
| kutubaminar | kutubuddin aibak v iltutamish |
| adhaee din ka jhop da | kutubuddin aibak |
| iltutamish ka maqabara | iltutamish |
| jama masjid | iltutamish |
| atarakin ka daravaza | iltutamish |
| sultanagadhi | iltutamish |
| lal mahal | balaban |
| balaban ka maqabara | balaban |
| jamat khana masjid | alauddin khilaji |
| alaee daravaza | alauddin khilaji |
| hazar sitoon (stambh) | alauddin khilaji |
| tugalaqabad | gayasuddin tugalaq |
| gayasuddin tugalaq ka maqabara | gayasuddin tugalaq |
| adilabad ka maqabara | muhammad bin tugalaq |
| jahaanpanah nagar | muhammad bin tugalaq |
| shekh nizamuddin auliya ka maqabara | muhammad bin tugalaq |
| firozashah tugalaq ka maqabara | muhammad bin tugalaq |
| firozashah ka maqabara | joonashah khanejahaan |
| kali masjid | joonashah khanejahaan |
| khirki masjid | joonashah khanejahaan |
| bahalol lodi ka maqabara | lodi kal |
| sikandar shah lodi ka maqabara | ibrahim lodi |
| moth ki masjid | miyaan kua |
saltanatakalin vastukala ke vikas ko mukhyatah char bhagoan mean baanta ja sakata hai-
- gulam tatha khilaji kal mean vastukala
- tugalaq kal mean vastukala
- saiyyad kalin vastukala aur
- lodi kal mean vastukala
(1) gulam tatha khilaji kal mean vastukala
yah kal sthapaty kala ke vikas ki pratham avastha mana jata hai. is kal ki imaratean hindoo shaili ke pratyaksh prabhav mean bani hai, jinaki divarean chikani evan mazaboot haian. is kal mean bane stambh, mandiroan ke pratik hote haian. pahali bar hindoo karigaroan dvara baramadoan mean meharabadar daravaze banaye gaye. musalamanoan dvara nirmit masjidoan ke charoan taraf minarean unake uchch vicharoan ka pratik haian.
gulam kalin vastukala
[[chitr:Quwwat-ul-islam-mosque-delhi.jpg|thumb|quvvat-ul-islam masjid, dilli]] gulam kal mean bani kuchh pramukh imaratoan ka varnan is prakar hai-
- quvvat-ul-islam masjid
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1192 ee. mean tarain ke yuddh mean prithviraj chauhan ke harane par unake qile 'rayapithaura' par adhikar kar vahaan par 'quvvat-ul-islam masjid' ka nirman kutubuddin aibak ne karavaya. vastutah kutubuddin aibak ne dilli vijay ke upalakshy mean tatha islam dharm ko pratishthit karane ke udeshy se 1192 ee. mean 'kutb' athava 'quvvat-ul-islam masjid' ka nirman karaya.
- kutubaminar
yah minar dilli se 12 mil ki doori par meharauli gaanv mean sthit hai. prarambh mean is masjid ka prayog ajan (namaz ke lie bulana) ke lie hota tha, par kalantar mean ise 'kirti stambh' ke roop mean mana jane laga. 1206 ee. mean kutubuddin aibak ne isaka nirman kary prarambh karavaya. aibak is imarat mean char manziloan ka nirman karana chahata tha, parantu ek manzil ke nirman ke bad hi usaki mrityu ho gee. bad mean isaki shesh manziloan ka nirman iltutamish ne 1231 ee. mean karavaya. kutubaminar ka nirman 'khvaja kutubuddin bakhtiyar kaki' ki smriti mean karaya gaya tha.
- adhaee din ka jhop da
kutubuddin aibak ne adhaee din ka jhop da, jo vastav mean ek masjid hai, ka nirman ajamer mean karavaya. isake nam ke vishay mean j aaun marshal ka kahana hai ki, chooanki is masjid ka nimarn matr dhaee din mean kiya gaya tha, isalie is masjid ko 'adhaee din ka jhop da' kaha jata hai. parsi braun ka kahana hai ki, yahaan ek jhop di ke pas adhaee din ka mela lagata tha, is karan is sthan ko adhaee din ka jhop da kaha gaya hai.
vigraharaj bisaladev ne is sthan par ek sarasvati mandir banavaya tha. bisaladev dvara rachit 'harikeli' namak natak tatha somadev krit 'lalit vigraharaj' ki kuchh panktiyaan aj bhi isaki divaroan par maujood hai. kutubuddin aibak ne ise tu davakar masjid banavayi. yah masjid qubbat masjid ki tulana mean adhik b de akar ki evan akarshak hai. is masjid ke akar ko kalantar mean iltutamish dvara vistar diya gaya. is masjid mean tin stambhoan ka prayog kiya gaya, jisake oopar 20 phut ooanchi chhat ka nirman kiya gaya hai. isamean paanch meharabadar daravaze bhi banaye gaye haian. mukhy daravaza sarvadhik ooancha hai. masjid ke pratyek kone mean chakrakar evan baansuri ke akar ki minarean nirmit haian.
- nasiruddin mahamood ka maqabara ya sultanagadhi
sthapaty kala ke kshetr mean is maqabare ke nirman ko ek navin prayog ke roop mean mana jata hai. chooanki turk sultanoan dvara bharat mean nirmit yah pahala maqabara tha, isalie iltutamish ko maqabara nirman shaili ka janmadata kaha ja sakata hai. sultanagadhi maqabare ka nirman iltutamish ne apane jyeshth putr nasiruddin mahamood ki yad mean kutubaminar se lagabhag 3 mil ki doori par sthit malakapur mean 1231 ee. mean karavaya tha. parsi braun ke shabdoan mean sultanagadhi ka shabdik arth hai- ‘gupha ka sultan’. yah maqabara akar mean durg ke saman hi pratit hota hai. maqabare ki chaharadivari ke madhy mean lagabhag 66 phut ka aangan hai. aangan ke bich mean ashtakoniy chabootara nirmit hai, jo dharatal mean maqabare ki chhat ka kam karata hai. aangan mean kahi bhoore rang ka patthar to kahi sangamaramar ka prayog kiya gaya hai. masjid ke poorvi chhor par ek khamba sthit hai, jisaki ooanchaee chaharadivari se adhik hai. stambhayukt masjid ke baramade mean ek chhoti masjid ka nirman kiya gaya tha, jisamean raj parivar ke log namaz padha karate the. masjid mean ek tahakhana bhi bana tha, jahaan raj-parivar ke log ekantik kshan vyatit kiya karate the. masjid mean nirmit meharaboan mean muslim kala evan poojasthan tatha gumbad ke akar ki chhat mean hindoo kala shaili ka prabhav dikhaee p data hai.
- iltutamish ka maqabara
is maqabare ka nirman iltutamish dvara quvvat masjid ke samip lagabhag 1235 ee. mean karavaya gaya tha. 42 phut vargakar is imarat ke tin taraf poorv, dakshin evan uttar mean pravesh dvar bana hai. pashchim ki or ka pravesh dvar band he. 30 ghan phit ka bana antarik kaksh apani sundarata ke karan hindoo tatha jain mandiroan ke samakaksh thaharata hai. maqabare ki divaroan par quran ki ayatean khudi haian. maqabare mean bane gumbadoan mean ghumavadar patthar ke tuk doan ka prayog kiya gaya hai. gumbad ke chokor kone mean golaee lane ke lie jis shaili ka prayog kiya gaya hai, use gumbad nirman ke itihas mean ‘skrich shaili’ ke nam se jana jata hai. yah maqabara ek kakshiy hai.
iltutamish ke any nirman karyoan mean badayooan mean nirmit ‘hauj-e-shamsi’, ‘shamsi’ eedagah’ evan jama masjid pramukh hai. jama masjid, jisaka nirman 1223 ee mean hua, yah apane samay ki sarvadhik b di evan mazaboot masjid hai. isaka pun:rniman muhammad bin tugalaq evan akabar ne karavaya tha. jodhapur rajy ke nagaur sthan par iltutamish ne 1230 ee. mean ‘atarikin’ namak ek vishal daravaze ka nirman karavaya. kalantar mean muhammad bin tugalaq ne isaka jirnodvar karavaya. mugal samrat akabar ne isi daravaze se prerit hokar buland daravaze ka nirman karavaya tha.
- sultan balaban ka maqabara
sultan balaban ka maqabara vastukala ki drishti se ek mahattvapoorn rachana hai. is maqabare ka kaksh vargakar hai. sarvapratham vastavik meharab ka roop isi maqabare mean dikhaee deta hai.
- muinuddin chishti ki daragah
is daragah ya khanaqah ka nirman iltutamish ne karavaya tha. kalantar mean alauddin khilaji ne ise vistrit karavaya. balaban ne rayapithaura qile ke samip svayan ka maqabara evan lal mahal namak makan ka nirman karavaya. dilli mean bana usaka maqabara shuddh islami shaili mean nirmit hai.
khilaji kalin vastukala
iltatumish ki mutyri ke bad khilaji sultan alauddin khilaji ne anek nirman kary shuddh islami shaili ke antargat karavaye. alauddin ne siri namak gaanv mean ek nagar ki sthapana ki. jiyauddin barani ne is nagar ko ‘nau’ athava 'naya nagar' kaha. is nagar ke bahar alauddin khilaji ne ek talab evan usake kinare kuchh bhavanoan ka nirman karavaya tha, aj ‘hauj-e-rani’ ke nam se prasiddh yah sthan kafi jirn-shirn sthiti mean hai. amir khusaro ne isaki prashansa mean likha hai- ‘pani ke bich gumbad samudr ki satah par bulabule ke saman hai.”
- alaee daravaza
isaka nirman kary alauddin khilaji dvara 1310-1311 ee. mean arambh karavaya gaya. isake nirman ka uddeshy quvvat masjid mean char pravesh dvar banana tha- do poorv mean, ek dakshin mean aur ek uttar mean. isaka nirman ooanchi kursi par kiya gaya hai. kursi par sundar bel-boote bane the. daravaze mean lal patthar evan sangamaramar ka sundar sanyog dikhata hai, sath hi akarshak dhang se quran ki ayatoan ko likha gaya hai. is masjid mean bani ek gumbad mean pahali bar vishuddh vaijnanik vidhi ka prayog kiya gaya hai. alaee daravaza ki saj-sajja mean bauddh tatvoan ke mishran ka abhas hota hai. alankaran mean itani saghanata hai ki, kahian par ianch bhar bhi jagah rikt nahian hai. dvaroan ke andar pushpamalanuma jhalar atyadhik akarshak hai. parsi braun ne alaee daravaze ke vishay mean kaha hai ki- ‘alaee daravaza islami sthapaty kala ke vikas mean mahattvapoorn sthan rakhata hai.’ j aaun marshal ne alaee daravaze ke vishay mean kaha hai ki- “alaee daravaza islami sthapaty kala ke khazane ka sabase b da hira hai.” pahali bar vastavik gumbad ka svaroop alaee daravaza mean hi dikhaee deta hai.
- jamat khaan masjid
jamat khaan masjid ka nirman alauddin khilaji ne nizamuddin auliya ki daragah ke samip karavaya. poornatah islami shaili mean nirmit is masjid mean lal patthar ka prayog kiya gaya hai. isake datoan ke kone mean kamal ke pushp se is masjid mean hindoo shaili ke prabhav ka abhas hota hai. datoan par quran ki ayatean bhi utkirn haian. is masjid mean tin kamare bane haian, jinamean do kamare ayatakar haian tatha masjid ke madhy bhag mean nirmit kamara chokor hai. poornaroop se islami parampara mean nirmit yah bharat ki pahali masjid hai.
khilaji kal mean poornat nirmit any nirman karyoan mean kutubuddin mubarak khilaji dvara bharatapur mean nirmit ‘ookha masjid’ evan khizr khaan dvara nirmit nizamuddin auliya ki daragah vishesh ullekhaniy hai.
(2) tugalaq kal mean vastukala
tugalaq vansh ke shasakoan ne khilaji kalin imaratoan ki bhavyata evan sundarata ke sthan par imaratoan ki sadagi evan vishalata par adhik zor diya. apane poorv shasakoan ke viruddh gayasuddin tugalaq ne sadagi evan mitavyayita ki niti apanaee. muhammad bin tugalaq ki prashasanik samasyaoan evan dhanabhav ke karan firoz shah tugalaq ne purani vicharadhara ke karan saj-sajja par adhik dhyan nahian diya. is kal ki pramukh imaratean nimnalikhit haian-
tugalaqabad
gayasuddin tugalaq ne dilli ke samip sthit paha diyoan par tugalaqabad nam ka ek naya nagar sthapit kiya. roman shaili mean nirmit is nagar mean ek durg ka nirman bhi hua hai. is durg ko ‘chhappan kot’ ke nam se bhi jana jata hai. durg ki divarean misr ke piramid ki tarah andar ki or jhuki huee haian. isaki nianv gahari tatha divarean moti haian. qile ke andar nirmit sultan ke rajamahal ke vishay mean ibn batoota ne kaha ki, ‘rajamahal soory ke prakash mean itana chamakata tha ki, koee bhi vyakti use takataki baandhakar nahian dekh pata tha.’ rajamahal mean shahi darabar tatha janan khane ka bhi nirman kiya gaya tha. tugalaqabad nagar mean pravesh ke lie 52 dvar banaye gaye the. rajamahal ke nirman mean tailoan ka upayog kiya gaya tha. sar j aaun marshal ne is nirman kary ke vishay mean kaha hai ki, ‘isaki sudridhata ki vyavastha dhokha hai, kyoanki nirman nimnakoti ka hai. sambhavatah mangoloan ke akraman ke bhay se isaka nirman itani shighrata se kiya gaya ki, isamean vishisht shaili tatha kala ka abhav sarvatr dikhaee deta hai.
gayasuddin ka maqabara
kritrim jhil ke andar nirmit is maqabare ki divarean chau di evan misr ke piramidoan ki tarah bhitar ki or jhuki haian. yah maqabara charturbhuj ke akar ke adhar par sthit hai, maqabare ki ooanchaee lagabhag 81 phit hai. maqabarean mean oopar sangamaramar ka sundar gumbad bana hai, gumbad ki chhat kee datoan par adharit hai. maqabare mean amalak aur kalash ka prayog hindoo mandiroan ki shaili par kiya gaya hai. lal patthar se nirmit is maqabare ke charoan or mazaboot minar ka nirman kiya gaya hai. phargyusan ke shabdoan mean- ‘maqabare ki dhaloo divarean evan qarib-qarib misr ke dhang ki dridhata, vishal evan sudridh divarean ek yoddha ki samadhi ke namoone ka nirman kar rahi haian. is maqabare ka panchabhujiy hona isaki mahattvapoorn visheshata hai. j aaun marshal ke shabdoan mean- 'is maqabare ki dridhata tatha sadagi ke adhar par ham kah sakate haian ki, us mahanh yoddha ki samadhi ke lie isase upayukt sthan aur koee nahian ho sakata tha.'
adilabad ka qila
muhammad tugalaq ne tugalaqabad ke samip hi adilabad namak qile ka nirman karavaya tha.
jahaanpanah nagar
muhammad tugalaq ne is nagar ki sthapana rayapithaura evan siri ke madhy karavaee thi. nagar ke charoan taraf 12 gaz moti divar suraksha ke drishtikon se banaee gee thi. is nagar ke avasheshoan mean 'sataputr' arthath 'sat meharaboan ka putr' aj bhi vartaman mean hai. avashesh ke roop mean bacha ‘vijay mandal’ sambhavatah mahal ka ek bhag tha. parsi braun ne is nirman kary ke vishay mean kaha hai ki- ‘isaki sthapaty shaili se spasht ho jata hai ki, isake karigar sundar bhavan nirman shaili se poorv parichit the.
satapalah
muhammad tugalaq dvara sat meharaboan vala ek do manzila pul ki sthapana ki gayi. isaka nirman ek kritrim jhil mean pani pahuanchane ke lie kiya gaya tha.
shekh nizamuddin auliya ka maqabara
is maqabarean mean sangamaramar ka achchha prayog kiya gaya hai.
barah khambha
dharmanirapeksh imaratoan mean tugalaq kalin samant nivas ke lie bani is imarat ka vishisht sthan hai. is imarat ki mahattvapoorn visheshata suraksha tatha gupt nivas hai. firozashah tugalaq ki sthapaty kala mean ruchi ke vishay mean farishta ne kaha hai ki- ‘sultan firozashah tugalaq vastukala ka mahanh premi tha. usane 200 nagar, 20 mahal, 30 pathashalayean, 40 masjidean, 100 aspatal, 100 snanagrih, 5 maqabare evan 150 puloan ka nirman karavaya. firoz ne firozabad, fatehabad, hisar, jaunapur adi nagaroan ka nirman karavaya. yamuna nadi par nirmit nahar isaka mahattvapoorn nirman kary haian.
kotala firozashah
sultan firozashah tugalaq ne paanchavi dilli basayi, jisamean ek mahal ki sthapana ki. yah 'kotala firozashah' ke nam se vikhyat hai. sultan firozashah tugalaq ne dilli mean kotala firozashah durg ka nirman karavaya. isaka kshetraphal shahajahaanbad se do-guna hai. durg ke andar nirmit imaratoan mean jan samany ke lie ath masjidean evan vyaktigat prayog ke lie nirmit ek masjid ullekhaniy hai. isake atirikt durg ke andar tin rajamahal evan anek shikar khelane ke sthanoan ka nirman kiya gaya hai. durg ke andar nirmit jama masjid ke samane samrat ashok ka topara gaanv se laya gaya stambh g da hai. merath se laya gaya ashok ka doosara stambh ‘kushk-e-shikar’ mahal ke samane g da hai. isake sath hi durg ke andar ek do mazili imarat ke avashesh prapt hue haian, jisaka upayog vidyalay ke roop mean kiya jata tha.
firozashah ka maqabara
yah maqabara ek vargakar imarat hai. isaka pradhan daravaza dakshin ki taraf hai. maqabare ki mazaboot divaroan ko phool-pattiyoan evan bel-bootoan se sajaya gaya hai. maqabarean mean sangamaramar ka bhi prayog kiya gaya hai. sangamaramar tatha lal patthar ke sanyog se nirmit is maqabare ka gumbad ashtakoniy dram par nirmit hai.
khan-e-jahaan telangani ka maqabara
khanejahaan joonashah ne is maqabare ka nirman apane pita evan firoz ke pradhanamantri khan-e-jahaan telangani ki yad mean karaya tha. yah maqabara ashtabhuj ke akar mean nirmit hai. is maqabare ki tulana jerusalam mean nirmit umar ki masjid se ki jati hai.
khi daki masjid
khanejahaan joonashah dvara jahaanpanah nagar mean nirmit yah masjid vargakar roop mean hai. tahakhane ke oopar bani yah masjid durg ke saman dikhati hai. isaki tulana iltutamish ke ‘sultanagadhi’ se ki jati hai.
kali masjid
firozashah tugalaq ke kal mean nirmit yah masjid do manzili hai. isamean ardhavritiy meharaboan ka prayog hua hai. masjid ka vishal aangan char bhagoan mean banta hai. is masjid ka nirman khanejahaan joonashah ne karavaya tha.
begamapuri masjid
jahaanpanah nagar mean nirmit yah masjid apane gumbadoan evan meharaboan ke prayog se kafi prabhavashali dikhati hai. isamean sangamaramar ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
kalaan masjid
‘khan-e-jaunashah’ dvara nirmit yah masjid shahajahaanbad mean sthit hai. isaki chhat par gumbad tatha charoan konoan mean burj bane haian. is masjid ka nirman bhi tahakhane ke oopar hua hai.
kabiruddin auliya ka maqabara
gayasuddin dvitiy ke samay mean is maqabare ka nirman kary prarambh hua. nasiruddin muhammad ke samay mean yah kary poora hua. is masjid ko ‘lal gumbad’ bhi kaha jata hai. ayatakar roop mean bani is masjid mean lal patthar evan safed sangamaramar ka prayog kiya gaya hai.
(3) saiyyad kalin vastukala
is samay tak sthapaty kala ka patan arambh ho chuka tha. saiyyad kalin imaratoan ko khilaji kalin imaratoan ki nakal bhar mana ja sakata hai. saiyyadoan evan lodiyoan ke samay mean khilaji yug ki pranavant shaili ko pun:jivit karane ke prayas kiye gaye. kintu ye simit aanshoan mean hi saphal hue tatha yah shaili “tugalaq yug ke mrityukari parinam ko hata nahian saki.” is kal mean khizr khaan dvara sthapit 'khizrabad' evan mubarak shah dvara sthapit nagar 'mubarakabad' ka nirman hua.
sultan mubarak shah ka maqabara
yah maqabara mubarakapur namak gaanv mean sthit hai. maqabare ke charoan or bane baramadoan ki ooanchaee adhik hai. gumbad ke shikhar ko datadar dipak se susajjit karane ka prayas kiya gaya hai. j aaun marshal ke anusar- "is masjid ka sabase b da dosh yah hai ki, nirmanakartaoan ne ise itana ooancha bana diya hai ki, darshak saralata se ise dekh nahian sakate.” yah maqabara ashtabhujiy hai.
muhammad shah ka maqabara
is ashtabhujiy maqabare mean atyadhik ooanchaee hone ke dosh ko door kiya gaya hai. maqabare mean kamal adi pratiroopoan ki saj-sajja hetu chini tailoan ka upayog kiya gaya hai.
(4) lodi kal mean vastukala
lodi kal mean kiye ge kuchh mahattvapoorn nirman kary nimnalikhit haian-
bahalol lodi ka maqabara
yah maqabara 1418 ee. mean sikandar shah lodi dvara banavaya gaya tha. 5 gumbadoan vale is maqabarean ke bich mean sthit gumbad ki ooanachaee sarvadhik hai. isake nirman mean lal patthar ka prayog hua hai.
sikandar lodi ka maqabara
ibrahim lodi dvara yah maqabara 1517 ee. mean banavaya gaya. maqabare mean nirmit gumbad ke charoan taraf ath khambhoan ki chhatari nirmit hai. yah maqabara ek aisi b di chaharadivari ke praangan mean sthit hai, jisake charoan kinare par kafi lambe burj hai. isaki chhat par dohare gumbad ki vyavastha hai. j aaun marshal ke anusar sambhavatah is shaili ne mugal samratoan ke vishal udyan yukt maqabare ka path pradarshan kiya. mugal shaili ko apane vikas mean is maqabare se mahattvapoorn sahayog prapt hua.
moth ki masjid
is masjid ka nirman ‘sikandar lodi’ ke vazir miyaan bhua dvara karavaya gaya. masjid ki prashansa mean sar saiyyad ahamad ne kaha ki, "yah lodi sthapaty akar mean sundar evan ek upahar kriti hai. j aaun marshal ke anusar lodiyoan ki sthapaty kala mean jo bhi sabase sundar hai, usaka sankshipt roop mothi masjid mean vidyaman hai.
saiyyad evan lodi kal mean kuchh any maqabaroan ka bhi nirman kiya gaya, jaise- 'b da khaan evan chhote khaan ka maqabara', 'shish gumbad', 'dadi ka gumbad', 'poli ka gumbad' evan 'taj khaan ka gumbad' adi. parsi braun ne is yug ko ‘maqabaroan ke yug’ ke nam se sambodhit kiya hai. b de khaan aur chhote khaan ke maqabare ka nirman sikandar lodi ne karavaya tha.
saltanat kal mean chitrakari
muslim akraman ke poorv bharat mean chitrakari ka hindoo, bauddh evan jain chitrakala ke antargat kafi vikas hua tha, parantu ajanta chitrakala ke bad bharatiy chitrakala ka kram avaruddh ho gaya. roosi vidvan eph. rosenavarg ke anusar- “7vian sadi se 16vian sadi tak bharatiy chitrakala ka vikas avaruddh tha.” parsi braun ke anusar “650 ee. ke bad akabar ke shasan kal tak bharatavarsh mean chitrakala ka vikas n ho saka.” samanyatah saltanat kal ko bharatiy chitrakala ke patan ka kal mana jata hai. quran ki di gee vyavastha ke anusar- 'kisi manushy, pashu, pakshi ya phir jivadhari ka chitr banana poornatah pratibandhit tha. sambhavatah saltanat kal mean chitrakari ke vikas ke avaruddh hone ka yahi karan bana. phir bhi is kal mean chitrakari ke kuchh praman mile haian. 19 vian sadi ke bad ke varshoan mean sarvapratham 'muhammad abdulla chagataee' ne yah vichar prastut kiya ki dilli saltanat kal mean chitrakala ka astitv tha. 1947 ee. mean haraman goitj ne ‘di janaral aauf di indiyan sosaiti aauf oriyantal art’ mean apana ek lekh chhapavakar yah vichar vyakt kiya ki, dilli saltanat kal mean chitrakala ka astitv tha.
1353 ee. mean muhammad tugalaq ke samay ka ek aisa chitr prapt hua hai, jisamean ek sangit goshthi ka chitran kiya gaya hai tatha striyaan sultan ke samaksh vina aur sitar baja rahi haian. unamean se ek stri sharab ka pyala sultan ko pak da rahi hai. sambhavatah yah chitrakar ‘shahapur’ dvara banavaya gaya tha. isake atirikt chitrakari ke kuchh avashesh saltanatakalin kursi, mej, astr-shastr, bartan, pataka, kadhaee ke vastroan adi par dikhaee p date haian. isase yah spasht ho jata hai ki, saltanatakalin shasakoan ke hriday mean chitrakala ke prati ghrina ki bhavana nahian thi. phir bhi ve chitrakaroan ko sanrakshan nahian de pae.
saltanal kal mean sangit
jab turk bharat mean aye to ve apane sath eeran evan madhy eshiya ke samriddh arabi sangit parampara ko bhi lae. unake pas kee naye vadyayantr the, jaise 'rabab', aur 'sarangi'. turk apane sath 'sarangi' jaise vady ko lae, parantu yahaan akar unhoanne 'sitar' aur 'tabala' jaise vadyoan ko bhi apanaya. dilli saltanat ke kuchh shasak, jaise- balaban, jalaluddin khilaji, alauddin khilaji evan muhammad tugalaq ne sangit ke prati ruchi hone ke karan raj darabaroan mean sangit sabhaoan ka ayojan karavaya. gayasuddin tugalaq sangit ka virodhi tha. sikandar lodi shahanaee sunane ka shauqin tha. is kal mean soofi santoan ne bhi sangit ke vikas mean yogadan kiya. shekh muinuddin chishti ke anusar- “sangit atma ke lie paushtik ahar hai”. balaban ka putr 'bugara khaan' mahanh sangit premi tha. balaban ka pautr kaikubad sarvadhik sangit premi sultan tha. barni ne isake bare mean likha hai ki- ‘kaikoobad ne sangitakaroan evan gajal gayakoan ko itani adhik sankhya mean sanrakshan pradan kiya ki, rajadhani ki galiyaan tatha s dakean inasean bhari huee thian.
sangit ko sanrakshan
barani ne is samay ke mashahoor sangitakaroan 'shahachangi', 'nusarat khatoon' evan 'mehar afaroj ka ullekh kiya hai. alauddin khilaji ke darabar mean tatkalin mahanh kavi evan sangitajn amir khusaro ko sanrakshan prapt tha. amir khusaro ne bharatiy evan islami sangit shaili ke samanvay se anek yaman usak, muaphik, dhanay, muanjir, faragana jaise rag-raganiyoan ko janm diya. usane dakshin ke mahanh gayak 'gopal nayak' ko apane darabar mean amantrit kiya tha. is kal mean prachalit 'khyal gayaki' ke avishkar ka shrey jaunapur ke sultan husain shah sharki ko diya jata hai. sangit ke kshetr mean upalabdhi ke karan ise ‘nayak’ ki upadhi prapt huee thi. malava ka shasak baj bahadur sangit mean ruchi rakhata tha. kavvali gayan shaili ka prachalan bhi saltanat kal mean hi prarambh hua. saltanat kal mean anek vadyayantr jaise 'rabab', 'sarangi', 'sitar' tatha 'tabala' ka prachalan tha.
amir khusaro
amir khusaro ko sitar aur tabale ke avishkar ka shrey diya jata tha. madhyakalin sangit parampara ke adi sansthapak amir khusaroan the. sarvapratham unhoanne bharatiy sangit mean kavvali gayan ko prachalit kiya. amir khusaroan ko ‘tootiye hind’ arthath 'bharat ka tota' adi nam se bhi jana jata tha. is samay dakshin bharat mean sangit par adharit kuchh mahattvapoorn pustakoan ki rachana huee, jaise-sangit ratnakar, sangit samayasar, sangit shiromani, sangit kaumudi, sangit narayan adi. saltanat kal mean iltutamish v gayasuddin tugalaq dvara sangit ke vikas ke kshetr mean koee kam nahian kiya gaya. muhammad bin tugalaq sangit ka bahut b da premi tha. usake bare mean kaha jata hai ki, jab vah sianhasan par baitha to, jan-sadharan ke lie 21 dinoan tak sangit goshthi ka prabandh kiya jata tha.
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tika tippani aur sandarbh
sanbandhit lekh
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